In re: ADDERALL XR ANTITRUST
Filing
OPINION, judgment of the district court is affirmed, by DJ, RDS, RJL, FILED.[1242912] [13-1232]
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13–1232
Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co. v. Shire LLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2013
(Argued: March 17, 2014 Decided: June 9, 2014)
Docket No. 13–1232
In re ADDERALL XR ANTITRUST LITIGATION
LOUISIANA WHOLESALE DRUG COMPANY, INC.,
on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated,
VALUE DRUG COMPANY, on behalf of itself and all
others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.
SHIRE LLC, SHIRE U.S., INC.,
Defendants–Appellees.*
Before: JACOBS, SACK, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Victor Marrero, Judge), dismissing the plaintiffsʹ
complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted. The plaintiffs, wholesale dealers in
pharmaceutical products, brought this putative class
action asserting that the defendant drug manufacturers
violated the Sherman Act by breaching their contracts to
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend
the official caption in this case to appear as set forth above.
*
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supply competing manufacturers with an unbranded
version of the defendantsʹ widely prescribed patented
drug. The plaintiffs argue that these contracts gave rise
to a ʺduty to dealʺ enforceable by third‐party customers
such as themselves under the antitrust laws. We
disagree. The judgment of the district court is therefore
AFFIRMED.
JOSEPH OPPER (Bruce E.
Gerstein, Elena K. Chan,
Kimberly Hennings, on the
brief), Garwin Gerstein &
Fisher LLP, New York, NY, for
Plaintiffs–Appellants,
MICHAEL F. BROCKMEYER,
Frommer Lawrence & Haug
LLP, Washington, DC (Edgar
H. Haug, John F. Collins,
Frommer Lawrence & Haug
LLP, New York, NY, on the
brief), for Defendants–Appellees.
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SACK, Circuit Judge:
The plaintiffs are wholesale dealers in
pharmaceutical products including Adderall XR, a
widely prescribed drug manufactured by the
defendants. They brought this putative class action
alleging that the defendants violated the
anti‐monopolization provision of the Sherman Act by
breaching defendantsʹ contracts to supply two of their
competitors—who in turn supply the plaintiffs—with
an unbranded version of the defendantsʹ patented drug
for resale under the competitorsʹ own labels. Although
the contracts were executed in connection with
settlements of patent litigation, the plaintiffs disclaim
any reliance on that fact. They argue instead that the
contracts themselves gave rise to a ʺduty to dealʺ under
antitrust law. We disagree and therefore affirm the
judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Victor Marrero, Judge)
dismissing the complaint.
BACKGROUND
Defendants Shire LLC and Shire U.S., Inc.
(together, ʺShireʺ) hold patents covering Adderall XR
(ʺAXRʺ), a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (ʺFDAʺ) in 2001 to treat
attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. AXR enjoyed
significant commercial success. In 2002, Teva
Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.,1 sought FDA approval to
produce a generic equivalent. Compl. ¶¶ 2–3. Impax
Laboratories, Inc., followed suit in 2003. Id. ¶ 3.
In 2008, Teva acquired Barr Pharmaceuticals, which was
the entity actually seeking approval to produce generic AXR
in 2002. For the sake of simplicity, both the complaint and
this opinion refer to those entities collectively as ʺTeva.ʺ See
Compl. ¶ 3 n.1.
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Teva and Impax took advantage of the
streamlined drug approval process established by a
1984 amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act generally referred to as the ʺHatch–
Waxman Amendments.ʺ See 21 U.S.C. § 355(b), (j). The
Act allows a generic maker to piggyback on the efforts
of an approved drugʹs manufacturer by filing an
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ʺANDAʺ)
showing, among other things, that its proposed product
is biologically equivalent to the approved drug. Id.
§ 355(j)(2)(A)(iv). An ANDA must also include a
certification that the proposed generic does not infringe
the approved drugʹs patents. Id. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii).
If an ANDA contains a certification that an
approved drugʹs patents are ʺinvalid or will not be
infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of the new
drug for which the application is submitted,ʺ the
applicant must notify the drugʹs patent holder of the
pending application. Id. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii), (B)(iii). The
patent holder then has forty‐five days to file suit against
the applicant for patent infringement. If the patent
holder acts within this window, any FDA action on the
ANDA is stayed for thirty months. Id. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii).
That is what happened here.
In their applications to the FDA, both Teva and
Impax certified that Shireʹs patents for AXR were either
ʺinvalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture,
use, or saleʺ of their proposed generic equivalents. See
Compl. ¶ 39; 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A)(vii). Shire
responded by bringing suit against both companies for
patent infringement.
In 2006, Shire settled its patent litigation with
Teva and Impax. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 41. The agreements
memorializing the settlement terms each reflected the
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same basic bargain: The generic manufacturers would
stay out of the market for AXR for three years (even if
their applications to produce generic AXR were
approved by the FDA before then). Id. ¶¶ 5, 41. In
exchange, Shire would grant the generic manufacturers
licenses to make and sell generic AXR starting in 2009
(Teva in April; Impax in October). Id. ¶¶ 6, 42. If the
FDA had not approved their ANDAs by that time, Shire
would supply Tevaʹs and Impaxʹs requirements for
unbranded AXR for resale under their own labels. Id.
¶¶ 6, 43. In short, Shire undertook to give its
competitors both the rights and the supplies necessary
to participate in the market for AXR. Id. ¶¶ 6, 44.
Because the FDA had not approved their ANDAs
by the close of Shireʹs contractual period of exclusivity,
Teva and Impax both began purchasing unbranded
AXR from Shire for resale in 2009 pursuant to their
settlement agreements with Shire. Compl. ¶¶ 47, 49, 51.
Several months after their respective entries into the
market, both Teva and Impax complained that Shire
was only partially filling their orders.2 Id. ¶¶ 53–60.
The effect of this alleged shortfall on the price of AXR
paid by wholesalers—the members of the plaintiffsʹ
proposed class—gave rise to the litigation now before
us on appeal.
In May 2012, Louisiana Wholesale Drug
Company, Inc., based in Sunset, Louisiana, filed a
putative class action against Shire in the Southern
Shire, Teva, and Impax have already settled litigation
arising from these contract disputes. See Stipulation of
Dismissal, Teva Pharms. USA, Inc. v. Shire LLC, No. 09 Civ.
8860 (MGC) (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2009), ECF No. 17;
Stipulation of Dismissal, Impax Labs., Inc. v. Shire LLC, No. 10
Civ. 8386 (MGC) (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2013), ECF No. 211.
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District of New York. See Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co. v.
Shire LLC, No. 12 Civ. 3711 (VM) (S.D.N.Y.). That case
was subsequently consolidated with a nearly identical
action brought by Value Drug Company of Altoona,
Pennsylvania. Consent Order Consolidating Related
Actions, Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co., No. 12 Civ. 3711
(VM) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2012), ECF No. 22. We refer to
the plaintiffs collectively as ʺLWD.ʺ Neither Teva nor
Impax is a party to this litigation.
LWD alleged that by supplying Teva and Impax
with less than their requirements of unbranded AXR,
Shire relegated them to 50–60% of the market, instead of
the 90% share they might have been expected to capture
had they received the quantity of unbranded pills they
had demanded. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 8, 52, 67. This, in turn,
allowed Shire to ʺfix[], raise[], maintain[], and/or
stabilize[] the price of AXR Product at
supra‐competitive levels,ʺ and thereby to ʺovercharge[]
Plaintiff and other direct purchasers of AXR Product
hundreds of millions of dollarsʺ in violation of section 2
of the Sherman Act. Compl. ¶ 9.
Shire moved to dismiss LWDʹs complaint under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to
state a claim upon which relief can be granted. It
argued in pertinent part that Shireʹs alleged breaches of
its contracts with Teva and Impax were not a valid basis
for a monopolization claim because any actions taken
within the scope of Shireʹs patent monopoly were
immune from antitrust scrutiny.3 See Mem. of Law in
Shire also argued that LWD had failed to properly allege
a ʺrelevant product market,ʺ and that LWD was an ʺindirect
purchaserʺ not entitled to damages with respect to any
purchases of AXR from Teva or Impax. The district court
declined to address these arguments, and neither has been
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Support of Mot. to Dismiss at 2, Louisiana Wholesale
Drug Co., No. 12 Civ. 3711 (VM) (S.D.N.Y. June 29,
2012), ECF No. 12. In opposition, LWD asserted that
once Shire had agreed to ʺrelinquish its monopoly
control over AXR . . . vis‐à‐vis Teva and Impaxʺ by
entering into the patent litigation settlements, it had a
ʺduty to dealʺ with its competitors under the Supreme
Courtʹs decision in Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands
Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985). See Mem. of Law in
Oppʹn at 8, Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co., No. 12 Civ.
3711 (VM) (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2012), ECF No. 19. That
duty, LWD contended, converted Shireʹs ordinary
breach of contract into an unlawful act of
monopolization. Id.
The district court rejected LWDʹs arguments and
dismissed the complaint. Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co. v.
Shire LLC, 929 F. Supp. 2d 256, 257 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). The
court relied principally on our decision in In re
Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litigation, 466 F.3d 187 (2d
Cir. 2006), abrogated by F.T.C. v. Actavis, Inc., 133 S. Ct.
2223 (2013). The plaintiffs in that case challenged the
legality of a type of patent litigation settlement known
as a ʺreverse paymentʺ settlement—not unlike the
agreements here. Id. at 193–94. The defendant generic
drug manufacturer in Tamoxifen agreed to join the
defendant patent holder in obtaining vacatur of a district
court judgment invalidating the patents it had
challenged, and agreed to refrain from marketing its
own product until those patents expired. Id. In
exchange, the patent holder provided its erstwhile
challenger with a large cash payment—the ʺreverse
paymentʺ—a patent license, and a supply of unbranded
drugs for resale. Id. We rejected the plaintiffsʹ Sherman
reiterated on appeal.
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Act claims, holding that ʺ[w]hatever damage is done to
competition by [such a] settlement is done pursuant to
the monopoly extended to the patent holder by patent
lawʺ and is therefore not barred by the antitrust
statutes, ʺunless the terms of the settlement enlarge the
scope of that monopoly.ʺ Id. at 212–13.
Although LWD does not challenge the legality of
the agreements in this case, the district court found its
claims analogous to those in Tamoxifen. Louisiana
Wholesale Drug Co., 929 F. Supp. 2d at 262. The court
concluded that the effect on competition of Shireʹs
alleged refusal to supply all of the AXR that Teva and
Impax demanded could be no greater than the effect of
paying them to stay off the market altogether. Id. And,
in light of Tamoxifen, the court was
not convinced that . . . a patent holder
granting multiple licenses that by their
terms do not extend the scope of the
patents in question, would nevertheless be
subject to antitrust claims based on its
conduct
under
those
otherwise
unchallenged licenses where that same
patent holder would not face such liability
if it refused outright to issue a license in the
first instance.
Id. at 264. Addressing LWDʹs Aspen Skiing argument,
the district court stressed the narrowness of the ʺduty to
dealʺ doctrine. Id. And it distinguished the two cases
LWD cited applying that doctrine in the context of drug
patents, stating that they could not ʺalter the [district
c]ourtʹs conclusion that, notwithstanding Shireʹs alleged
conduct under the agreements, because the terms of
those settlement agreements . . . do not exceed the scope
of the patents in question, LWDʹs claims fail.ʺ Id. at 265.
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Three months after the district courtʹs ruling,
while this appeal was pending but before any briefs had
been filed, the Supreme Court issued its decision in
Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 2223
(2013), abrogating Tamoxifen. The Actavis Court held
that the potentially significant anticompetitive effects of
reverse payment settlements are not immune from
antitrust scrutiny merely because they may ʺfall within
the scope of the exclusionary potential of the patentʺ at
issue. Id. at 2230–31 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Court concluded that because such settlements
necessarily prevent the adjudication of a patentʹs
validity—thereby leaving open the question of the
patentʹs ʺactual preclusive scopeʺ—they should be
scrutinized under antitrust lawʹs traditional ʺrule of
reason.ʺ See id. at 2230–31, 2237.
DISCUSSION
ʺWe review de novo a district courtʹs dismissal of a
complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).ʺ Mayor & City Council of
Balt., Md. v. Citigroup, Inc., 709 F.3d 129, 135 (2d Cir.
2013). In doing so, ʺwe accept all factual allegations as
true and draw every reasonable inference from those
facts in the plaintiffʹs favor.ʺ Id. But this indulgence
does not relieve the plaintiff from alleging ʺenough facts
to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.ʺ Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). ʺWhere a
complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a
defendantʹs liability, it stops short of the line between
possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.ʺ
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Section 2 of the Sherman Act provides that it is
unlawful to ʺmonopolize, or attempt to
monopolize . . . any part of the trade or commerce
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among the several States, or with foreign nations.ʺ 15
U.S.C. § 2. ʺ[T]his offense requires, in addition to the
possession of monopoly power in the relevant market,
ʹthe willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as
distinguished from growth or development as a
consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or
historic accident.ʹʺ Verizon Commcʹns Inc. v. Law Offices
of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407 (2004) (quoting
United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570–71
(1966)). ʺTo safeguard the incentive to innovate, the
possession of monopoly power will not be found
unlawful unless it is accompanied by an element of
anticompetitive conduct.ʺ Id. (emphasis in original).
ʺ[A]nticompetitive conduct is ʹconduct without a
legitimate business purpose that makes sense only
because it eliminates competition.ʹʺ Port Dock & Stone
Corp. v. Oldcastle Ne., Inc., 507 F.3d 117, 124 (2d Cir.
2007) (quoting Morris Commcʹns Corp. v. PGA Tour, Inc.,
364 F.3d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2004)).
As the Actavis decision illustrates, ʺ[t]he tension
between the objectives of preserving economic
incentives to enhance competition while at the same
time trying to contain the power a successful competitor
acquires is heightened tremendously when the patent
laws come into play.ʺ SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 645
F.2d 1195, 1205 (2d Cir. 1981); see also Precision
Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach. Co., 324 U.S.
806, 816 (1945) (noting that ʺa patent is an exception to
the general rule against monopolies and to the right to
access to a free and open marketʺ). But any such
tension is rendered irrelevant here by the plaintiffʹs
theory of the case.
LWD expressly disclaims any reliance on the
patent settlement context of its allegations, choosing to
argue instead that Shireʹs requirements contracts with
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Teva and Impax gave rise to an antitrust ʺduty to deal.ʺ
The complaint urges that ʺfrom the moment the
[settlement] agreements were signed, the patents were
taken out of the picture, and this case must be viewed
as one in which the patents did not exist as they relate
to Teva and Impax.ʺ Compl. ¶ 42 (footnote omitted).
Counsel for LWD reiterated this position at oral
argument, assuring us that its claims would be no
different if Shire had no patents respecting AXR. And
while LWD argues that the abrogation of Tamoxifen
undermines the district courtʹs reasoning, it does not
rely on Actavis or seek leave to re‐plead in light of that
decision. Thus freed from the complexities that attend
cases at the intersection of antitrust and patent law, we
proceed to explain our reasons for affirming the
judgment of the district court.4
* * *
ʺIn the absence of any purpose to create or
maintain a monopoly, the [Sherman Act] does not
restrict the long recognized right of [a] trader or
manufacturer engaged in an entirely private business,
freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to
parties with whom he will deal . . . .ʺ United States v.
Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300, 307 (1919). Today, ʺthe sole
exception to the broad right of a firm to refuse to deal
with its competitorsʺ comes into play only ʺwhen a
monopolist seeks to terminate a prior (voluntary)
course of dealing with a competitor.ʺ In re Elevator
Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d 47, 52, 53 (2d Cir. 2007) (per
We may, of course, affirm on any ground that finds
support in the record sufficient to permit a conclusion of
law, even one not relied on by the district court. See MLSMK
Inv. Co. v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 651 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir.
2011).
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curiam) (citing Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409). The roots of this
exception are in the Aspen Skiing decision, which is
heavily relied on by LWD.
The Supreme Court has described its own
decision in Aspen Skiing as follows:
The Aspen ski area consisted of four
mountain areas. The defendant, who
owned three of those areas, and the
plaintiff, who owned the fourth, had
cooperated for years in the issuance of a
joint, multiple‐day, all‐area ski ticket. After
repeatedly demanding an increased share
of the proceeds, the defendant canceled the
joint ticket. The plaintiff, concerned that
skiers would bypass its mountain without
some joint offering, tried a variety of
increasingly desperate measures to
re‐create the joint ticket, even to the point
of in effect offering to buy the defendantʹs
tickets at retail price. The defendant
refused even that. We upheld a jury
verdict for the plaintiff, reasoning that
ʺ[t]he jury may well have concluded that
[the defendant] elected to forgo these
short‐run benefits because it was more
interested in reducing competition . . . over
the long run by harming its smaller
competitor.ʺ
Trinko, 540 U.S. at 408‐09 (alterations in original)
(citations omitted) (citing and quoting Aspen Skiing, 472
U.S. at 593‐94, 608). Although Aspen Skiing stands for
the proposition that a business with market power may
be subject to a duty to deal with a smaller competitor, it
is today a common refrain that the case lies ʺat or near
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the outer boundary of [section] 2 liability.ʺ Id. at 409; see
also In re Elevator Antitrust Litig., 502 F.3d at 53 (same).
But wherever we locate Aspen Skiing with respect
to that ʺboundaryʺ, it does not govern this case. LWD
fails to allege that the facts here resemble those of Aspen
Skiing in any of the particulars identified as significant
by the Trinko Court, including ʺ[t]he unilateral
termination of a voluntary (and thus presumably
profitable) course of dealing suggest[ing] a willingness to
forsake short‐term profits to achieve an anticompetitive
endʺ and the refusal ʺto renew the ticket even if
compensated at retail price.ʺ Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409
(emphases in original). And although Trinko does not
purport to set out a ʺtest,ʺ it usefully highlights the
distinctions that made Aspen Skiing the rare case in
which a refusal to deal amounted to a prohibited act of
unilateral monopolization.
This is not such a case. Shire did not terminate
any prior course of dealing—let alone a ʺpresumably
profitableʺ one that had, as in Aspen Skiing, ʺoriginated
in a competitive market and had persisted for several
years.ʺ Aspen Skiing, 472 U.S. at 603. Indeed, the
agreements here were explicitly unprofitable—they
introduced price competition into a market where
would otherwise have existed. Far from undermining
existing competition, by entering into the agreements in
question, Shire created competition in the market for
AXR ex nihilo. And because, as LWD concedes, Shire
did not ʺcompletely cut off supply to Teva and Impax,ʺ
id. ¶ 77, Shire actually lost 50–60% of its market share,
id. ¶ 67. The logical inference from these allegations is
that, unlike the defendant in Aspen Skiing, Shire
accepted a below‐retail price for its product. Cf. Trinko,
540 U.S. at 409. In short, the plaintiffsʹ allegations
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amount to the self‐defeating claim that Shire
monopolized the market by ceding its monopoly.
Shireʹs breach of its agreements with Teva and
Impax—if there was one—may have prevented the
price of AXR from falling further than LWD theorizes it
might have in a genuinely competitive market, but that
alone does not give rise to a cause of action under Aspen
Skiing. This is not a case where the alleged monopolist
sought to ʺterminate a prior (voluntary) course of
dealing with a competitor,ʺ In re Elevator Antitrust Litig.,
502 F.3d at 53 (citing Trinko, 540 U.S. at 409), under
circumstances that evince an intent willfully to acquire
or maintain monopoly power, Trinko, 540 U.S. at 407.
The mere existence of a contractual duty to supply
goods does not by itself give rise to an antitrust ʺduty to
deal.ʺ Cf. Pac. Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline Commcʹns, Inc., 555
U.S. 438, 450 (2009) (distinguishing defendantʹs
regulatory duty to cooperate with competitors from an
ʺantitrust duty to dealʺ); Trinko, 540 U.S. at 406
(concluding that statutorily imposed duties to cooperate
with competitors did ʺnot automatically lead to the
conclusion that [the duties] can be enforced by means of
an antitrust claimʺ). Nor do business disputes implicate
the antitrust laws simply because they involve
competitors. Brooke Grp. Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson
Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209, 225 (1993) (ʺEven an act of
pure malice by one business competitor against another
does not, without more, state a claim under the federal
antitrust laws; those laws do not create a federal law of
unfair competition or ʹpurport to afford remedies for all
torts committed by or against persons engaged in
interstate commerce.ʹʺ) (quoting Hunt v. Crumboch, 325
U.S. 821, 826 (1945)).
Against this backdrop, we conclude that LWDʹs
complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be
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granted, and that it was therefore properly dismissed
by the district court under Rule 12(b)(6). Indeed, the
complaint does little more than attach antitrust ʺlabels
and conclusionsʺ to what is, at most, an ordinary
contract dispute to which the plaintiffs are not even
parties. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In view of the
plaintiffsʹ theory of the case and their disclaimer of
reliance on the patent litigation that gave rise to Shireʹs
agreements with Teva and Impax, we have not
considered that litigation and those agreements in our
analysis. We have not, therefore, assessed the
potentially anticompetitive effects, if any, of these
settlements against ʺpatent law policy [and]
procompetitive antitrust policies.ʺ Actavis, 133 S.Ct. at
2231. And we intimate no view as to the viability of a
monopolization claim based on similar factual
circumstances in which the plaintiffs did not—as LWD
unequivocally did here—narrow the scope of our
inquiry.
CONCLUSION
LWD has failed to allege facts that would place
this case within Aspen Skiingʹs narrow exception to the
ʺlong recognized right of [a] trader or manufacturer
engaged in an entirely private business, freely to
exercise his own independent discretion as to parties
with whom he will deal.ʺ Colgate, 250 U.S. at 307. We
therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court
dismissing the complaint.
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