Technomarine SA v. Giftports, Inc.
Filing
OPINION, affirming judgment of the district court, by DAL, RJL, S.H. STEIN, FILED.[1270924] [12-4174]
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 1
07/15/2014
1270924
27
12‐4174‐cv
TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports, Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
1
2
3
August Term 2013
4
5
6
Argued: December 4, 2013
Decided: July 15, 2014
7
8
9
No. 12‐4174‐cv
10
11
_____________________________________
12
13
TECHNOMARINE SA,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
14
15
16
‐v‐
17
18
GIFTPORTS, INC., a New York Corporation,
Defendant‐Appellee,
19
20
21
DOES 1 THROUGH 10,
Defendants.
_____________________________________
22
23
24
25
26
Before:
LIVINGSTON and LOHIER, Circuit Judges, and STEIN, District Judge.*
27
28
29
1
2
Appeal from a September 10, 2012, order of the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York (Batts, J.), granting the Defendant‐Appellee’s
*
The Honorable Sidney H. Stein, of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
1
Case: 12-4174
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Document: 95-1
Page: 2
07/15/2014
1270924
27
motion to dismiss. We consider whether an earlier litigation between the parties
resolving, inter alia, claims of trademark infringement, bars the present suit over
similar conduct occurring after the date of the settlement agreement that concluded
the first litigation. We determine that Plaintiff‐Appellant’s claims arising after the
first litigation are not barred by res judicata. Nonetheless, we affirm the order of the
district court on the basis of its alternate holding that Plaintiff‐Appellant failed to
state a claim on which relief may be granted. Further, we affirm the district court’s
denial of Plaintiff‐Appellant’s request for leave to amend its complaint a second time
because Plaintiff‐Appellant failed to indicate how further amendment would permit
it to cure the deficiencies in the First Amended Complaint.
AFFIRMED.
BRENT HERBERT BLAKELY, Blakely Law Group,
Hollywood, CA, for Plaintiff‐Appellant.
15
16
17
18
WILLIAM THOMASHOWER (Rachel Schwartz, Carla
Sereny, on the brief), Schwartz & Thomashower LLP,
New York, NY, for Defendant‐Appellee.
19
20
DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:
21
We consider whether a prior litigation between the parties resolving claims
22
of trademark infringement and other unfair business practices, and stemming from
23
earlier conduct, bars the present suit of Plaintiff‐Appellant TechnoMarine SA
24
(“TechnoMarine” or “Plaintiff”) over similar conduct that occurred after the
25
settlement of the earlier suit. The district court (Batts, J.) granted a motion to dismiss
26
by Defendant‐Appellant Giftports, Inc. (“Giftports” or “Defendant”), holding that
27
TechnoMarine’s claims are barred by res judicata and, in the alternative, that
2
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 3
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
TechnoMarine has failed to state a claim. The district court denied Plaintiff leave to
2
amend its complaint a second time on the ground that it would be futile in light of
3
the res judicata bar. We conclude that res judicata does not bar the alleged trademark
4
and other unfair business practice claims that arose after the original settlement
5
agreement between the parties. Nonetheless, we affirm the dismissal of the
6
complaint on the basis of the district court’s alternate holding that TechnoMarine
7
has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We also affirm the
8
district court’s denial of Plaintiff’s request to amend its complaint because Plaintiff
9
has failed to indicate how further amendment would cure its pleading deficiencies.
10
BACKGROUND1
11
A. Parties
12
TechnoMarine is a Swiss designer, manufacturer, and distributor of watches,
13
and it holds various trademark and copyright registrations for its word mark, logo,
14
and watch dial. TechnoMarine has sold hundreds of millions of dollars of watches
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
The factual background presented here is drawn from the allegations of
TechnoMarine’s First Amended Complaint, which we accept as true for the purposes of our
review of a motion to dismiss, see Anschutz Corp. v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 690 F.3d 98, 107 (2d
Cir. 2012), and from TechnoMarine’s Second Amended Complaint and settlement
agreement in TechnoMarine SA v. Giftports Inc., et al., No. 08‐Civ‐10911 (S.D.N.Y. filed
December 20, 2008).
3
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 4
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
globally. TechnoMarine closely controls distribution and sale of its watches through
2
authorized dealer agreements that expressly prohibit dealers from transshipping
3
and selling TechnoMarine watches to unauthorized third‐party retailers.
4
Giftports is a New York corporation that sells premium brand watches at
5
discounted prices on the internet. Giftports is not an authorized retailer for
6
TechnoMarine watches but, nonetheless, Giftports has “purchased, advertised,
7
offered for sale, and/or sold watches bearing the TechnoMarine marks on its
8
website.”
9
B. Prior Litigation and Settlement
10
In December 2008, TechnoMarine brought a prior suit against Giftports in the
11
District Court for the Southern District of New York (Kaplan, J.). In March 2009,
12
TechnoMarine filed a second amended complaint in that case, bringing three causes
13
of action:
14
1.
Copyright infringement under 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., based on
Giftports’s alleged unauthorized use of photographs of
TechnoMarine brand watches;
2.
Unfair competition under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a),
based on allegations that Giftports intended purchasers to
believe it was “an authorized source for TechnoMarine watches”
and that Giftports was selling TechnoMarine watches “without
the benefit of the warranty and after sales service that
TechnoMarine provide[s] for such products”; and
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
4
Case: 12-4174
1
3.
2
Document: 95-1
Page: 5
07/15/2014
1270924
27
Alleged interference with TechnoMarine’s contractual relations
with “authorized retailers and/or distributors.”
4
The parties resolved this earlier case through a “Litigation Settlement
5
Agreement and Mutual Release” (“Settlement Agreement”) that was executed on
6
April 24, 2009. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the parties submitted to the
7
district court a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice, which was entered on April
8
27, 2009.
3
9
In the Settlement Agreement, Giftports agreed to pay TechnoMarine $5,000
10
and TechnoMarine agreed to dismiss the action with prejudice. Giftports
11
represented in the Settlement Agreement that it had “ceased all use of any copies of
12
Plaintiff’s Copyrighted Work . . . at least as of January 16, 2009.”2 The Settlement
13
Agreement made clear that it should not be construed “as a license, implied or
14
otherwise, by and between Plaintiff and Defendant to use the Copyrighted Work.”
15
Giftports denied any intentional infringement of TechnoMarine’s rights in the
16
Settlement Agreement, and the agreement was altogether silent as to whether the
17
conduct alleged by TechnoMarine was unlawful. Neither party admitted liability
18
or wrongdoing. The agreement’s release of liability was broad and unqualified,
1
2
2
“Copyrighted Work” was defined in the agreement to denote “Copyright
Registration No. TX 6‐857‐826 for the 2008 Online TechnoMarine Watch Catalog.”
5
Case: 12-4174
1
2
3
4
5
6
Document: 95-1
Page: 6
07/15/2014
1270924
27
providing that the parties agreed, in pertinent part, to:
release . . . one another . . . from any and all liability, . . . causes of
action, suits or obligations of any nature, . . . whether known or
unknown, . . . which the parties . . . now have, may have or may
hereafter assert against one another, relating to the claims alleged in the
Civil Action or arising from the facts alleged therein . . . .
7
8
9
J.A. 70.
C. Present Litigation
10
More than two and a half years after the 2009 settlement, TechnoMarine
11
brought the present action against Giftports.3 In its First Amended Complaint, filed
12
in April 2012, TechnoMarine asserted six causes of action:
13
1. Trademark infringement, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1114;
14
15
2. False designation of origin, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a);
16
17
3. Trademark dilution, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c);
18
19
4. Tortious interference with contractual relations;
20
21
5. Common law unfair competition; and
22
23
6. Copyright infringement, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 501.
24
1
2
3
4
3
TechnoMarine filed its initial complaint in this second action on December 28, 2011.
On March 28, 2012, Giftports moved to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). Rather than responding to this motion to dismiss, TechnoMarine filed an
amended complaint, dated April 19, 2012.
6
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 7
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
The conduct alleged to be unlawful, according to TechnoMarine’s amended
2
complaint in this case, is similar to the conduct that TechnoMarine alleged to be
3
unlawful in its first, previously settled lawsuit. The gravamen of TechnoMarine’s
4
complaint in this case is that Giftports – although not an authorized retailer –
5
purchased and sold watches bearing TechnoMarine marks on its website. The
6
complaint alleges that it is “reasonable to conclude” that these watches are “either
7
counterfeit” or they were “obtained from entities who are [contractually] prohibited
8
from selling” these watches to Giftports. These allegations are, in substance,
9
additional instances of the same type of conduct alleged in the litigation settled in
10
2009. Nonetheless, the First Amended Complaint in the present case inexplicably
11
fails to mention the previous lawsuit and settlement. Further, it does not distinguish
12
between conduct that occurred prior to, as compared to following, the previous
13
litigation between the parties.
14
Giftports moved in the district court to dismiss TechnoMarine’s First
15
Amended Complaint in May 2012. TechnoMarine opposed the motion; additionally,
16
it requested leave to amend “[i]n the event [the district court found] that Plaintiff’s
17
allegations are insufficient to sustain any of its claims.” In September 2012, the
18
district court granted the motion to dismiss, holding that Plaintiff’s claims are barred
7
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 8
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
by res judicata due to TechnoMarine’s 2009 lawsuit and settlement. It alternatively
2
held, under Rule 12(b)(6), that TechnoMarine failed to state a valid cause of action
3
for any of its claims. The district court also denied Plaintiff’s request for leave to
4
amend its complaint a second time, ruling that any amendment would be futile in
5
light of the district court’s res judicata holding. Judgment was entered on September
6
18, 2012, and TechnoMarine filed this timely appeal.
7
DISCUSSION
8
We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), accepting
9
all allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all inferences in favor of the
10
plaintiff. Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2013). Our review of a district
11
court’s application of res judicata is also de novo. Duane Reade, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire &
12
Marine Ins. Co., 600 F.3d 190, 195 (2d Cir. 2010). A court may consider a res judicata
13
defense on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss when the court’s inquiry is limited to
14
the plaintiff’s complaint, documents attached or incorporated therein, and materials
15
appropriate for judicial notice. See, e.g., Day v. Moscow, 955 F.2d 807, 811 (2d Cir.
16
1992) (“[W]hen all relevant facts are shown by the court’s own records, of which the
17
court takes notice, the defense [of res judicata] may be upheld on a Rule 12(b)(6)
18
motion without requiring an answer.”).
8
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 9
07/15/2014
1270924
27
I.
1
2
“Under the doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, a final judgment on
3
the merits of an action precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues
4
that were or could have been raised in that action.” St. Pierre v. Dyer, 208 F.3d 394,
5
399 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Federated Depʹt Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 398
6
(1981)) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). “To prove the affirmative
7
defense [of res judicata] a party must show that (1) the previous action involved an
8
adjudication on the merits; (2) the previous action involved the plaintiffs or those in
9
privity with them; [and] (3) the claims asserted in the subsequent action were, or
10
could have been, raised in the prior action.” Monahan v. N.Y.C. Depʹt of Corr., 214
11
F.3d 275, 285 (2d Cir. 2000).
12
The first two elements of this test are satisfied and are not in dispute here.4
13
The only issue in this appeal is the third element – whether “the claims asserted” in
14
this action “were, or could have been, raised in the prior action.” Monahan, 214 F.3d
15
at 285. Whether a claim that was not raised in the previous action could have been
16
raised therein “depends in part on whether the same transaction or connected series
1
2
3
4
The earlier litigation was between the same two parties and was resolved in 2009
by a settlement agreement, which is generally considered a judgment on the merits. See
Greenberg v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 968 F.2d 164, 168‐70 (2d Cir. 1992).
9
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 10
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
of transactions is at issue, whether the same evidence is needed to support both
2
claims, and whether the facts essential to the second were present in the first.”
3
Woods v. Dunlop Tire Corp., 972 F.2d 36, 38 (2d Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks
4
omitted). To determine whether two actions arise from the same transaction or
5
claim, we consider “whether the underlying facts are related in time, space, origin,
6
or motivation, whether they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their
7
treatment as a unit conforms to the parties’ expectations or business understanding
8
or usage.” Pike v. Freeman, 266 F.3d 78, 91 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks
9
omitted).
10
When analyzing whether a claim is based on the same transaction or
11
occurrence, courts must be mindful that a claim “arising subsequent to a prior action
12
. . . [is] not barred by res judicata” even if the new claim is “premised on facts
13
representing a continuance of the same ‘course of conduct.’” Storey v. Cello Holdings,
14
L.L.C., 347 F.3d 370, 383 (2d Cir. 2003). This is because, as the Supreme Court has
15
directed:
16
17
18
19
20
That both suits involved ‘essentially the same course of wrongful
conduct’ is not decisive. Such a course of conduct . . . may frequently
give rise to more than a single cause of action. . . . While the [prior]
judgment precludes recovery on claims arising prior to its entry, it
cannot be given the effect of extinguishing claims which did not even
10
Case: 12-4174
1
2
Document: 95-1
Page: 11
07/15/2014
1270924
27
then exist and which could not possibly have been sued upon in the
previous case.
3
4
Lawlor v. Nat’l Screen Serv. Corp., 349 U.S. 322, 327‐28 (1955).
5
We have explained that this “unremarkable principle” can be complicated by
6
the “at‐times‐difficult determination of what degree of conduct” following the first
7
judgment is necessary to give rise to a new “claim.” Storey, 347 F.3d at 383. As
8
relevant here, our precedent provides two categories of cases where post‐judgment
9
conduct constitutes a new claim falling outside the parameters of claim preclusion.
10
The first category is straightforward: when post‐judgment conduct is
11
sufficient to state a cause of action on its own – without the need to incorporate facts
12
that preceded the first suit – the later course of conduct underlying the second suit
13
gives rise to a new cause of action that is not barred by res judicata. See Storey, 347
14
F.3d at 384 (“Where the facts that have accumulated after the first action are enough
15
on their own to sustain the second action, the new facts clearly constitute a new
16
‘claim,’ and the second action is not barred by res judicata.”).
17
We have, therefore, held that a settlement for fraud in the sale of securities
18
from 1975 to 1979 “is not the same as the claim that [the defendant] defrauded
19
customers in the sale, purchase, and repurchase of other securities” in later years.
11
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 12
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
SEC v. First Jersey Sec., Inc., 101 F.3d 1450, 1464 (2d Cir. 1996). Similarly, we have
2
held that suits over later breaches of contract, financial transactions, and ship
3
voyages are not barred by claim preclusion, even if the plaintiffs previously brought
4
suit over earlier instances of this same conduct. See Prime Mgmt. Co. v. Steinegger,
5
904 F.2d 811, 816 (2d Cir. 1990) (prior action did not preclude later suit regarding
6
breaches of contract that occurred subsequent to the filing of a prior suit); see also
7
Greenberg, 968 F.2d at 168‐70 (prior actions regarding earlier financial transactions
8
did not preclude later suit over later financial transactions); Interoceanica Corp. v.
9
Sound Pilots, Inc., 107 F.3d 86, 90‐91 (2d Cir. 1997) (prior suit regarding pilots’ fees
10
in previous voyages did not preclude a subsequent suit regarding pilots’ rights in
11
ocean voyages occurring after those underlying the first suit).
12
“Claims arising subsequent to a prior action,” based on conduct occurring
13
after the commencement of the earlier suit, and sufficient to state a cause of action
14
without the need to incorporate facts preceding the first suit “need not, and often
15
perhaps could not, have been brought in that prior action,” and so are not barred by
16
res judicata “regardless of whether they are premised on facts representing a
12
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 13
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
continuance of the same ‘course of conduct.’” Storey, 347 F.3d at 383.5 To be clear,
2
when a defendant commits repeated acts, each of which can independently support
3
a cause of action, claim preclusion principles will require plaintiffs seeking relief as
4
to all of the defendant’s conduct to bring together the causes of action that have
5
already arisen when the litigation commences, provided that such acts are based on
6
the same connected series of transactions. Thus, if a party sues for a breach of
7
contract, “res judicata will preclude the party’s subsequent suit for any claim of
8
breach that had occurred prior to the first suit.” Prime Mgmt., 904 F.2d at 816
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
5
Our decision in Berlitz Schools of Languages of America, Inc. v. Everest House, 619 F.2d
211 (2d Cir. 1980), is not to the contrary. There, in a dispute between the Berlitz Schools of
Languages and Charles Berlitz, a grandson of the Schools’ founder, the plaintiffs obtained
a state court judgment against Charles Berlitz and the other defendants declaring that the
defendants could not use the name Berlitz as part of the name of a foreign language
teaching text or as part of the name of a publishing company preparing foreign language
materials, but that Charles Berlitz could identify himself as the editor or author of foreign
language materials, so long as he made it clear that he was not connected with plaintiffs.
Id. at 213. In a subsequent suit, the state court rejected the plaintiffs’ claim that Charles
Berlitz had violated the declaratory judgment when he listed himself as an author of a
foreign language textbook and included the disclaimer that “[s]ince 1967, Mr. Berlitz has
not been connected with the Berlitz Schools in any way.” Id. at 214. This Court
determined, in a subsequent litigation involving another set of instructional books with a
substantially identical use of the Berlitz name and disclaimer, that the district court had
properly granted summary judgment. Id. at 215. Although we cited both res judicata and
collateral estoppel principles, our decision, properly read, rested on collateral estoppel:
that given the “minuscule” differences between “the legend of Charles Berlitz’s name and
the disclaimer” on the new series as opposed to the legend and disclaimer on the preceding
one, “there [were] no issues with respect to plaintiffs’ [federal] claims which ha[d] not been
determined” in the earlier state proceedings. Id. at 215‐16.
13
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 14
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
(emphasis added). Res judicata will not, however, “bar a subsequent suit for any
2
breach that had not occurred when the first suit was brought.” Id.; see also
3
Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. d (1982) (“When a person trespasses
4
daily upon the land of another for a week, although the owner of the land might
5
have maintained an action each day, such a series of trespasses is considered a unit
6
up to the time when action is brought. Thus if in the case stated the landowner were
7
to bring suit on January 15, including in his action only the trespass on January 10,
8
and obtain a judgment, he could not later maintain an action for the trespasses on
9
January 11 through January 15.”). “If a defendant engages in actionable conduct
10
after a lawsuit is commenced, the plaintiff may seek leave to file a supplemental
11
pleading [under Rule 15(c)] to assert a claim based on the subsequent conduct.”
12
First Jersey Sec., 101 F.3d at 1464. But the plaintiff “is not required to do so, and his
13
election not to do so is not penalized by application of res judicata to bar a later suit
14
on that subsequent conduct.” Id.
15
That brings us to the second type of case in which we have analyzed whether
16
conduct relating to but occurring after commencement of an earlier litigation gives
17
rise to a new claim so as to fall outside the parameters of res judicata. When a
18
subsequent action involves a claim over “ongoing conduct” and it relies on facts that
14
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 15
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
occurred both before and after the earlier action commenced, claim preclusion will
2
not bar a suit, we have said, “based upon legally significant acts occurring after the
3
filing of a prior suit that was itself based upon earlier acts.” Waldman v. Village of
4
Kiryas Joel, 207 F.3d 105, 113 (2d Cir. 2000). Our case law provides guidance as to
5
what acts are “legally significant.”
6
In Waldman, the plaintiff, in his earlier action (“Waldman I”), sued the Village
7
of Kiryas Joel, New York, for discriminatory enforcement of the zoning code and
8
constitutional violations related to the provision of public housing.6 Id. at 107. In
9
the plaintiff’s later action, in which he accused the Village of “excessive
10
entanglement with religion” and argued that “the Village government is little more
11
than an extension of the Congregation Yetev Lev . . . , the dominant religious body
12
in the Village,” Waldman sought dissolution of the Village under the Establishment
13
Clause. Id. at 107‐08. Waldman’s later suit (brought only a few months after the
14
settlement in Waldman I) relied on allegations of conduct taking place before the
15
earlier action was commenced, in addition to some new post‐settlement conduct.
16
1
2
3
As we have said, “claim preclusion may apply where some of the facts on
6
In fact, two prior related suits had been filed against the Village. Because
Waldman was not a plaintiff in the first action, the Waldman Court referred to the second
of these suits as “Waldman I.” The two earlier actions in Waldman were settled jointly.
15
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 16
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
which a subsequent action is based post‐date the first action but do not amount to
2
a new claim.” Storey, 347 F.3d at 384. In Waldman, we determined that:
12
it is simply not plausible to characterize Waldman’s claim as one based
in any significant way upon the post‐Waldman I facts. The new
allegations made in the present complaint do not, either by themselves
or to any degree not already demonstrated by the overlapping facts,
establish the sort of pervasive and otherwise irremediable
entanglement between church and state that would justify a drastic
remedy like the dissolution of the Village. . . . We conclude that, in
seeking the dissolution of [the Village], Waldman has based his action
principally upon the common nucleus of operative facts shared with
Waldman I.
13
Waldman, 207 F.3d. at 113. Accordingly, we held that the facts post‐dating the first
14
action did “not create a ‘new’ cause of action that did not exist when the prior suits
15
were brought” and that Waldman’s Establishment Clause claim was barred by res
16
judicata. Id. at 112. We expressly noted, however, that this was not to hold “that a
17
series of future actions evincing an enduring and all‐encompassing domination of
18
the Village government by the Congregation could not at some point suffice to
19
create a new cause of action for the dissolution of the Village.” Id. at 113. “[A]t some
20
point,” as we said, “repetition of the same or similar acts” may result in a later claim,
21
“based, as it would be, primarily upon a cumulation of events occurring after the
22
first suit.” Id. at 114. But Waldman could not “use the mere inclusion of a few post‐
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
16
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 17
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
Waldman I Village acts . . . to resurrect a claim, grounded almost entirely upon . . .
2
events [preceding the prior litigation].” Id.
II.
3
4
Applying the framework that these cases establish, we conclude that the
5
district court erred in its application of claim preclusion principles. Little aided by
6
TechnoMarine’s inartful complaint (which fails to allege when particular conduct
7
occurred or to differentiate between pre‐ and post‐settlement conduct), the district
8
court failed to consider whether TechnoMarine alleges new conduct occurring after
9
the settlement that is sufficient to state one or more new causes of action.7 Because
10
we conclude that at least as to its trademark infringement claim, TechnoMarine’s
11
complaint is properly read at this stage of the litigation to assert liability based on
12
new, post‐settlement conduct, this claim, and perhaps others, are “not barred by res
13
judicata” even though “premised on facts representing a continuance of the same
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7
As we have said, the res judicata bar is normally inoperative with regard to the
defendant’s actionable conduct occurring after an earlier suit commences, provided that the
plaintiff does not act to bring post‐commencement claims within the scope of his earlier
suit. See First Jersey Sec., 101 F.3d at 1464. Here, however, the parties’ Settlement
Agreement brings within its ambit (and thus the ambit of the first litigation) claims existing
as of the date of settlement and arising from the facts alleged in the original complaint. See
Greenberg, 968 F.2d at 169 (noting that a settlement agreement “can only have the preclusive
[e]ffect that the parties to the settlement intended to give it”). Thus, the operative date for
res judicata purposes is the date of the settlement.
17
Case: 12-4174
1
Document: 95-1
Page: 18
07/15/2014
1270924
27
‘course of conduct.’” Storey, 347 F.3d at 383.
2
TechnoMarine’s trademark infringement claim is not barred by claim
3
preclusion because Giftports allegedly committed new instances of trademark
4
infringement after the settlement, so that the present claim, to the extent based on
5
the new acts of infringement, was not and could not have been litigated in the earlier
6
proceeding. As noted in the district court’s opinion, TechnoMarine, in its opposition
7
to Giftports’s motion to dismiss, argued that the present action “involves
8
infringements on [its] 2010/2011 line of watches.” Although the complaint does not
9
provide dates for the allegedly infringing conduct, drawing all inferences in
10
TechnoMarine’s favor, as we must do on review of a motion to dismiss, the
11
complaint is fairly read to allege a course of conduct by Giftports that was ongoing
12
as of April 19, 2012, the date of the complaint. Because TechnoMarine’s complaint
13
alleges supposedly unlawful conduct involving the 2010/2011 line of watches, which
14
would have occurred after the 2009 settlement and judgment, TechnoMarine can
15
support a claim for trademark infringement of the 2010/2011 line of watches based
16
on the new allegedly infringing conduct. As a result, this cause of action is not
18
Case: 12-4174
1
Document: 95-1
Page: 19
07/15/2014
1270924
27
barred by claim preclusion.8
2
The district court’s misapplication of claim preclusion principles may have
3
resulted from a misreading of our decision in Waldman. There, we noted in passing
4
that the plaintiff in that case asserted “nothing more than additional instances of
5
what was previously asserted.” TechnoMarine S.A. v. Giftports, Inc., No. 11 Civ.
6
9643(DAB), 2012 WL 3964734, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2012) (citing Waldman, 207
7
F.3d at 113); see also Marcel Fashions Grp. Inc. v. Lucky Brand Dungarees, Inc., No. 11
8
Civ. 5523(LTS), 2012 WL 4450992, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2012) (citing Waldman, 207
9
F.3d at 113). But Waldman did not hold that claims that are based on conduct that
10
takes place after an earlier litigation are barred by res judicata simply because the
11
conduct is similar to prior acts that took place before the earlier litigation. Our
12
precedent makes clear that if the later conduct can support a cause of action on its
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
8
Any claim for trademark infringement occurring before the settlement of the 2009
litigation, however, is barred by res judicata because it either was or could have been
brought in the first litigation. But the fact that the complaint includes allegations of pre‐
judgment conduct, which are barred, does not mean the allegations of post‐judgment
infringing conduct are also barred. As for TechnoMarine’s causes of action for trademark
dilution, false designation of origin, tortious interference, and unfair competition, these
causes of action, too, are not precluded if based on either: (1) new facts sufficient to state
a claim on their own without the need to incorporate facts that preceded the first suit; or
(2) “legally significant acts” such that the later claim represents a new cause of action, even
if based to some degree on earlier conduct. Given our conclusion, infra, that the complaint
was properly dismissed on alternative grounds, we need not decide whether these claims
are barred.
19
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 20
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
own, it is the basis of a new cause of action not precluded by the earlier judgment.
2
The contrary conclusion – that a plaintiff such as TechnoMarine is precluded
3
from bringing suit for alleged new trademark violations because the parties
4
previously settled a suit over earlier, similar conduct – violates basic claim
5
preclusion principles. A simple hypothetical may help explain this point. Assume
6
that a plaintiff sues a defendant for trademark infringement occurring from 2010 to
7
2012. After trial, the court grants the plaintiff judgment and money damages. Two
8
years following this judgment, in 2014, the defendant again infringes upon the same
9
trademark, and in a similar way. Under Giftports’s reasoning, claim preclusion
10
would prohibit the plaintiff from suing again. The earlier judgment against the
11
defendant – determining that it violated plaintiff’s trademark rights from 2010 to
12
2012 – would in effect immunize the defendant against all suits concerning
13
infringements of the same trademark in a similar way. This is not the law of claim
14
preclusion.
15
Giftports nonetheless asserts that TechnoMarine’s claims should be precluded
16
here for two reasons. First, Giftports argues that the Settlement Agreement between
17
the parties prohibits this suit. Second, Giftports posits that TechnoMarine’s request
18
for, and failure to obtain, an injunction has preclusive effect. Neither argument is
20
Case: 12-4174
1
Document: 95-1
Page: 21
07/15/2014
1270924
27
persuasive.
2
First, the prior settlement between the parties does not preclude this suit. A
3
settlement, just like a judgment, does not ordinarily bar claims that have not yet
4
accrued. The parties could agree to extinguish future claims, but TechnoMarine and
5
Giftports did no such thing here. They agreed only to release liability “relating to
6
the claims alleged in the Civil Action or arising from the facts alleged therein.” The
7
stipulation of dismissal in this case, moreover, made clear that it did not extinguish
8
claims that did not yet exist. J.A. 75, 187 (“[A]ll claims that were or could have been
9
asserted [in this action] shall be dismissed with prejudice . . . .”). The Settlement
10
Agreement is silent as to future conduct by either party that may violate the same
11
statutory or common law rights. But it does make clear that it is not a license for
12
Giftports to use TechnoMarine’s intellectual property in the future.
13
Giftports’s second argument – that TechnoMarine should be precluded from
14
suing over future conduct because it failed to obtain an injunction prohibiting this
15
future conduct – is also unavailing. Courts may deny requests for injunctive relief,
16
an equitable remedy, for various reasons unrelated to the validity of the plaintiff’s
17
claim. For example, a request for an injunction will be denied when remedies
18
available at law, such as monetary damages, are adequate to compensate for the
21
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 22
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
injury, or the public interest would be disserved by a permanent injunction. See
2
eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006). A district court may deny
3
injunctive relief, moreover, when there is little evidence of likelihood of future
4
violations. Cf. SEC v. Manor Nursing Ctrs., Inc., 458 F.2d 1082, 1100 (2d Cir. 1972)
5
(noting, in the context of securities violations, that “[t]he critical question for a
6
district court in deciding whether to issue a permanent injunction . . . is whether
7
there is a reasonable likelihood that the wrong will be repeated”).9 As a result, the
8
failure of a plaintiff to obtain (or even seek) an injunction does not preclude it from
9
bringing suit for later instances of similar unlawful conduct.
10
Finally, we reject Giftports’s policy argument – that if we decline to find claim
11
preclusion here, we will encourage seriatim lawsuits. A putative defendant is
12
protected from seriatim lawsuits through the ordinary operation of claim preclusion,
13
issue preclusion, and settlement. First, claim preclusion principles incentivized
14
TechnoMarine to bring all of its causes of action involving the same transaction or
15
connected series of transactions and arising before commencement of its first
16
litigation in that first suit, and prohibited it from splitting these causes of action into
1
2
9
A plaintiff may also elect not to seek an injunction because he reasonably assumes
the defendant will comply with the law going forward.
22
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 23
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
multiple suits. But TechnoMarine did not bring suit, and could not have done so,
2
for causes of action that had not yet arisen. Second, if Giftports had litigated the
3
previous action until final judgment and obtained a favorable determination
4
regarding the legality of its conduct, absent a crucial intervening change of
5
circumstances, issue preclusion would have precluded TechnoMarine from litigating
6
again the issue of whether Giftports’s course of conduct was lawful. Similarly, in
7
the Settlement Agreement resolving the first litigation, Giftports could have
8
expressly resolved claims over future conduct. Our decision today thus in no way
9
opens the door to seriatim lawsuits. We merely hold, in accordance with well‐
10
settled precedent, that TechnoMarine’s earlier settlement does not preclude it from
11
bringing later claims over new conduct giving rise to causes of action that did not
12
exist at the time of the settlement.
13
III.
14
We next address the district court’s alternative holding that TechnoMarine
15
failed to state a claim. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain
16
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible
17
on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks
18
omitted). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not
23
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 24
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of
2
his entitlement to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic
3
recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
4
550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (brackets, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).
5
The district court reviewed each of Plaintiff’s claims and the facts alleged in
6
its complaint and determined that TechnoMarine failed plausibly to plead its claims
7
for trademark infringement, false designation of origin, trademark dilution, tortious
8
interference, unfair competition, or copyright infringement. We have undertaken
9
an independent review, and find no error in the district court’s analysis.
10
TechnoMarine’s complaint did not permit the district court to “draw the reasonable
11
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
12
678, and accordingly, Plaintiff has not raised its “right to relief above the speculative
13
level,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal
14
of plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim.
15
TechnoMarine argues, finally, that the district court’s denial of its request for
16
leave to amend its complaint should be reversed. The district court denied plaintiff
17
leave to amend on the grounds that curing its substantive pleading deficiencies
18
would be futile in light of the res judicata bar. As we have made clear, res judicata
24
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 25
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
does not bar (at a minimum) TechnoMarine’s trademark infringement claim. We
2
nonetheless affirm the district court’s denial of leave to amend because
3
TechnoMarine has not indicated how it could cure its pleading deficiencies.
4
Under Rule 15(a), “leave to amend ‘shall be freely given when justice so
5
requires.’” McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir. 2007)
6
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)). “We review a district court’s denial of leave to
7
amend for abuse of discretion, unless the denial was based on an interpretation of
8
law, . . . in which case we review the legal conclusion de novo.” Panther Partners Inc.
9
v. Ikanos Commc’ns, Inc., 681 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir. 2012). Leave may be denied “for
10
good reason, including futility, bad faith, undue delay, or undue prejudice to the
11
opposing party.” McCarthy, 482 F.3d at 200 (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182
12
(1962)).
13
A plaintiff need not be given leave to amend if it fails to specify either to the
14
district court or to the court of appeals how amendment would cure the pleading
15
deficiencies in its complaint. See, e.g., City of Pontiac Policemen’s & Firemen’s Ret. Sys.
16
v. UBS AG, 752 F.3d 173, 188 n.71 (2d Cir. 2014) (denying leave to amend where
17
“plaintiffs have identified no additional facts or legal theories – either on appeal or
18
to the District Court – they might assert if given leave to amend”); Porat v. Lincoln
25
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 26
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
Towers Cmty. Ass’n, 464 F.3d 274, 276 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (“A counseled
2
plaintiff is not necessarily entitled to a remand for repleading whenever he has
3
indicated a desire to amend his complaint, notwithstanding the failure . . . to make
4
a showing that the complaint’s defects can be cured.”); Hayden v. Cnty. of Nassau, 180
5
F.3d 42, 53‐54 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[W]here the plaintiff is unable to demonstrate that he
6
would be able to amend his complaint in a manner which would survive dismissal,
7
opportunity to replead is rightfully denied.”). Moreover, even where a legal error
8
undergirds a district court’s decision to deny leave to amend, this Court can affirm
9
the denial of leave on alternate grounds. See Hutchison v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Inc., 647
10
F.3d 479, 491 (2d Cir. 2011) (affirming despite the fact that the court could not
11
“affirm the denial of Plaintiffs’ motion to amend on the futility ground cited by the
12
district court,” because amendment would be futile for other reasons); AEP Energy
13
Servs. Gas Holding Co. v. Bank of Am., N.A., 626 F.3d 699, 726‐27 (2d Cir. 2010).
14
Here, Plaintiff already amended its complaint once following Defendant’s first
15
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. TechnoMarine failed to resolve its
16
pleading deficiencies in its First Amended Complaint. In its request to amend this
17
complaint below and in its brief here, moreover, TechnoMarine has entirely failed
18
to specify how it could cure its pleading deficiencies. We therefore affirm the
26
Case: 12-4174
Document: 95-1
Page: 27
07/15/2014
1270924
27
1
district court’s denial of Plaintiff’s request further to amend the complaint and its
2
decision to grant the motion to dismiss with prejudice. See Porat, 464 F.3d at 276.
CONCLUSION
3
4
To summarize: TechnoMarine’s complaint, contrary to the district court’s
5
determination, is not barred in toto by claim preclusion. We nonetheless affirm the
6
district court’s grant of Giftports’s motion to dismiss based on the district court’s
7
alternative holding that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may
8
be granted. As for TechnoMarine’s request to amend, although amendment would
9
not be futile on claim preclusion grounds, TechnoMarine failed both in the district
10
court and on appeal to specify how a second amendment would allow it to cure its
11
pleading deficiencies. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of
12
TechnoMarine’s request for leave to amend.
13
14
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is hereby
AFFIRMED.
15
27
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?