Ronnie Dickens v. GC Services Limited Partnershi
Filing
Opinion issued by court as to Appellant Ronnie E. Dickens. Decision: Vacated and Remanded. Opinion type: Non-Published. Opinion method: Per Curiam. The opinion is also available through the Court's Opinions page at this link http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions.
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 1 of 20
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-17168
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-00803-JSM-TGW
RONNIE E. DICKENS,
On Behalf Of Himself And Others Similarly Situated,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
GC SERVICES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(August 23, 2017)
Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 2 of 20
Ronnie Dickens appeals the district court’s denial of class certification, as
well as its determination that he was entitled to one dollar in statutory damages, on
his Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. (“FDCPA”), claim
against GC Services Limited Partnership. Dickens argues that the district court
erroneously deprived him of a jury trial on statutory damages. He further argues
that the district court abused its discretion by determining that he was an
inadequate class representative and that a class action was not the superior method
of adjudicating the putative class’s claims. We agree and therefore vacate the
district court’s damages determination and denial of class certification and remand
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
BACKGROUND
GC Services mailed a letter to Dickens seeking to collect a debt on behalf of
Synchrony Bank:
As of the date of this letter, our records show you owe a balance of
$7,573.00 to Synchrony Bank. If you dispute this balance or the
validity of this debt, please contact us. If you do not dispute this debt
within 30 days after you receive this letter, we will assume this debt is
valid.
However, if you do dispute all or any portion of this debt within 30
days of receiving this letter, we will obtain verification of the debt
from our client and send it to you. Or, if within 30 days of receiving
this letter you request the name and address of the original creditor,
we will provide it to you in the event it differs from our client,
Synchrony Bank.
2
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 3 of 20
Collection Letter, Doc. 1-1 at 2.1
Dickens filed suit against GC Services alleging that the letter failed to
comply with the FDCPA. Specifically, Dickens alleged that the letter violated 15
U.S.C. § 1692g(a)(4), which requires debt collectors to provide consumers with “a
statement that if the consumer notifies the debt collector in writing within [a]
thirty-day period that the debt, or any portion thereof, is disputed, the debt
collector will obtain verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment against the
consumer.” The provision also requires debt collectors to mail a copy of the
verification to the consumer after receiving a written dispute. 15 U.S.C. §
1692g(a)(4). According to Dickens, the letter failed to inform him that he had to
dispute the putative debt in writing to trigger GC Services’ verification obligation.
The complaint also alleged that the letter failed to comply with 15 U.S.C. §
1692g(a)(5), which requires debt collectors to provide consumers with “a statement
that, upon the consumer’s written request within [a] thirty-day period, the debt
collector will provide the consumer with the name and address of the original
creditor, if different from the current creditor.” Once more, Dickens alleged that
the letter failed to inform him that he was required to submit a request in writing to
trigger GC Services’ duty to inform him of the original creditor. The complaint
1
Citations to “Doc. __” refer to numbered docket entries in the district court record in
this case.
3
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 4 of 20
further alleged that these violations rendered the letter “false, deceptive, or
misleading” in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692e.
Dickens sought to represent a class under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
23(a) and (b)(3). The putative class consisted of:
(a) All persons with a Florida address, (b) to whom GC Services
Limited Partnership mailed an initial debt collection communication
that stated: (1) “if you do dispute all or any portion of this debt within
30 days of receiving this letter, we will obtain verification of the debt
from our client and send it to you,” and/or (2) “if within 30 days of
receiving this letter you request the name and address of the original
creditor, we will provide it to you in the event it differs from our
client,” (c) in the one year preceding the date of this complaint, (d) in
connection with the collection of a consumer debt.
Compl., Doc. 1 at 7. Notably, the complaint sought only statutory damages. The
complaint demanded a jury trial.
Dickens moved for class certification under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 23(a) and (b)(3), as well as for summary judgment on GC Services’
liability. The motion for class certification attached one of GC Services’
interrogatory responses, which indicated that GC Services sent 9,862 letters to
Florida consumers containing the offending language. In its response to the class
certification motion, GC Services attached the declaration of Mark Schordock, GC
Services’ Executive Vice President of Operations. According to Schordock, GC
Services declined to specify in its standard collection letter that a consumer’s debt
dispute must be in writing because it was GC Services’ policy “to obtain and
4
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 5 of 20
provide a consumer verification of a debt, or a copy of a judgment against the
consumer, and mail a copy of such verification or judgment to the consumer, even
if the consumer . . . contacts GC Services by. . . non-written means, to dispute the
debt.” Schordock Decl., Doc. 28-1 at 1-2. Likewise, Schordock explained that the
letters failed to specify that a consumer must ask for the name of the original
creditor in writing because it was GC Services’ policy to provide that information
even if the consumer requested it by non-written means. GC Services’ standard
operating procedures manual was consistent with Schordock’s declaration.
The district court sua sponte ordered the parties to submit briefing on the
extent of the putative class’s damages. The court explained that the extent of
damages was crucial to the class certification inquiry, as it would help the court
determine whether a class action was the most economical vehicle to adjudicate the
putative class members’ claims. After briefing, but before discovery was
completed, the court granted Dickens’s motion for summary judgment as to GC
Services’ liability, but denied the motion for class certification. Although no
motion for summary judgment had been filed as to damages and no trial on
statutory damages had been conducted, the district court also assessed Dickens’s
individual entitlement to statutory damages. The district court weighed the factors
identified in 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b)(1) and entered judgment for Dickens in the
amount of one dollar.
5
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 6 of 20
In denying the class certification motion, the district court determined that
the case satisfied three of the four Rule 23(a) prerequisites for class certification:
numerosity, commonality, and typicality. The court concluded, however, that
Dickens failed to meet Rule 23(a)’s adequacy requirement, because he sought only
statutory—and not actual—damages, while some class members may have
suffered actual damages. The court ruled that the possibility of actual damages
defeated adequacy notwithstanding its finding that GC Services’ FDCPA
violations were likely “benign in . . . effect” and “had the . . . practical effect . . . to
save debtors time and trouble when disputing their debts.” D. Ct. Order, Doc. 47
at 18-19. The district court further noted that it had “grave doubts that [GC
Services’ violations] adversely affected” the putative class members. Id. at 19
(emphasis omitted).
The district court further concluded that Dickens failed to satisfy Rule
23(b)(3)’s superiority requirement because the cost of administering a class action
would likely dwarf the nominal statutory damages to which the class would be
entitled. The court therefore denied Dickens’s motion for class certification and
entered judgment in his favor in the amount of one dollar. Dickens now appeals
the district court’s determination of his statutory damages and its denial of his
motion for class certification.
6
Case: 16-17168
II.
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 7 of 20
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Bankston v. Then,
615 F.3d 1364, 1367 (11th Cir. 2010). We also review a district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standards as the district court.
Galvez v. Bruce, 552 F.3d 1238, 1241 (11th Cir. 2008). We view the facts in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in
favor of the party opposing summary judgment. See id.; Whatley v. CNA Ins. Cos.,
189 F.3d 1310, 1313 (11th Cir. 1999).
We review the district court’s denial of class certification for an abuse of
discretion. Little v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 691 F.3d 1302, 1305 (11th Cir. 2012). A
district court abuses its discretion if it employs an incorrect legal standard, follows
improper procedures, makes clearly erroneous findings of fact, or applies the law
in an unreasonable or incorrect manner. Id.
III.
A.
DISCUSSION
The District Court’s Determination of Dickens’s Statutory Damages
Dickens argues that the district court erred in determining sua sponte the
amount of statutory damages to which he was entitled. In Dickens’s view, the
FDCPA requires the question of statutory damages to be submitted to a jury. We
agree. In Sibley v. Fulton DeKalb Collection Serv., 677 F.2d 830 (11th Cir. 1982),
we determined that the FDCPA’s “allowance of damages . . . must be construed to
7
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 8 of 20
embody the right of trial by jury.” Id. at 834. We did not distinguish actual
damages from statutory damages, concluding that “a party upon timely demand is
entitled to a jury trial in an action for damages under the [FDCPA].” Id. at 831-32
(emphasis added). As the Seventh Circuit noted, reviewing Sibley, we did not
“bifurcate the proceeding, submitting actual damages to the jury and reserving the
statutory damage issue for the judge,” even though the plaintiffs in Sibley sought
both statutory and actual damages. Kobs v. Arrow Serv. Bureau, Inc., 134 F.3d
893, 897 (7th Cir. 1998); see also Sibley, 677 F.2d at 831, 834. Our language and
prescribed remedy in Sibley therefore “indicat[e] that a party is entitled to a jury
trial for all damages under the FDCPA—statutory or actual.” Kobs, 134 F.3d at
897.
In this case, though, the district court usurped the role of the jury by
determining on its own the amount of statutory damages to which Dickens was
entitled. It does not appear that the district court applied the summary judgment
standard in determining statutory damages. No party moved for summary
judgment on damages. The court did not apprise the parties that it was considering
summary judgment on damages. Indeed, in his brief in response to the court’s
order asking the parties to brief the impact of their respective damages assessments
on the class certification inquiry, Dickens objected that discovery was not yet
complete and that it would be premature for the court to make a finding on
8
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 9 of 20
damages because FDCPA plaintiffs have the right to a jury trial on damages.
Although the parties submitted some evidence regarding damages, it is far from
clear that the parties were instructed to submit all evidence relevant to the amount
of Dickens’s statutory damages such that the court could determine whether there
remained a genuine issue of material fact. Instead, without appropriate notice to
the parties, the opportunity to complete discovery, or full evidentiary submissions,
the district court determined the amount of Dickens’s statutory damages “in its
discretion,” concluding that an award of one dollar was “appropriate in this case.”
D. Ct. Order, Doc. 47 at 21-22.
The district court applied the factors identified in 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b) for
determining statutory damages, including “the frequency and persistence of
noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, and the
extent to which such noncompliance was intentional.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(b)(1).
Citing Schordock’s declaration, the district court concluded that GC Services’ noncompliance with the FDCPA was unintentional and benevolent. But without full
discovery, Dickens was deprived of the opportunity to develop evidence regarding
these factors or to challenge Schordock’s declaration. This was error.
B.
Class Certification
Next, Dickens argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for
class certification. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) requires putative class
9
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 10 of 20
plaintiff to satisfy four criteria before a class may be certified: numerosity,
commonality, typicality, and adequacy. Once these criteria are met, the plaintiff
must meet one of the three tests established by Rule 23(b). In this case, Dickens
sought to certify a Rule 23(b)(3) class, which required him to show that questions
of law or fact common to class members predominate over individual issues and
that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently
adjudicating the controversy. Dickens challenges the district court’s determination
that he was an inadequate class representative and that a class action was not the
superior method of adjudicating the dispute.
Before assessing Dickens’s arguments, we pause to recount the district
court’s class action analysis. The court granted summary judgment to Dickens on
liability based on our decision in Bishop v. Ross Earle & Bonan, P.A., 817 F.3d
1268 (11th Cir. 2016), in which we held that a debt collector’s communication
violates the FDCPA’s “in writing” requirement even if the debt collector professes
willingness to meet its FDCPA obligations notwithstanding the fact that the
consumer’s requests were not made in writing. 817 F.3d at 1273-74; see also id. at
1277 (holding that letters omitting the “in writing” language may be “false,
deceptive, or misleading,” as they “misstate[] the law, omit[] a material term
required by [the FDCPA], and misrepresent[] consumer rights under the FDCPA”).
At the same time, the district court had “grave doubts” that any putative class
10
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 11 of 20
member was injured by GC Services’ failure to meet the in-writing requirement,
noting that GC Services’ FDCPA violations were likely “benign in . . . effect” and
“had the . . . practical effect . . . to save debtors time and trouble when disputing
their debts.” D. Ct. Order, Doc. 47 at 18-19. As a result, the district court
concluded that the putative class members would likely be awarded one dollar each
in statutory damages. In the district court’s view, it was likely the case that (1) all
9,862 putative class members who received letters omitting the “in-writing”
language had a legal claim identical to Dickens’s, and (2) most—if not all—class
members could claim only statutory and not actual damages. Consequently, the
overwhelming majority of the class—including Dickens—likely had identical legal
claims for which they could receive identical damages. With this background, we
assess the district court’s denial of class certification.
1.
Adequacy
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(4) requires a plaintiff to show that the
proposed class representative “will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
class.” Adequacy analysis requires two inquiries: “(1) whether any substantial
conflicts of interest exist between the representatives and the class[,] and (2)
whether the representatives will adequately prosecute the action.” Valley Drug Co.
v. Geneva Pharm., Inc., 350 F.3d 1181, 1189 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The district court determined that Dickens would adequately
11
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 12 of 20
prosecute the action, but it concluded that he was an inadequate class
representative because there was a substantial conflict of interest between Dickens
and the class: Dickens sought only statutory damages, while other members of the
class might have suffered actual damages.
The district court abused its discretion in concluding that Dickens was an
inadequate class representative. As an initial matter, the district court’s stated
reason for finding Dickens inadequate—that he sought only statutory damages—
created no substantial conflict of interest. “[T]he existence of minor conflicts
alone will not defeat a party’s claim to class certification: the conflict must be a
‘fundamental’ one going to the specific issues in controversy.” Id. at 1189. Here,
the district court made a determination—based on the text of the offending
language, Schordock’s declaration, and GC Services’ standard operating
procedures—that the putative class members were unlikely to have suffered actual
damages, explaining that the court had “grave doubts” that anyone was injured by
GC Services’ failure to meet the “in writing” requirement. D. Ct. Order, Doc. 47
at 18-19. Yet the court used what it considered to be a remote possibility of actual
damages to deem Dickens an inadequate representative.
In doing so, the district court relied on our decision in Cooper v. Southern
Co., 390 F.3d 695, 721 (11th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds by Ash v.
Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 457 (2006), which held that that there is a
12
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 13 of 20
conflict between the named plaintiff and absent class members where the class
representative seeks only a form of relief that might not be of the utmost
importance to absent class members. Cooper was a putative race discrimination
class action where the plaintiffs sought, in part, to certify a Rule 23(b)(2) class
seeking only injunctive relief. We determined that the proposed class
representatives were inadequate in part because there was no indication that absent
class members “were willing to forego class certification on damages in order to
pursue injunctive relief that consisted of an admonition to follow general principles
of settled law.” Id. Cooper rested on the court’s observation that “to many of the
class members (and especially to those who no longer work for the defendants), the
monetary damages requested might be of far greater significance than injunctive
relief, stated at a high order of abstraction, that simply directs the defendants not to
discriminate.” Id.
Here, by contrast, the district court concluded that absent class members
likely suffered only statutory and no actual damages, yet it used the remote
possibility that some class members may have suffered actual damages as a reason
to deem Dickens inadequate nonetheless. In essence, the district court concluded
that where the proposed class representative fails to seek every remedy that
possibly—as opposed to probably—would be sought by absent class members, the
representative is inadequate. That proposition contradicts our admonition that
13
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 14 of 20
minor conflicts alone are insufficient to deem a representative inadequate. See
Valley Drug, 350 F.3d at 1189. Indeed, any conflict between Dickens and class
members who have suffered actual damages is especially minimal given that in the
rare circumstance in which a class member suffered actual damages, the class
member could simply opt out of the class and pursue litigation on his own. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(B)(v).2
Alternatively, GC Services argues that Dickens was an inadequate
representative because class members likely benefitted from the conduct Dickens
says harmed him. In GC Services’ view, some consumers benefitted from its
policy by disputing their debts via more convenient non-written means.
Hypothetically, this argument finds support in our law: “A fundamental conflict
exists where some party members claim to have been harmed by the same conduct
that benefitted other members of the class.” Valley Drug, 350 F.3d at 1189. But
there are two problems with GC Services’ argument. First, at this stage, the record
contains no evidence that any consumer actually benefitted from its purportedly
more permissive policy. Second, and more importantly, while some consumers
2
The district court recognized that Rule 23’s opt-out provision should have allayed its
concerns about any class members who may have suffered actual damages, but nonetheless
chose not assign any significance to the opt-out rule. The court did so because it concluded that
the opt-out rule is uneconomical, as individuals who fail to timely opt out often improperly file
subsequent individual suits that are barred by res judicata. Maybe so. But unintended
consequences of Rule 23 are irrelevant to the adequacy of the class representative; the fact that
anomalous class members who may have suffered actual damages have the opportunity to pursue
separate litigation suggests that Dickens—whose damages likely match the overwhelming
majority of the class—is an adequate representative.
14
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 15 of 20
may have benefitted from GC Services’ lenient policy, no consumer could have
benefitted from its FDCPA violation. To illustrate, GC Services could have sent
consumers a letter that both informed them of the “in writing” requirement and
indicated that GC Services would honor disputes or requests made via any
reasonable means. Although some consumers may have benefitted from GC
Services’ decision to include the latter language, it is hard to envision that any
consumer benefitted from GC Services’ failure to mention the “in writing”
requirement, which could have led consumers to unwittingly waive their rights.
Bishop, 817 F.3d at 1274 (“The consumer has a right to verification only if she
disputes the debt in writing.”). If consumers benefitted from GC Services’ letters,
it was for reasons other than the FDCPA violation at issue.
Given its determination that Dickens would adequately prosecute the action,
the district court abused its discretion in concluding that Dickens was an
inadequate representative in the absence of a significant conflict of interest
between Dickens and the class.
2.
Superiority
Assuming the Rule 23(a) criteria are met, a district court may certify a class
under Rule 23(b)(3) if “questions of law or fact common to class members
predominate” over individual questions and “a class action is superior to other
available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R.
15
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 16 of 20
Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Rule 23(b)(3) further identifies four factors pertinent to the
predominance and superiority inquiries:
(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the
prosecution . . . of separate actions;
(B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy
already begun by . . . class members;
(C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of
the claims in the particular forum; and
(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)-(D).
In this case, the district court relied on two factors, neither of which
constituted a sound basis for denying class certification. First, the district court
explained that class members have an interest in controlling the prosecution of
their own actions because it is possible that they were adversely affected by the
FDCPA violation, and the complaint in this case seeks only statutory damages.
But as we previously noted, this possibility runs counter to the district court’s own
determination that the likelihood of actual damages was remote. Indeed, the
district court conducted its Rule 23(b)(3)(A) analysis “assuming [it was] wrong
about its assessment of the adversity caused by [GC Services’] noncompliance.”
D. Ct. Order, Doc. 47 at 20. The court thus weighed Rule 23(b)(3)(A) in GC
Services’ favor based on a remote possibility instead of concluding—based on its
finding that actual damages were unlikely—that class members likely have little
16
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 17 of 20
interest in prosecuting their own actions. This was an abuse of discretion. See
Busby v. JRHBW Realty, Inc., 513 F.3d 1314, 1327 (11th Cir. 2008) (concluding
that a district court abused its discretion in determining individual actions were a
superior adjudicative method where it was “highly unlikely” that plaintiffs would
be subject to individualized defenses).
Second, the district court—which concluded that each putative class member
would be entitled to only a dollar in statutory damages—determined that the value
of the litigation was likely so low that it would be dwarfed by the cost of
administering a class action. While an assessment of the cost and efficiency of a
class action is important to the superiority inquiry, the district court applied the
incorrect legal standard by considering the cost of a class action in a vacuum, as
opposed to the cost compared to alternative adjudicative methods. Proper
superiority analysis considers “the relative advantages of a class action suit over
whatever other forms of litigation might be realistically available to the plaintiffs.”
Sacred Heart Health Sys., Inc. v. Humana Military Healthcare Servs., Inc., 601
F.3d 1159, 1184 (11th Cir. 2010). Many courts comparing class actions to other
adjudicative methods in FDCPA cases have concluded that “class actions are a
more efficient and consistent means of trying the legality of collection letters.”
Abels v. JBC Legal Grp., P.C., 227 F.R.D. 541, 547 (N.D. Cal. 2005); see also
Jones v. Advanced Bureau of Collections LLP, 317 F.R.D. 284, 294 (M.D. Ga.
17
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 18 of 20
2016) (holding that a class action was the superior method of evaluating putative
class’s claims that collection letters failed to comply with the FDCPA’s in-writing
requirement because “separate actions by each of the class members would be
repetitive, wasteful, and an extraordinary burden on the courts” (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Fuller v. Becker & Poliakoff, P.A., 197 F.R.D. 697, 700-01 (M.D.
Fla. 2000) (holding that a class action is the superior adjudicative method where
the defendant’s collection letters were “[t]he essential common factual link
between . . . the prospective class members”). Here, however, the district court
failed to compare the cost of a class action with the cost of individual actions or
any other alternatives to class adjudication.
What is more, the district court failed to give due weight to—or, for that
matter, meaningfully consider—the ways in which the high likelihood of a low
per-class-member recovery militates in favor of class adjudication. As we have
previously explained:
[C]lass actions often involve an aggregation of small individual
claims, where a large number of claims are required to make it
economical to bring suit. The plaintiff’s claim may be so small, or the
plaintiff so unfamiliar with the law, that he would not file suit
individually. This consideration supports class certification in cases
where the total amount sought by each individual plaintiff is small in
absolute terms. It also applies in situations where, as here, the
amounts in controversy would make it unlikely that most of the
plaintiffs, or attorneys working on a contingency fee basis, would be
willing to pursue the claims individually. This is especially true when
the defendants are corporate behemoths with a demonstrated
willingness and proclivity for drawing out legal proceedings for as
18
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 19 of 20
long as humanly possible and burying their opponents in paperwork
and filings.
Klay v. Humana, Inc., 382 F.3d 1241, 1270-71 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted), abrogated in part on other grounds by Bridge v.
Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co., 553 U.S. 639 (2008).3 Moreover, absent class
adjudication, defendants in cases where individual damages are low would be able
to break the law with impunity, as most victims “would be without effective
strength to bring their opponents into court at all.” Amchem Prods., Inc. v.
Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 617 (1997). The district court failed to take these
considerations into account in assessing superiority. 4
3
It is true that if putative class members each filed separate lawsuits under the FDCPA,
they could each receive up to $1,000 in statutory damages and that by filing as a class, the
maximum each class member can receive is much lower because class damages are limited to
$500,000 in the aggregate. 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(B). In a vacuum, this weighs against a class
action’s superiority as an adjudicative mechanism. But given the low dollar amounts at stake
regardless of whether putative class members file individually or as a class, the district court
must consider the disparity in available damages in light of our concerns in Klay, including the
“unlikel[ihood] that most of the plaintiffs . . . would be willing to pursue the claims
individually.” 382 F.3d at 1271.
4
GC Services argues that the district court properly considered likely class damages,
citing to our decision in London v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 340 F.3d 1246, 1255 n.5 (11th Cir.
2003). But in London, we merely explained that a district court may consider the possibility that
a potential class award will be grossly disproportionate to the defendant’s misconduct in
assessing superiority. The district court made no such determination; it merely speculated that
the cost of administering a class action would be too high to justify certification. On remand, the
district court may consider the possibility of disproportionately harsh class damages as part of
the superiority inquiry. See id. at 1255 n.5; Klay, 382 F.3d at 1271-72. But it must do so in light
of its determination that each class member will likely be entitled to only a nominal recovery.
See Klay, 382 F.3d at 1271-72 (explaining that our concern with disproportionate damages is in
part allayed where the statute in question “does not guarantee a fixed amount of damages
regardless of the gravity of the defendants’ behavior”).
19
Case: 16-17168
Date Filed: 08/23/2017
Page: 20 of 20
In short, the district court relied exclusively on irrelevant or unimportant
factors—the remote possibility of actual damages and its speculation regarding the
cost of administering a class action in a vacuum—while failing to appropriately
assess the import of its finding that class members will likely be entitled only to
nominal statutory damages. We therefore vacate the district court’s denial of class
certification and remand this case to the district court for a new class certification
determination employing the proper legal standards and considering the factors we
have identified here.
IV.
CONCLUSION
We vacate the district court’s award of nominal damages to Dickens and its
denial of class certification and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
20
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?