United States of America v. Fofanah
Filing
OPINION, the judgment and sentence of the district court is affirmed, per curiam RAK, PNL, RSP, FILED.[1309295] [12-4617]
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12‐4617
United States v. Fofanah
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
____________________
August Term, 2013
(Argued: October 25, 2013 Decided: September 2, 2014)
Docket No. 12‐4617
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
ABDULAI FOFANAH, AKA FODAY,
AKA FODAY FOFANAH,
AKA FODAY OSMAN FOFANAH,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Before: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, LEVAL and POOLER, Circuit Judges.
Judge LEVAL concurs in a separate opinion.
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Appeal from a November 13, 2012 judgment entered in the United States
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District Court for the Southern District of New York (John F. Keenan, J.),
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convicting defendant Abdulai Fofanah after a jury trial of conspiracy to transport
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stolen vehicles, transportation of stolen vehicles, and possession of stolen
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vehicles. Fofanah challenges on appeal the district court’s issuance of a conscious
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avoidance jury instruction and two sentencing enhancements that the district
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court imposed, one for the use of sophisticated means and another for being in
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the business of receiving and selling stolen property. We conclude that even if the
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issuance of the conscious avoidance jury instruction was error, any such error
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was harmless. We further hold that Fofanah’s challenges to his sentence must
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fail.
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Affirmed.
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Judge Leval joins in this per curiam opinion and concurs in a separate
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opinion.
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DAVID A. LEWIS, Assistant Federal Public Defender,
Federal Defenders of New York, Inc., New York, NY,
for Defendant‐Appellant.
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IAN P. MCGINLEY, Assistant United States Attorney,
(Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York; Brent S. Wible, Assistant United
States Attorney, on the brief), New York, NY, for
Appellee.
Per Curiam:
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Defendant Abdulai Fofanah appeals from a November 13, 2012 judgment
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entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
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(John F. Keenan, J.). Fofanah was convicted after a jury trial of conspiracy to
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transport stolen vehicles, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; transportation of stolen
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vehicles, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2312; and possession of stolen vehicles, in
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violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2313. The district court sentenced defendant principally to
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72 months of imprisonment and three years of supervised release.
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On appeal, Fofanah challenges his conviction on the basis that it was
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impermissible for the district court to instruct the jury that it could convict him
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on the theory of conscious avoidance. Defendant also takes issue with the district
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court’s imposition of sentencing enhancements for: (1) the use of “sophisticated
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means” under Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) of the Sentencing Guidelines of the United
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States Courts; and (2) being “in the business of receiving and selling stolen
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property” under Section 2B1.1(b)(4) of the Guidelines.
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Because we conclude that any error in giving the contested jury instruction
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was harmless, and Fofanah’s challenges to his sentence are without merit, we
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AFFIRM the judgment and sentence of the district court.
BACKGROUND
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I.
Facts
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Fofanah’s offense conduct consisted of his leadership role in a scheme to
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ship high‐priced stolen cars from New York through a port in New Jersey to be
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sold in Guinea, Africa. Around May 2011, Fofanah called a trucker named
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Fousseni Traore Sahm about shipping some containers of cars to Guinea. Sahm
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met with Fofanah, and another man named Habib Diallo, about shipping the
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cars. Sahm testified that at that meeting with Habib, Fofanah told Sahm that
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“they was going to do some containers and it’s not going to be one or two, and
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then the car they was going to load, you know, are no good.” Trial Tr. at 319.
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Sahm understood Fofanah to mean that the cars were stolen. At that meeting,
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Habib showed Sahm the titles that they were going to use to ship the cars, and
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the titles did not match the cars actually being shipped.
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To carry out the shipments, Fofanah would provide Sahm with a booking
number that Sahm would use to go to the port to retrieve an empty shipping
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container. Sahm would bring the container to the Bronx, New York, and it would
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be loaded with cars in Fofanah’s presence. Sahm testified that while the
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containers were being loaded Fofanah appeared “nervous” and was “always
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rushing us to finish the job and get out of there.” Id. at 325.
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Once the containers were loaded, Fofanah would pay Sahm, and Sahm or
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his drivers would take the containers back to the port to be shipped. Fofanah also
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provided Sahm with dock receipts, which are used to prove that the containers
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were delivered to the port. Sahm would obtain a stamp on the dock receipts and
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return the stamped receipts to Fofanah. During this time period that Fofanah had
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hired Sahm to transport the containers, Sahm was working with the police and he
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would contact the police when Fofanah wanted to load a container.
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On June 14, 2011, Fofanah and Sahm met with a third man, who was an
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undercover officer. At that meeting, the undercover officer told Fofanah that the
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officer’s brother (or the officer and his brother) wanted to start a car yard in
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Senegal, and the officer was seeking information from Fofanah about how to get
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titles for old cars. Fofanah told the undercover officer that it would be better to
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ship the cars to Guinea because in Senegal “you have to present the real title.”
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Gov’t’s Add. at 4. Fofanah also advised the undercover officer about taking a
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security system, such as LoJack, out of cars before shipping them to Africa. At
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that meeting, Fofanah offered to sell a car to the undercover officer.
At the time of his arrest on June 20, 2011, Fofanah had in his possession a
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shipping document that tied him to a container that he helped load with cars. He
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admitted upon arrest that Habib had told him that the cars were “bad,” Trial Tr.
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at 146, and that Fofanah had participated in loading the containers. The cars that
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Fofanah was involved in loading into the containers were stolen.
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II.
The District Court’s Jury Instructions
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At trial, the district court instructed the jury on what it means for a
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defendant to have actual knowledge of a fact. It also instructed the jury that the
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law “allows you to find that the defendant had knowledge of a fact when the
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evidence shows that he was aware of a high probability of that fact, but
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intentionally avoided confirming that fact. The law calls this ‘conscious
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avoidance’ or ‘willful blindness.’” Id. at 647. The parties do not dispute that the
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district court gave the conscious avoidance instruction over Fofanah’s objection.
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III.
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Fofanah’s Conviction and Sentence
The jury found Fofanah guilty on all counts, and the district court
sentenced him principally to 72 months of imprisonment and three years of
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supervised release. The district court’s sentence included two enhancements
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under the Guidelines, one for Fofanah’s use of sophisticated means in the
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execution or concealment of the offense conduct, and the other for Fofanah being
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in the business of receiving and selling stolen property. Fofanah objected to each
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of those enhancements.
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With regard to the sophisticated means enhancement, the court concluded
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that “[t]his was a very sophisticated scheme” that involved “17 stolen high‐
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priced cars that were going to be resold in Africa.” Sentencing Tr. at 13. The court
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noted that the scheme was organized, and included “substituting the stolen cars
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for the cars on the shipping documents.” Id.
The district court imposed the enhancement for Fofanah being in the
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business of receiving and selling stolen property based on the “regularity and
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sophistication of Mr. Fofanah’s activities” and the amount of property
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involved—17 high‐priced cars. Id. at 7.
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DISCUSSION
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I.
The Conscious Avoidance Jury Instruction
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A.
Legal Standards
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“‘A conscious avoidance instruction permits a jury to find that a defendant
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had culpable knowledge of a fact when the evidence shows that the defendant
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intentionally avoided confirming the fact.’” United States v. Kozeny, 667 F.3d 122,
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132 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Ferrarini, 219 F.3d 145, 154 (2d Cir.
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2000)), cert. denied sub nom. Bourke v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1794 (2013). The test
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for when a conscious avoidance charge is permissible has two prongs. First, the
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defendant must “assert[] the lack of some specific aspect of knowledge required
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for conviction.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, there must be an
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“appropriate factual predicate for the charge . . . , i.e., the evidence is such that a
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rational juror may reach the conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt that the
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defendant was aware of a high probability of the fact in dispute and consciously
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avoided confirming that fact.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); accord
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United States v. Cuti, 720 F.3d 453, 463 (2d Cir. 2013), petition for cert. filed, No. 13‐
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1493 (U.S. Apr. 14, 2014); United States v. Svoboda, 347 F.3d 471, 480 (2d Cir. 2003).
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“We review a claim of error in jury instructions de novo, reversing only
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where, viewing the charge as a whole, there was a prejudicial error.” United States
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v. Aina‐Marshall, 336 F.3d 167, 170 (2d Cir. 2003).
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B.
The Conscious Avoidance Jury Instruction Here Was Harmless
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Fofanah does not challenge the content of the district court’s conscious
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avoidance jury instruction, but rather argues that the necessary factual predicate
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for giving the instruction was lacking. We need not decide whether the district
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court erred in issuing the conscious avoidance instruction in this case because, if
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the instruction was in error, any such error was harmless.
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“[A]n erroneously given conscious avoidance instruction constitutes
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harmless error if the jury was charged on actual knowledge and there was
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overwhelming evidence to support a finding that the defendant instead
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possessed actual knowledge of the fact at issue.” Ferrarini, 219 F.3d at 154
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(internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, the district court gave the jury an
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instruction on actual knowledge, so the first requirement of the harmless error
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analysis was satisfied.
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Second, there was overwhelming evidence that Fofanah had actual
knowledge that the cars at issue were stolen. Fofanah told Sahm that the cars
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were “no good,” Trial Tr. at 319, which Sahm understood to mean stolen.
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Fofanah was present at a meeting where there was discussion of the fact that the
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titles for the cars being shipped did not match the actual cars, and he held title to
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one of the vehicles that appeared on a dock receipt that did not match the vehicle
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in the corresponding container.
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At the time of his arrest, Fofanah was in possession of a shipping
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document that tied him to a container that he had assisted in loading with the
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cars. He admitted to participating in loading the shipping containers, and the
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cars that were loaded into the containers had all been stolen.
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In addition, defendant engaged in a discussion with an undercover officer
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about how to ship cars abroad to Guinea as opposed to Senegal because it was
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less likely that real titles would have to be presented in Guinea. Fofanah also
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discussed with the undercover officer the practice of taking out the security
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system on a car before it is shipped to Africa, which is done to prevent law
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enforcement from locating the vehicle.
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Accordingly, we hold that if the district court erred by instructing the jury
on conscious avoidance in this case, any such error was harmless because the jury
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was instructed on actual knowledge and there was overwhelming evidence that
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Fofanah possessed actual knowledge that the cars at issue were stolen.
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II.
The Sentencing Enhancements
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A.
The Sophisticated Means Enhancement
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Over Fofanah’s objection, the district court applied a sentencing
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enhancement pursuant to Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) of the Guidelines for the
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sophisticated means that defendant used with respect to the offense conduct.
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Fofanah argues that the district court misapplied that Guideline because his
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offense conduct was not sufficiently complex to merit the enhancement. We
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disagree.
1. Legal Standards
Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) of the Guidelines provides that: “If . . . the offense
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. . . involved sophisticated means, increase by 2 levels. If the resulting offense
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level is less than level 12, increase to level 12.” The term “sophisticated means” is
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defined in the commentary to the Guidelines as “especially complex or especially
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intricate offense conduct pertaining to the execution or concealment of an
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offense.” USSG § 2B1.1(b)(10), comment. (n.8(B)).
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The parties disagree about the standard of review that we should employ
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with respect to the district court’s application of the enhancement for
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sophisticated means under Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C). Relying on a case involving
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the application of an enhancement under Section 2T1.1 of the Guidelines, which
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concerns the use of sophisticated means in tax‐evasion offenses, Fofanah argues
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that the standard of review is de novo, with due deference to the sentencing
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court’s application of the Guideline. See United States v. Lewis, 93 F.3d 1075, 1080
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(2d Cir. 1996); see also United States v. Ojemen, 465 F. App’x 69, 71 (2d Cir. 2012)
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(summary order) (applying the standard of review in Lewis to the use of
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sophisticated means under Section 2B1.1). The government contends that we
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should review the application of this enhancement for clear error because the
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district court’s determination of the issue was primarily factual. See United States
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v. Gotti, 459 F.3d 296, 349 (2d Cir. 2006); United States v. Vasquez, 389 F.3d 65,
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74–75 (2d Cir. 2004).
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We need not wade into the nuances of the different standards of review
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because even on de novo review the sophisticated means enhancement was
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warranted in this case.1
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In other cases where the government has argued that the clear error
standard governs a sophisticated means enhancement, we have taken a similar
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2. The Sophisticated Means Sentencing Enhancement Was Proper
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We have recognized that the creation and use of false documents, and
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other tactics to conceal offense conduct, are indicia of the sophistication of an
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offense. Cf. United States v. Amico, 416 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir. 2005) (applying the
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former Section 2F1.1 enhancement for sophisticated means).2 Here, Fofanah was
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involved in the use of fraudulent titles to ship the cars at issue from the United
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States to Guinea, and he was listed as the owner of one of the cars on a fraudulent
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dock receipt. He also recommended the practice of disabling a car security
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system, such as LoJack, before shipping cars to Africa, which is done to prevent
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law enforcement from recovering the vehicle. He showed that he had developed
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a sophisticated knowledge of the respective means of shipping stolen cars to
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different African countries, explaining to the undercover officer that it was
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preferable to ship to Guinea rather than Senegal because in Senegal one needs to
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present real titles.
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approach to the one we take here. See Ojemen, 465 F. App’x at 71 n.2; United States
v. Elia, 392 F. App’x 883, 886 n.3 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order); United States v.
Regensberg, 381 F. App’x 60, 61 n.1 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order).
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Section 2F1.1 of the Guidelines was deleted by consolidation with Section
2B1.1, effective November 1, 2001. See USSG § 2F1.1.
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The repetitive and coordinated nature of Fofanah’s conduct further reveal
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the sophistication of the means he employed. See United States v. Finck, 407 F.3d
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908, 915 (8th Cir. 2005). Fofanah’s offense conduct was repetitive, as it involved
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17 stolen cars that were to be resold in Africa. Moreover, the scheme in which
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Fofanah participated involved coordination between Fofanah and Sahm to load
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vehicles into containers that were driven to a port where customs would have to
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be cleared. The fact that the scheme involved moving the cars across jurisdictions
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and then abroad is also some evidence of the scheme’s sophistication.
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Accordingly, the district court was correct to impose the sentencing
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enhancement based on the sophisticated means of Fofanah’s conduct in this case.
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B.
The Enhancement for Being “in the Business of Receiving and
Selling Stolen Property”
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Again over Fofanah’s objection, the district court imposed a sentencing
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enhancement for defendant being in the business of receiving and selling stolen
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property under Section 2B1.1(b)(4) of the Guidelines. On appeal, defendant
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argues that the enhancement was not warranted because the evidence failed to
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show the requisite sophistication and regularity of his actions to substantiate the
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conclusion that he was “in the business,” and there was no evidence that he was
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personally involved in the sale of stolen cars. We again disagree.
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1. Legal Standards
Section 2B1.1(b)(4) of the Guidelines provides that: “If the offense involved
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receiving stolen property, and the defendant was a person in the business of
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receiving and selling stolen property, increase by 2 levels.” The commentary to
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that section of the Guidelines provides a non‐exhaustive list of factors for the
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sentencing court to consider: “(A) The regularity and sophistication of the
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defendant’s activities. [¶] (B) The value and size of the inventory of stolen
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property maintained by the defendant. [¶] (C) The extent to which the
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defendant’s activities encouraged or facilitated other crimes. [¶] (D) The
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defendant’s past activities involving stolen property.” USSG § 2B1.1(b)(4),
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comment. (n.5).
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With respect to the standard of review governing this enhancement, the
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parties again disagree. Fofanah argues that our review should be de novo. See
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United States v. Carson, 125 F.3d 845, 1997 WL 609134, at *1 (2d Cir. 1997)
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(unpublished) (in the context of an enhancement under Section 2B6.1(b)(2) for
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being in the business of receiving and selling stolen property in crimes related to
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the alteration or removal of vehicle identification numbers, we review “factual
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findings for clear error, and [the] determination that those findings support the
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challenged enhancement de novo”). The government argues for a clear error
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standard of review, as discussed earlier.
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Again, we need not resolve this question because even under the de novo
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standard the district court correctly imposed the Section 2B1.1(b)(4) enhancement
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in this case.
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2. The Enhancement for Being “in the Business” Was Warranted
With regard to whether Fofanah was in the business of receiving and
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selling stolen cars, the sophistication of Fofanah’s offenses, which is discussed
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earlier, weighs in favor of the enhancement under Section 2B1.1(b)(4). See USSG
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§ 2B1.1(b)(4), comment. (n.5(A)) (recognizing sophistication as a relevant factor).
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The regularity of Fofanah’s activities with respect to receiving and selling
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stolen vehicles also supports the enhancement at issue here. See id. (recognizing
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regularity as a relevant factor). Fofanah’s knowledge about the practices of
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Senegal versus Guinea with regard to how rigorous each country is in
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demanding “real” titles for cars that are shipped to those countries suggests that
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he is a repeat player. Gov’t’s Add. at 5. In addition, Fofanah was involved in the
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process of shipping 17 stolen cars in various containers over the course of about
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six weeks, which supports the district court’s conclusion that this was not a “one‐
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shot deal.” Sentencing Tr. at 7.
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The value of the stolen cars is another factor that weighs in favor of the
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enhancement. See USSG § 2B1.1(b)(4), comment. (n.5(B)) (recognizing the value of
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the stolen property as a relevant factor). Many of the stolen cars in this case were
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luxury vehicles, such as Range Rovers, Porsches, and BMWs, and the total value
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of the cars was over $500,000.
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Fofanah also showed an interest in helping others engage in the type of
car‐shipping operation that he was involved in, which supports the
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enhancement. See id. § 2B1.1(b)(4), comment. (n.5(C)) (recognizing as a relevant
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factor the extent to which the defendant’s activities encouraged other crimes). As
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noted earlier, Fofanah advised the undercover officer about shipping cars with
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bad titles to Guinea as opposed to Senegal, which showed that he had acquired a
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refined knowledge of the techniques for avoiding detection.
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To the extent that Fofanah argues that there was insufficient evidence that
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he actually sold stolen vehicles, his contention is without merit. During the
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conversation that Fofanah had with Sahm and the undercover officer about
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removing a car security system and shipping cars to Guinea as opposed to
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Senegal, Fofanah concedes that he stated he could sell the officer a Dodge
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Charger. At that meeting, Fofanah also discussed obtaining various cars for the
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officer to sell, and revealed his knowledge of how much could be made from
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those sales. Thus, even if we were to hold that an enhancement under Section
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2B1.1(b)(4) would only be permissible where a defendant personally receives and
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sells stolen property—an issue we need not reach today—the enhancement
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would apply to Fofanah in this case.
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Accordingly, the district court was correct to impose the sentencing
enhancement for Fofanah being in the business of receiving and selling stolen
property.
CONCLUSION
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For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment and sentence of the
district court.
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