Keiler v. Harlequin Enterprises Limited
Filing
OPINION, the district court judgment is affirmed, reversed and remanded, by ALK, DJ, BDP, FILED.[1214013] [13-1753]
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13‐1753‐cv
Keiler et al. v. Harlequin Enterprises LTD et al.
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In the
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United States Court of Appeals
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For the Second Circuit
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AUGUST TERM 2013
No. 13‐1753‐cv
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BARBARA KEILER, MONA GAY THOMAS, AND LINDA BARRETT, ON
BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,
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Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
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v.
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HARLEQUIN ENTERPRISES LIMITED, HARLEQUIN BOOKS S.A.,
HARLEQUIN ENTERPRISES B.V.,
Defendants‐Appellees.1
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York.
No. 12‐cv‐5558 ― Harold Baer, Jr., Judge.
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ARGUED: NOVEMBER 21, 2013
DECIDED: MAY 1, 2014
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Before: KEARSE, JACOBS, AND PARKER, Circuit Judges.
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The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption in this case to
conform with the caption above.
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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York (Baer, J.) dismissing a complaint
alleging breach of publishing agreements for failure to state claims.
We AFFIRM the dismissal of plaintiffs’ first, second, and third
claims. We hold that the fourth claim alleged sufficient facts to
plead a breach of the publishing agreements on the theory that
defendants calculated plaintiffs’ e‐book royalties based on an
unreasonable license fee. Accordingly, we REVERSE the dismissal
of the fourth claim and REMAND the case to the district court for
further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
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DAVID B. WOLF (Michael J. Boni & John E.
Sindoni, Boni & Zack LLC, Bala Cynwyd, PA, on
the brief), DavidWolfLaw PLLC, New York, NY,
for Plaintiffs‐Appellants.
DANIEL J. LEFFELL (Jay Cohen, on the brief), Paul,
Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New
York, NY, for Defendants‐Appellees.
JOHN R. TANDLER (F. BRITTIN CLAYTON III, on the
brief), Ryley Carlock & Applewhite, Denver, CO,
for Amici Curiae, Romance Writers of America and
The Authors Guild, supporting Plaintiffs‐Appellants.
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BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge:
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Plaintiffs‐Appellants Barbara Keiler, Mona Gay Thomas, and
Linda Barrett are authors of romance novels who bring putative
class action claims against publishing house Defendants‐Appellees
Harlequin Enterprises Limited (“Harlequin Enterprises”) and its
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subsidiaries Harlequin Enterprises B.V. (“HEBV”) and Harlequin
Books S.A. (“HBSA,” and together with HEBV, “Harlequin
Switzerland”). Plaintiffs contend that the Harlequin entities
breached agreements with them and other authors (the “Publishing
Agreements”) by paying them artificially low royalties on the sales
of digitized versions of their books.
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The United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Baer, J.) concluded that plaintiffs’ allegations failed to
state claims and dismissed the amended complaint pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Keiler v. Harlequin
Enters. Ltd., No. 12‐5558, 2013 WL 1324093 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 2, 2013).
For the reasons set forth below, we hold that plaintiffs’ claims based
on agency, assignment, and alter ego theories cannot serve to modify
the terms of the Publishing Agreements and were properly
dismissed. We also conclude that the amended complaint set forth
sufficient facts to plead a breach of the Publishing Agreements on
the theory that defendants calculated their e‐book royalties based on
an unreasonable license fee. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment in
part, reverse it in part, and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this Opinion.
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I. BACKGROUND
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This case arises in the context of a meteoric rise in e‐book sales
over the last several years.2 Defendant Harlequin Enterprises is the
world’s largest publisher of romance novels. Prior to 1983,
Harlequin Enterprises directly contracted with authors for the
publication of their works under the Harlequin (and related) imprints
using a standard agreement which Harlequin Enterprises signed as
the “Publisher.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 34).
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Amici note that from 2008 to 2012, e‐book sales grew from $64 million annually to over
$3.0 billion annually—an increase of over 4,700 percent. Amici Curiae Br. at 5, Dkt. No. 51.
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Beginning in 1983, Harlequin Enterprises changed this
arrangement, ostensibly “for tax and related purposes.” (Id. ¶ 31). It
registered a subsidiary HEBV, a Dutch company, in Fribourg,
Switzerland. Thereafter, Harlequin Enterprises required authors to
enter into publishing agreements substantially similar to its previous
agreements, but with HEBV signing the agreements as the
“Publisher” and with Harlequin Enterprises included in the
agreements’ definition of a “related licensee.” (See id. ¶ 35).
Notwithstanding this change, Harlequin Enterprises continued to
draft, negotiate, and administer the publishing agreements, as well
as to edit, publish, and promote the authors’ novels. (See id. ¶¶ 3, 40,
41). HEBV, however, sent out royalty statements and payments to
the authors. (See id. ¶¶ 41, 42). Harlequin Enterprises advised
authors that the purpose of the change was to “rationalize business
procedures.” (Id. ¶ 35).
In 1994, Harlequin Enterprises registered HBSA, a Swiss
company, as the successor of HEBV, again “for tax and related
purposes.” (See Am. Compl. ¶ 31). Thereafter, HBSA signed the
agreements as the “Publisher” and Harlequin Enterprises continued
to be defined in the Publishing Agreements as a “related licensee.”
Harlequin Enterprises continued to publish, and promote the
authors’ novels while HBSA sent out royalty statements and
payments. (Id.¶ 36). Harlequin Enterprises advised authors that the
change to having HBSA sign as the “Publisher” was a name change
that “would not affect” them. (Id.).
Under the terms of the Publishing Agreements, the authors
granted to the “Publisher” on a “sole and exclusive basis all the
rights in and to [their Works] in any country throughout the world
under various imprints and trade names during the full term of
copyright.” (Id. ¶ 49 (brackets in original)). The Publishing
Agreements additionally provided that HEBV or HBSA as the
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Publisher had “the sole and exclusive right to execute, sell, license or
sublicense . . . rights subject to the sharing of net proceeds.” (Id.).
The Publishing Agreements also detailed how authors were to be
compensated in connection with the sales of various editions of their
works. Specifically, author royalties on U.S. sales of mass market
paperback and hardcover copies were based on a percentage of the
cover price.
Moreover, the Publishing Agreements contained two umbrella
clauses covering the potential sale, license, or distribution of the
authors’ works in other media. Under the “All Other Rights” clause,
the Publishing Agreements provided that the authors’ royalties
would be calculated as follows:
On all other rights exercised by Publisher or its Related
Licensees fifty percent (50%) of the Net Amount Received by
Publisher for the license or sale of said rights. The Net
Amount Received for the exercise, sale or license of said rights
by Publisher from a Related Licensee shall, in Publisher’s
estimate, be equivalent to the amount reasonably obtainable
by Publisher from an Unrelated Licensee for the license or sale
of the said rights.
(Id. ¶ 52). The Other Rights clause provided:
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If Publisher licenses, sublicenses or sells to an Unrelated
Licensee any of the following rights to the Work anywhere in
the world, in any language, Author’s and Publisher’s share of
net amount received by Publisher for said license, sublicense
or sale shall be apportioned as follows . . .
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[Author’s share] 50% [Publisher’s Share] 50%.
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(Am. Compl. ¶ 53 (brackets in original)). In addition, the Publishing
Agreements provided that the Publisher could “assign this
Agreement to any related legal entity,” and could “delegate any of
its editorial, administrative and/or other responsibilities pursuant to
this Agreement to its parent company or to an affiliate, subsidiary or
other related legal entity.” (Id.¶ 49). Consistent with this provision,
Harlequin Enterprises performed many of the responsibilities of the
Publisher under the agreements. (See, e.g., id.¶¶ 3, 39, 41‐48).
As the market for e‐books expanded, Harlequin Enterprises
sold and licensed e‐books and e‐book rights directly to consumers
on its website and to e‐book licensees such as Amazon. (Id. ¶ 55). In
2011, Harlequin Enterprises informed authors that it believed that
author royalties for e‐books were covered by the All Other Rights
clause in the Publishing Agreements and accordingly advised the
authors that their royalty payments would be calculated based on
the net amount received by Harlequin Switzerland from a license to
publish e‐books that Harlequin Switzerland purportedly granted to
Harlequin Enterprises. Harlequin Enterprises claimed that the net
amount received by Harlequin Switzerland was 6 percent to 8
percent of the cover price of the e‐books, and that, consequently, the
royalties owed to the authors were 50 percent of that amount, or 3
percent to 4 percent of the cover price of the e‐books. (Id. ¶ 56).
Plaintiffs commenced this putative class action seeking to
represent authors who entered into Publishing Agreements with
Harlequin Switzerland between 1990 and 2004. In their amended
complaint, plaintiffs asserted three claims for breach of contract
grounded in agency, assignment, and alter ego liability. The
common contention was that, under the Publishing Agreements,
Harlequin Enterprises rather than Harlequin Switzerland should be
recognized as the “Publisher” when calculating royalty payments.
(Id. ¶ 11). Under this reading, plaintiffs contended they are entitled
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to 50 percent of the amount received on e‐books by Harlequin
Enterprises (which is upwards of 50 percent of the cover price),
rather than the far lower 50 percent of the “Net Amount Received”
by Harlequin Switzerland. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 55).
In addition, the amended complaint asserted a claim for
breach of contract on the theory that the license fees paid to
Harlequin Switzerland did not comply with the“All Other Rights”
clause requiring that the net amount received from a related licensee
be equivalent to the “amount reasonably obtainable” from an
unrelated licensee. Finally, the amended complaint asserted a claim
for unjust enrichment against Harlequin Enterprises.
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Defendants moved under Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss the
amended complaint and the district court granted the motion. The
court held that the first three claims failed because the contractual
definition of “Publisher” under the Publishing Agreements was
binding, and therefore, plaintiffs’ theories of agency, assignment,
and alter ego could not recast the obligations in the contracts.
Harlequin, 2013 WL 1324093, at *2. The court dismissed the fourth
claim on the ground that the amended complaint failed to allege
sufficient facts supporting plaintiffs’ assertion that the licensing fees
Harlequin Enterprises paid to its subsidiaries were not equivalent to
“the amount reasonably obtainable from an Unrelated Licensee.” Id.
at *3. Finally, the district court held that plaintiffs’ contention that
they were entitled to a larger share of e‐book royalties fell within the
scope of a written contract (the Publishing Agreement) and therefore
precluded an unjust enrichment claim. Id. The district court entered
judgment in favor of the defendants and this appeal followed.
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II. DISCUSSION
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To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a
complaint must allege sufficient facts which, taken as true, state a
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plausible claim for relief. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555–56 (2007). We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under
Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations (but not legal
conclusions) as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor
of the plaintiffs. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); N. J.
Carpenters Health Fund v. Royal Bank of Scotland Grp., PLC, 709 F.3d
109, 119 (2d Cir. 2013).
Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in dismissing
their breach claims because, under principles of agency, assignment,
and alter ego, their amended complaint plausibly alleged that
Harlequin Enterprises was the “Publisher.” They also contend that
they plausibly alleged that the intra‐company licensing fees were not
“equivalent to the amount reasonably obtainable” from an unrelated
licensee.3 We consider these matters in turn.
Under New York law, which governs the Publishing
Agreements, the best evidence of what parties to a written
agreement intend is what they say in their writing. Greenfield v.
Philles Records, Inc., 98 N.Y.2d 562, 569 (2002). Consequently, a
written agreement that is complete, clear, and unambiguous must be
enforced according to its terms. Id.
A contract is unambiguous when the contractual language has
a definite and precise meaning about which there is no reasonable
basis for a difference of opinion. Law Debenture Trust Co. of N. Y. v.
Maverick Tube Corp., 595 F.3d 458, 467 (2d Cir. 2010). By contrast,
ambiguity exists where a contract’s term could objectively suggest
more than one meaning to one familiar with the customs and
terminology of the particular trade or business. See id. at 466; Fox
Film Corp. v. Springer, 273 N.Y. 434, 436 (1937). Whether a contract is
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In their briefs, plaintiffs also challenged the district court’s dismissal of their unjust
enrichment claim. At oral argument, plaintiffs withdrew this claim.
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ambiguous is a question of law. See Bailey v. Fish & Neave, 8 N.Y.3d
523, 528 (2007); Greenfield, 98 N.Y.2d at 569.
Based on our review of the Publishing Agreements, we
conclude that plaintiffs’ first through third claims are not viable
because the Publishing Agreements unambiguously provide that
HEBV or HBSA is the “Publisher” and Harlequin Enterprises is a
“Related Licensee” for purposes of computing royalty payments.
The fact that Harlequin Switzerland may have delegated certain
publishing and administrative duties to Harlequin Enterprises does
not modify this relationship. The Publishing Agreements expressly
contemplate that the “Publisher” could assign or delegate
publishing duties “to any related legal entity,” including “to its
parent company or to an affiliate [or] subsidiary.” (See Am. Compl.
¶ 49). These provisions are unambiguous and enforceable.
Plaintiffs contend that they have set forth sufficient facts
regarding the parties’ course of dealing tending to show that
Harlequin Enterprises was actually the Publisher. But New York
law is well settled that a written agreement that is complete and
unambiguous is to be interpreted without the aid of extrinsic
evidence and that industry practice may not be used to vary the
terms of such a contract. See Law Debenture Trust Co. of N. Y., 595
F.3d at 467‐48; Croce v. Kurnit, 737 F. 2d 229, 238 (2d Cir. 1984).
Plaintiffs rely on Nolan v. Sam Fox Pub. Co., Inc., 499 F.2d 1394
(2d Cir. 1974) for the proposition that, in keeping with the course of
dealings between the parties, this Court could supplant the
definition of Publisher in the Publishing Agreements. This reliance,
however, is misplaced. In Nolan, the district court interpreted the
word “Publisher” to cover its assignee where the named publisher in
the agreement at issue had been dissolved. See Nolan v. Williamson
Music, Inc., 300 F. Supp. 1311, 1319 (S.D.N.Y. 1969). Accepting the
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defendant’s interpretation of the contract, the court reasoned, would
have meant that only the dissolved publishing company would have
been liable for the payment of royalties due to the plaintiff. Id. To
avoid this impossible situation, the district court elected to define
“Publisher” with reference to another provision of the contract
which referred to the duties of the “Publisher, its successors and
assigns.” Id. In affirming, we observed: “Our construction of the
contract [did] not reform the agreement in any way, but [wa]s more
likely in keeping with the intentions of the parties.” Nolan, 499 F.2d
at 1399.
Here, however, the Publishing Agreements explicitly provide
for the allocation of royalty payments between the Publisher
(Harlequin Switzerland) and the authors where the Publisher
engages the services of a related licensee such as Harlequin
Enterprises. Substituting Harlequin Enterprises as the Publisher, as
urged by the plaintiffs, would, in effect, require redrafting
significant provisions of the contract while ignoring other express
ones.
Moreover, as the district court observed, plaintiffs’ theories of
agency, assignment, and alter ego are not, strictly speaking, theories
of contract interpretation, but rather theories of vicarious liability.
Such theories, however, cannot displace the express terms of the
Publishing Agreement. Consequently, we hold that the first three
claims were properly dismissed.
The fourth claim alleged that defendants breached the
Publishing Agreements because the licensing fees Harlequin
Enterprises paid to Harlequin Switzerland—the figure on which
plaintiffs’ royalties were based—were not “equivalent to the amount
reasonably obtainable . . . from an Unrelated Licensee.” The district
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court dismissed this claim on the ground that the factual allegations
supporting it were insufficient. We disagree.
As we have previously observed, Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only a short and plain statement of the
claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give
the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon
which it rests. See Ideal Steel Supply Corp. v. Anza, 652 F.3d 310, 323
(2d Cir. 2011); see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Consequently, to
survive a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint does not need to
contain detailed or elaborate factual allegations, but only allegations
sufficient to raise an entitlement to relief above the speculative level.
See Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 652 F.3d at 323‐24.
The amended complaint identified the specific contractual
provision at issue, (Am. Compl. ¶ 81), and alleged how defendants
breached that provision: “[t]he claimed “license” from Harlequin
Switzerland to Harlequin Enterprises, in the amount of 6% to 8% of
the cover price of the works, is not “equivalent to the amount
reasonably obtainable by Publisher from an Unrelated Licensee for
the license or sale of the said rights.” (Id. ¶ 82). Further, the
amended complaint alleged that “[t]he amount reasonably
obtainable by a publisher from an unrelated licensee for the license
or sale of the said rights is, upon information and belief, much
higher than 6% to 8% of cover price and is at least 50% of net
receipts.” (Id. ¶ 83).
The amended complaint provided context for these
allegations, contending that after Harlequin Enterprises set up its
subsidiaries, ostensibly for tax purposes, it continued to control the
publication, marketing, and distribution of plaintiffs’ works. (See id.
¶¶ 31, 35‐36, 38‐41, 45, 47, 48). Moreover, the amended complaint
went on to allege that these actions substantially lowered the
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plaintiffs’ royalties, despite Harlequin Enterprises’ assurances that
its inter‐affiliate licensing arrangements would not affect their rights.
(See id. ¶¶ 7‐8, 35‐36). These allegations, that the amount of
royalties they received were not equivalent to the amount
reasonably obtainable from an unrelated licensee, nudged plaintiffs’
claims across the line from conceivable to plausible. See Twombly,
550 U.S. at 570.
The defendants’ reliance on Astra Media Grp., LLC v. Clear
Channel Taxi Media, LLC, 414 F. App’x 334, 336 (2d Cir. 2011) is not to
the contrary. That case involved a predatory pricing claim, where
price information is more critical. Consequently, we found the price
allegations to be conclusory where “[plaintiff] provide[d] no facts to
support its contention that $170 is actually close to the standard
industry cost.” Id. Here, however, plaintiffs have provided a basis,
albeit “upon information and belief,” that defendants engaged in
self‐dealing because the industry standard is considerably higher
than the 6 to 8 percent of net receipts that Harlequin Enterprises
remits to its subsidiary Harlequin Switzerland (i.e. at least 50 percent
of net receipts). We have observed in the past that pleading on the
basis of information and belief may be appropriate under such
circumstances. See Arista Records LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 120 (2d
Cir. 2010) (noting the Twombly plausibility standard does not
prevent a plaintiff from pleading facts “upon information and
belief” where the facts are peculiarly within the control of the
defendant); see also Boykin v. KeyCorp, 521 F.3d 202, 215 (2d Cir. 2008).
We reach this conclusion in a context where discovery had
apparently begun to adduce additional information supportive of
plaintiffs’ claim.4 In Ideal, we reasoned that Twombly would not
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In their opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss, plaintiffs cited a survey of
royalty rates paid by romance publishers. Harlequin, 12 Civ. 5558, Dkt. 22, at 23 (S.D.N.Y.).
At the motion hearing, plaintiffs also purported to have discovered a sublicense agreement
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require that a complaint be dismissed if evidence had already been
produced during discovery that would fill the perceived gaps in the
complaint because pleadings may be amended. 652 F.3d at 324‐25.
We underscore that Twombly does not impose a probability
requirement at the pleading stage. See Arista Records LLC, 604 F.3d at
120 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). It simply requires factual
allegations sufficient to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery
is likely to generate evidence of liability. See id. For these reasons,
we conclude that the fourth claim should not have been dismissed.
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III. CONCLUSION
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For all the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s
dismissal of the first, second, and third claims. We REVERSE the
dismissal of the fourth claim, and we REMAND the case to the
district court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
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between Harlequin Enterprises and another subsidiary, Harlequin Digital Sales Corporation,
that showed a license rate of 40 percent of the cover price, significantly higher than the 6 to
8 percent license fee purportedly paid to Harlequin Switzerland. Joint App’x at 162.
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