United States of America v. Jones
Filing
OPINION, affirming the sentence imposed by the district court, by JMW, GC, PWH, FILED.[2120834] [15-1518]
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15‐1518‐cr
United States v. Jones
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In the
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United States Court of Appeals
4
For the Second Circuit
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________
AUGUST TERM, 2015
ARGUED: APRIL 27, 2016
DECIDED: SEPTEMBER 11, 2017
No. 15‐1518‐cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
COREY JONES,
Defendant‐Appellant.
________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of New York.
No. 13 Cr. 00438 – Nicholas G. Garaufis, District Judge.
________
Before: WALKER, CALABRESI, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
________
Defendant Corey Jones appeals from a sentence entered in the
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
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(Garaufis, J.) following a jury‐trial conviction for assaulting a federal
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officer in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111. He was sentenced as a career
2
offender principally to 180 months in prison to be followed by three
3
years of supervised release. The primary basis for Jones’ appeal is
4
that, in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Johnson v. United
5
States, 559 U.S. 133 (2010) (Johnson I), New York first‐degree robbery
6
is no longer categorically a crime of violence under the force clause
7
of the Career Offender Guideline, U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 and 4B1.2, and
8
that the district court therefore erred in concluding that his prior
9
conviction for first‐degree robbery would automatically serve as one
10
of the predicate offenses for a career offender designation.
11
After oral argument in this matter, the Supreme Court
12
decided Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886 (2017), which held that
13
the residual clause of the Career Offender Guideline—a second basis
14
for finding a crime of violence—was not unconstitutional. The Court
15
reached this conclusion notwithstanding the government’s
16
concession to the contrary in cases around the country that the
17
residual clause, like the identically worded provision of the Armed
18
Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), was void for vagueness. In light of
19
Beckles, we find that New York first‐degree robbery categorically
20
qualifies as a crime of violence under the residual clause and
21
therefore need not address Jones’ argument based on the force
22
clause. We also find that his sentence is substantively reasonable and
23
therefore AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.
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Judge CALABRESI and Judge HALL concur in the opinion of the
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Court. Judge CALABRESI files a separate concurring opinion, which
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Judge HALL joins.
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________
BRIDGET M. ROHDE, Acting Assistant United
States Attorney (Amy Busa, Assistant United
States Attorney, on the brief), for Acting United
States Attorney for the Eastern District of New
York, for Appellee.
MATTHEW B. LARSEN, Assistant Federal Defender,
Federal Public Defenders of New York, New
York, NY, for Defendant‐Appellant.
________
JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:
16
Defendant Corey Jones appeals from a sentence entered in the
17
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
18
(Garaufis, J.) following a jury trial conviction for assaulting a federal
19
officer in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111. He was sentenced as a career
20
offender principally to 180 months in prison to be followed by three
21
years of supervised release. The primary basis for Jones’ appeal is
22
that, in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Johnson v. United
23
States, 559 U.S. 133 (2010) (Johnson I), New York first‐degree robbery
24
is no longer categorically a crime of violence under the force clause
25
of the Career Offender Guideline, U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1 and 4B1.2, and
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that the district court therefore erred in concluding that his prior
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conviction for first‐degree robbery would automatically serve as one
2
of the predicate offenses for a career offender designation.
3
After oral argument in this matter, the Supreme Court
4
decided Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886 (2017), which held that
5
the residual clause of the Career Offender Guideline—a second basis
6
for finding a crime of violence—was not unconstitutional. The Court
7
reached this conclusion notwithstanding the government’s
8
concession to the contrary in cases around the country that the
9
residual clause, like the identically worded provision of the Armed
10
Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), was void for vagueness. In light of
11
Beckles, we find that New York first‐degree robbery categorically
12
qualifies as a crime of violence under the residual clause and
13
therefore need not address Jones’ argument based on the force
14
clause. We also find that his sentence is substantively reasonable and
15
therefore AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.
16
Judge CALABRESI and Judge HALL concur in the opinion of the
17
Court. Judge CALABRESI files a separate concurring opinion, which
18
Judge HALL joins.
19
BACKGROUND
20
On June 21, 2013, Corey Jones was finishing a ninety‐two
21
month federal sentence for unlawful gun possession in a halfway
22
house. Jones verbally threatened a staff member, a violation of the
23
rules of the halfway house, and thereby was remanded to the
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custody of the Bureau of Prisons. Two Deputy U.S. Marshals arrived
2
to take Jones to prison, but Jones resisted the Marshals’ efforts to
3
take him into custody. During the ensuing altercation, Jones bit the
4
finger of one of the Marshals, who suffered puncture wounds,
5
necessitating antibiotics and a tetanus vaccine at a hospital. This
6
assault, it turned out, had grave consequences for Jones who was
7
now in all likelihood a “career offender” subject to a greatly
8
enhanced sentence.
9
A jury convicted Jones of assaulting a federal officer in
10
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111. In the pre‐sentence report, the probation
11
officer calculated a relatively modest base offense level of fifteen for
12
the assault. But the probation officer then determined that Jones was
13
a career offender pursuant to the Career Offender Guideline
14
because, in addition to (1) being over eighteen years of age when he
15
committed the assault and (2) the assault being a crime of violence,
16
(3) he had at least two prior felony convictions of a crime of violence.
17
According to the report, Jones’ previous two convictions in New
18
York for first‐degree robbery and second‐degree assault satisfied the
19
third element of the test. The probation officer, following U.S.S.G.
20
§ 4B1.1, increased the offense level to thirty‐two, which, when
21
combined with Jones’ criminal history category of VI, resulted in a
22
Guidelines range of 210 to 262 months of incarceration. Because the
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statutory maximum for assault is twenty years, the effective
2
Guidelines range was 210 to 240 months.
3
The district court adopted the findings of the pre‐sentence
4
report and sentenced Jones to 180 months, or fifteen years, in prison
5
for the assault, to be followed by three years of supervised release.
6
Jones now appeals his sentence, arguing, first, that the district court
7
erred in designating him a career offender and, second, that his
8
sentence is substantively unreasonable.
9
After oral argument, we published an opinion that resolved
10
Jones’ appeal in his favor. The government had conceded that the
11
residual clause was void for vagueness, and we concluded that the
12
force clause could not be applied to Jones for reasons not relevant
13
here. Shortly after our decision was issued, however, we vacated the
14
opinion in order to await the Supreme Court’s decision in Beckles.
15
See United States v. Jones, 838 F.3d 291, 291 (2d Cir. 2016) (mem.).
16
Beckles addressed the constitutionality of the Career Offender
17
Guideline’s residual clause, which was in effect at the time of Jones’
18
sentencing but has since been removed and replaced with new
19
language.1 Following Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2557
After Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2557 (2015) (Johnson II), the Sentencing
Commission amended the Guidelines, effective August 1, 2016, to remove the residual
clause on the belief that, contrary to Beckles’ later holding, the residual clause was
unconstitutional. See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Amendments to the Sentencing
Guidelines 1‐3 (Jan. 21, 2016), http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/amendment‐
process/official‐text‐amendments/20160121_Amendments_0.pdf.
1
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(2015) (Johnson II), which held that the residual clause of the ACCA
2
was unconstitutionally void for vagueness, there existed a general
3
belief that the identically worded residual clause of the Career
4
Offender Guideline was similarly unconstitutional, as the
5
government had consistently maintained. In Beckles, however, the
6
Court held that the residual clause of the Career Offender Guideline
7
is immune from void‐for‐vagueness challenges, as are the
8
Guidelines generally. Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 892. After Beckles, we
9
invited the parties in this case to provide supplemental briefing as to
10
whether first‐degree robbery, as defined in New York, categorically
11
qualifies as a crime of violence under the previously codified
12
residual clause of the Career Offender Guideline.2 We now address
13
that question.
DISCUSSION
14
15
As noted, prior to Beckles, Jones’ argument centered upon the
16
force clause of the Career Offender Guideline. Aided now by the
17
Supreme Court’s holding that the residual clause of the Career
18
Offender Guideline is not void for vagueness, we find that first‐
19
degree robbery as defined in New York is categorically a crime of
20
violence under the residual clause and thus we need not address
21
Jones’ argument based on the force clause.
The alternative basis for the career offender enhancement—the commission of a
“controlled substance offense”—is not relevant here. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a).
2
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In the district court, Jones contested his career offender
2
designation solely on the basis that his first‐degree robbery
3
conviction occurred when he was a juvenile. He raised no argument
4
that robbery in New York was not a crime of violence. We
5
accordingly review his present challenge on that ground for plain
6
error. See United States v. Gamez, 577 F.3d 394, 397 (2d Cir. 2009) (per
7
curiam). To meet this standard, Jones must establish the existence of
8
(1) an error; (2) “that is plain”; (3) “that affects substantial rights”; (4)
9
and that “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
10
reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (alterations and citation
11
omitted). We apply this standard less “stringently in the sentencing
12
context, where the cost of correcting an unpreserved error is not as
13
great as in the trial context.” Id. We first address point (1): whether
14
the district court committed error of any kind in designating Jones a
15
career offender.
16
I.
The Legal Provisions at Issue in This Appeal
17
This appeal involves the interplay between substantive state
18
criminal law and the federal Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”).
19
The question we face is straightforward: is first‐degree robbery in
20
New York, defined in New York Penal Law §§ 160.00 and 160.15,
21
however it may be committed, categorically a crime of violence
22
under the Career Offender Guideline?
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A defendant commits robbery in New York when he “forcibly
2
steals property,” which the statute defines as “a larceny” involving
3
the use or threatened “immediate use of physical force upon another
4
person.” N.Y. Penal Law § 160.00. The various degrees of robbery,
5
which carry different penalties, turn upon the presence of particular
6
aggravating factors. Compare § 160.05 (defining third‐degree
7
robbery), with § 160.10 (defining second‐degree robbery), and with
8
§ 160.15 (defining first‐degree robbery). First‐degree robbery occurs
9
when a defendant commits robbery and during the course of the
10
crime or his immediate flight either “(1) [c]auses serious physical
11
injury to any person who is not a participant in the crime; or (2) [i]s
12
armed with a deadly weapon; or (3) [u]ses or threatens the
13
immediate use of a dangerous instrument; or (4) [d]isplays what
14
appears to be a . . . firearm.” § 160.15.
15
The Career Offender Guideline enhances sentences for
16
defendants in federal court who satisfy certain criteria. See U. S.
17
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4B1.1(a) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n
18
Nov. 2014) (U.S.S.G.). A defendant is a career offender if (1) he is “at
19
least eighteen years old at the time [he] committed the instant
20
offense of conviction”; (2) his “instant offense of conviction is a
21
felony that is . . . a crime of violence”; and (3) he “has at least two
22
prior felony convictions of . . . a crime of violence.” Id.
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At the time of Jones’ sentencing in 2015,3 as mentioned earlier,
2
there were two separate clauses defining “crime of violence.” See
3
§ 4B1.2(a). The first definition, the “force clause,” specifies that a
4
crime of violence is a felony “that has as an element the use,
5
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person
6
of another.” § 4B1.2(a)(1). The second clause enumerates several
7
offenses that qualify as crimes of violence—“burglary of a dwelling,
8
arson, [] extortion[, or] involves use of explosives”—before ending
9
with the “residual clause,” which specifies that a crime of violence
10
also includes any offense that “otherwise involves conduct that
11
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.”
12
§ 4B1.2(a)(2) (2015).
II.
13
The Categorical and Modified Categorical Approaches
14
The Supreme Court has set forth the methodology for
15
determining whether a state conviction qualifies as a predicate
16
offense for a federal sentence enhancement. There are two possible
17
methods: the categorical approach and the modified categorical
18
approach. See Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2281 (2013).
19
The categorical approach is confined to an examination of the
20
legal elements of the state criminal statute to determine whether
3
With only one exception not relevant here, district courts are to sentence defendants
pursuant to the version of the Guidelines in effect on the date of sentencing. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(4)(A); see also Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 890 & n.1. Accordingly, all references to the
Guidelines are to the November 2014 version, which was in effect when Jones was
sentenced on April 24, 2015.
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they are identical to or narrower than the relevant federal statute.
2
See id. If so, a conviction under the state statute categorically
3
qualifies as a predicate offense. See id. However, if the state statute
4
criminalizes any conduct that would not fall within the scope of
5
either the force clause or the residual clause, a conviction under the
6
state statute is not categorically a crime of violence and cannot serve
7
as a predicate offense. See id.
8
Under the categorical approach we must confine our inquiry
9
to the legal elements of the state statute without at all considering
10
the facts of the underlying crime. The Supreme Court has set forth
11
two reasons for this. First, the text of the Career Offender Guideline,
12
like that of the ACCA, explicitly refers to convictions rather than
13
conduct. See Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2252 (2016). The
14
Career Offender Guideline directs the sentencing court to consider
15
whether the offender “has at least two prior felony convictions of . . .
16
a crime of violence,” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a), which indicates that “the
17
sentencer should ask only about whether the defendant had been
18
convicted of crimes falling within certain categories, and not about
19
what the defendant had actually done,” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2252
20
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
21
Second, by focusing upon the legal elements, rather than the
22
facts of the offense, the sentencing court “avoids unfairness to
23
defendants.” Id. at 2253. “Statements of ‘non‐elemental fact’ in the
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records of prior convictions [such as the precise manner in which the
2
crime was committed] are prone to error precisely because their
3
proof is unnecessary.” Id. (citation omitted). Defendants therefore
4
may have little incentive to ensure the correctness of those details of
5
earlier convictions that could later trigger the unforeseen career
6
offender enhancement.
7
Occasionally, however, a state statute will criminalize
8
multiple acts in the alternative. Where this occurs, courts may
9
employ what is known as the modified categorical approach. But the
10
Supreme Court has emphasized that the modified categorical
11
approach is available only where the state statute is “divisible” into
12
separate crimes. Descamps, 122 S. Ct. at 2281‐82; see also Flores v.
13
Holder, 779 F.3d 159, 165‐66 (2d Cir. 2015). A statute is divisible if it
14
“list[s] elements in the alternative, and thereby define[s] multiple
15
crimes” but is not divisible if it instead lists “various factual means of
16
committing a single element.” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2249 (emphases
17
added).
18
When a statute is divisible, a court employing the modified
19
categorical approach can then peer into the record to see which of
20
the multiple crimes was implicated. But the court may discern this
21
only from “a limited class of documents (for example, the
22
indictment, jury instructions, or plea agreement and colloquy) to
23
determine what crime, with what elements, a defendant was
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convicted of.” Id. Once that determination is made, the modified
2
categorical approach is at an end and the court must apply the
3
categorical approach to the legal elements of the appropriate
4
criminal offense. Id.
5
New York’s first‐degree robbery statute is divisible and
6
therefore subject to the modified categorical approach. New York
7
defines robbery as “forcibly stea[ling] property.” N.Y. Penal Law §§
8
160.00–.15. There are four categories of first‐degree robbery,
9
depending on whether: the perpetrator “(1) [c]auses serious physical
10
injury to any person who is not a participant in the crime; or (2) [i]s
11
armed with a deadly weapon; or (3) [u]ses or threatens the
12
immediate use of a dangerous instrument; or (4) [d]isplays what
13
appears to be a . . . firearm.” § 160.15; see also Flores, 779 F.3d at 166
14
(analyzing the divisibility of New York’s first‐degree sexual abuse
15
statute).
16
In the typical case under the modified categorical approach
17
we would examine certain documents in the record to ascertain
18
which of the four crimes Jones committed. In this instance, however,
19
we are stymied and unable to employ the modified categorical
20
approach because no one has produced the record. Where this
21
occurs, however, we are not at a complete loss. We instead look to
22
“the least of [the] acts” proscribed by the statute to see if it qualifies
23
as a predicate offense for the career offender enhancement. See
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Johnson I, 559 U.S. at 137. If so, Jones’s first‐degree robbery
2
conviction can serve as a predicate offense for the enhancement
3
regardless of which first‐degree robbery subpart provided the basis
4
for his conviction. See id.
5
Jones identifies the act of “forcibly stealing property” while
6
“armed with a deadly weapon” as being the “least of the acts” in the
7
statute, and we agree. See N.Y. Penal Law § 160.15(2). The question
8
we must answer, therefore, is whether a defendant who perpetrates
9
such an act commits a crime of violence within the meaning of the
10
residual clause of the Career Offender Guideline.
11
12
we addressed only the force clause. We did not concern ourselves
13
with whether Jones’ first‐degree robbery conviction qualified as a
14
crime of violence under the Career Offender Guideline’s residual
15
clause because, consistent with the government’s concession on that
16
point, we had previously held that the residual clause was
17
unconstitutional in light of Johnson II. See United States v. Welch, 641
18
F. App’x 37, 42‐43 (2d Cir. 2016) (summary order). Now that the
19
Supreme Court has held in Beckles that the Guidelines, regardless of
20
whatever other defects they may have, cannot be void for
21
vagueness, 137 S. Ct. at 890, we are free to assess whether New York
22
first‐degree robbery categorically qualifies as a crime of violence
23
under the residual clause.
In the opinion we issued and then withdrew, prior to Beckles,
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III.
1
Whether Jones’ Conviction Qualifies as a Crime of
Violence Under the Residual Clause
2
3
We have little difficulty concluding that the “least of the acts”
4
of first‐degree robbery satisfies the definition of the Guidelines’
5
residual clause. The least of the acts, both sides agree, is “forcibly
6
stealing property” while “armed with a deadly weapon.” The
7
residual clause provides that a crime of violence includes any
8
offense that “ involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
9
of physical injury to another.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2). Plainly, a
10
robber who forcibly steals property from a person or from his
11
immediate vicinity, while armed with a deadly weapon, engages in
12
“conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to
13
another.” See id.
14
If there were any misgiving on this score, it is removed by the
15
commentary provision to the Guidelines in effect at the time of
16
Jones’ sentencing, which specifically enumerated robbery as a crime
17
of violence.4 § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1.
The relevant commentary provision specified in full:
“Crime of violence” includes murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated assault,
forcible sex offenses, robbery, arson, extortion, extortionate extension of credit, and
burglary of a dwelling. Other offenses are included as ‘crimes of violence’ if (A) that
offense has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another, or (B) the conduct set forth (i.e., expressly charged) in
the count of which the defendant was convicted involved use of explosives
4
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Commentary provisions must be given “controlling weight”
2
unless they: (1) conflict with a federal statute, (2) violate the
3
Constitution, or (3) are plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the
4
Guidelines provisions they purport to interpret. Stinson v. United
5
States, 508 U.S. 36, 45 (1993). Jones has not identified any such flaws
6
nor do we discern any. Where the basis for categorizing a prior
7
conviction as a crime of violence is that the offense is specifically
8
enumerated as such in the Career Offender Guideline or its
9
commentary, we undertake the categorical approach by comparing
10
the state statute to the generic definition of the offense. See United
11
States v. Walker, 595 F.3d 441, 445‐46 (2d Cir. 2010).
12
That there is consensus in the criminal law as to what
13
constitutes robbery thus further convinces us that the least of the
14
acts constituting New York first‐degree robbery, i.e., “forcibly
15
stealing property” while “armed with a deadly weapon,” is a crime
16
of violence under the residual clause. As we have noted, “all fifty
17
states define robbery, essentially, as the taking of property from
18
another person or from the immediate presence of another person
19
by force or by intimidation.” Id. (emphasis in original). Indeed, it
20
would seem that, pursuant to the commentary to the former residual
(including any explosive material or destructive device) or, by its nature, presented a
serious potential risk of physical injury to another.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (2015).
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clause, robbery of any degree in New York qualifies as a crime of
2
violence.
3
Jones contends nonetheless that New York’s robbery statute is
4
broader than the generic definition. He argues, specifically, that the
5
generic definition of robbery requires the use or threat of force in the
6
process of asserting dominion over the property that is the subject of
7
the offense, whereas the New York statute would be violated by a
8
robber who uses or threatens force after assuming dominion of the
9
property. We disagree.
10
The specific language of the New York robbery statute that
11
Jones points to is that “forcible stealing” consists of (1) the “use[] or
12
threat[] [of] immediate use of physical force upon another person”
13
(2) “in the course of committing a larceny” (3) for the purpose of
14
either “preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of the
15
property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking” or
16
“[c]ompelling the owner of such property or another person to
17
deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in
18
the commission of the larceny.” N.Y. Penal Law § 160.00 (emphasis
19
added).
20
The generic definition of robbery, however, is broader than
21
Jones acknowledges. It is true that the common law definition
22
confines robbery to the use or threat of force before, or simultaneous
23
to, the assertion of dominion over property and therefore comports
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with Jones’ argument. See, e.g., Wayne LaFave, 3 Substantive Criminal
2
Law § 20.3(e) (2d ed. Supp. 2016); Charles E. Torcia, 4 Wharton’s
3
Criminal Law § 463 (15th ed. Supp. 2016). But a majority of states
4
have departed from the common law definition of robbery,
5
broadening it, either statutorily or by judicial fiat, to also prohibit
6
the peaceful assertion of dominion followed by the use or threat of
7
force. See, e.g., LaFave § 20.3(e); Torcia § 463; State v. Moore, 274 S.C.
8
468, 480‐81 (S.C. Ct. App. 2007) (collecting state statutes and judicial
9
decisions that have departed from the common law definition of
10
robbery). Indeed, the Model Penal Code, which we relied upon in
11
United States v. Walker, 595 F.3d at 446, is often cited as the authority
12
for expanding the definition of robbery in this manner, see LaFave
13
§ 20.3(e), because it specifies that robbery includes conduct where
14
the initial use or threat of force occurs “in flight after the attempt or
15
commission [of the theft],” Model Penal Code § 222.1. As a result,
16
this broader definition has supplanted the common law meaning as
17
the generic definition of robbery. See Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S.
18
575, 598 (1990) (specifying that the “generic” definition of a crime is
19
the “sense in which the term is now used in the criminal codes of
20
most states”).
21
Moreover, New York places two restrictions on the temporal
22
relationship between the underlying theft and the use or threat of
23
force that buttress the conclusion that its definition of robbery falls
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19
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1
within the generic definition of the offense: (1) force must be “in the
2
course of committing a larceny,” i.e., a theft, and (2) force must occur
3
during “immediate flight” after the taking for purposes of retaining
4
the property. See N.Y. Penal Law § 160.00. Jones does not provide,
5
and we are not aware of, any authority that the New York statute
6
criminalizes the use of force after the robber has successfully carried
7
the property away and reached a place of temporary safety.
8
For all of the foregoing reasons, we easily conclude that New
9
York’s definition of robbery necessarily falls within the scope of
10
generic robbery as set forth in the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a).
11
Because Jones’ argument that first‐degree robbery is not necessarily
12
a crime of violence within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) under
13
the categorical approach is without merit, the district court did not
14
commit error, much less plain error, in sentencing Jones as a career
15
offender.
16
IV.
17
Finally, we reject Jones’ argument that his sentence of 180
18
months is substantively unreasonable. In assessing the substantive
19
reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion, we review
20
questions of law de novo and questions of fact for clear error. United
21
States v. Bonilla, 618 F.3d 102, 108 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).
22
We may not substitute our own judgment for that of the district
23
court and can find substantively unreasonable only those sentences
The Substantive Reasonableness of Jones’ Sentence
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20
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1
that are so “shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise
2
unsupportable as a matter of law” that affirming them would
3
“damage the administration of justice.” United States v. Rigas, 583
4
F.3d 108, 123 (2d Cir. 2009). In the “overwhelming majority of
5
cases,” a sentence within the Guidelines range will “fall comfortably
6
within the broad range of sentences that would be reasonable.”
7
United States v. Perez‐Frias, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011) (citation
8
omitted).
9
Jones’ Guidelines range was 210 months to 262 months, the
10
top of which was lowered to 240 months, the statutory maximum for
11
assault of a federal officer. The court imposed a sentence of 180
12
months, or fifteen years, which, while substantial, was considerably
13
below the Guidelines range.
14
The primary thrust of Jonesʹ argument is that a fifteen‐year
15
sentence is substantively unreasonable for an assault of a federal
16
officer that consists solely of biting the victimʹs finger and in which
17
the injury was not permanent. Jonesʹ argument, however, misses the
18
mark. The district court specified a combination of reasons for the
19
fifteen‐year sentence, including: (1) the need to encourage respect
20
for the law and cooperation with law enforcement officials who are
21
attempting to carry out their lawful duties; (2) Jonesʹ substantial
22
prior criminal history, consisting of seven prior convictions, two of
23
which, in addition to the assault of the officer, resulted in him being
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21
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1
designated a career offender; and (3) Jonesʹ substantial history of
2
misconduct while incarcerated, including twenty‐seven occasions
3
upon which he was disciplined.
4
Jones attempts to compare his case to instances where
5
defendants were convicted of violating the same statute, received
6
lower sentences, and arguably committed more egregious conduct.
7
That defendants convicted of similar or even more serious conduct
8
received lower sentences, however, does not render Jonesʹ sentence
9
substantively unreasonable. Plainly, the district court also relied
10
upon Jones’ criminal and prison history, including his career
11
offender status, which distinguishes this case from those to which he
12
refers. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that Jones’
13
sentence was substantively unreasonable.
14
15
16
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the sentence
imposed by the district court.
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