Reyes, Jr. v. Lincoln Automotive Financial S
Filing
OPINION, affirming the district court judgment, by JMW, DJ, BDP, C.JJ., FILED.[2063775] [16-2104]
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page1 of 17
16‐2104‐cv
Reyes v. Lincoln Automotive Fin. Servs.
1
2
In the
3
United States Court of Appeals
4
For the Second Circuit
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
________
AUGUST TERM, 2016
ARGUED: APRIL 4, 2017
DECIDED: JUNE 22, 2017
No. 16‐2104‐cv
ALBERTO REYES, JR.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v.
LINCOLN AUTOMOTIVE FINANCIAL SERVICES,
Defendant‐Appellee.*
________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of New York.
No. 15 Civ. 560 – Leonard D. Wexler, Judge.
________
Before: WALKER, JACOBS, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
________
_______
* The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as shown above.
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page2 of 17
2
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
Plaintiff‐appellant Alberto Reyes, Jr., appeals a judgment of
2
the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
3
(Leonard D. Wexler, J.). Judgment was entered following the grant
4
of summary judgment to the defendant‐appellee, Lincoln
5
Automotive Financial Services (“Lincoln”), on Reyes’s claim for
6
damages stemming from Lincoln’s alleged violation of the
7
Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), Pub. L. No. 102‐243,
8
105 Stat. 2394 (1991) codified at 47 U.S.C. § 227. Reyes leased an
9
automobile from Lincoln and, as a condition of the lease agreement,
10
consented to receive manual or automated telephone calls from
11
Lincoln. Lincoln called Reyes regularly after he defaulted on his
12
lease obligations, and continued to do so after Reyes allegedly
13
revoked his consent to be called. Reyes sued for damages under the
14
TCPA. The district court granted summary judgment for Lincoln, on
15
the basis that (1) the evidence of consent revocation was insufficient,
16
and (2) in any event the TCPA does not permit revocation when
17
consent is provided as consideration in a binding contract. We hold
18
that (1) Reyes did introduce sufficient evidence from which a jury
19
could conclude that he revoked his consent, but that (2) the TCPA
20
does not permit a consumer to revoke its consent to be called when
21
that consent forms part of a bargained‐for exchange. We therefore
22
AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
23
________
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page3 of 17
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
No. 16‐2104‐cv
YITZCHAK ZELMAN, Marcus & Zelman, LLC,
Ocean, NJ, for Plaintiffs‐Appellees.
JESSICA L. ELLSWORTH (Morgan L. Goodspeed, on
the brief), Hogan Lovells US LLP, Washington,
DC, for Defendants‐Appellants.
________
JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge:
10
Plaintiff‐appellant Alberto Reyes, Jr., appeals a judgment of
11
the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
12
(Leonard D. Wexler, J.). Judgment was entered following the grant
13
of summary judgment to the defendant‐appellee, Lincoln
14
Automotive Financial Services (“Lincoln”), on Reyes’s claim for
15
damages stemming from Lincoln’s alleged violation of the
16
Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), Pub. L. No. 102‐243,
17
105 Stat. 2394 (1991) codified at 47 U.S.C. § 227. Reyes leased an
18
automobile from Lincoln and, as a condition of the lease agreement,
19
consented to receive manual or automated telephone calls from
20
Lincoln. Lincoln called Reyes regularly after he defaulted on his
21
lease obligations, and continued to do so after Reyes allegedly
22
revoked his consent to be called. Reyes sued for damages under the
23
TCPA. The district court granted summary judgment for Lincoln, on
24
the basis that (1) the evidence of consent revocation was insufficient,
25
and (2) in any event the TCPA does not permit revocation when
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page4 of 17
4
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
consent is provided as consideration in a binding contract. We hold
2
that (1) Reyes did introduce sufficient evidence from which a jury
3
could conclude that he revoked his consent, but that (2) the TCPA
4
does not permit a consumer to revoke its consent to be called when
5
that consent forms part of a bargained‐for exchange. We therefore
6
AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
7
BACKGROUND
8
In 2012, Reyes leased a new Lincoln MKZ luxury sedan from a
9
Ford dealership.1 Lincoln financed the lease. In his lease application,
10
Reyes provided several personal details, including his cellular phone
11
number. The lease itself contained a number of provisions to which
12
Reyes assented when finalizing the agreement. One provision
13
permitted Lincoln to contact Reyes, and read as follows:
14
You [Reyes] also expressly consent and agree to Lessor
[Ford], Finance Company, Holder and their affiliates,
agents and service providers may use written, electronic
or verbal means to contact you. This consent includes,
but is not limited to, contact by manual calling methods,
prerecorded or artificial voice messages, text messages,
emails and/or automatic telephone dialing systems. You
agree that Lessor, Finance Company, Holder and their
affiliates, agents and service providers may use any
email address or any telephone number you provide,
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
“Lincoln Automotive Financial Services” is a registered trade name of
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC, and not an independent company.
1
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page5 of 17
5
No. 16‐2104‐cv
5
now or in the future, including a number for a cellular
phone or other wireless device, regardless of whether
you incur charges as a result.
At some point after the lease was finalized, Reyes stopped making
6
his required payments. As a result, on multiple occasions, Lincoln
7
called Reyes in an attempt to cure his default.
8
9
he requested that Lincoln cease contacting him. Reyes asserts that on
10
June 14, 2013, he mailed a letter to Lincoln in which he wrote: “I
11
would also like to request in writing that no telephone contact be
12
made by your office to my cell phone.” Lincoln contends that it
13
never received Reyes’s letter, or any other request to cease its calls.
14
At his deposition, Reyes testified to mailing the letter to the P.O. box
15
listed on Lincoln’s invoices and produced a copy of the letter that
16
did not bear an address or postmark and referenced an incorrect
17
account number. Despite his alleged revocation of consent, Lincoln
18
continued to call Reyes. Following the close of discovery, Lincoln’s
19
attorney confirmed that Lincoln had called him 141 times with a
20
customer representative on the line, and had called him with pre‐
21
recorded messages an additional 389 times.
22
23
in the Eastern District of New York, alleging violations of the TCPA
1
2
3
4
Reyes disputed his balance on the lease, and also claims that
On February 6, 2015, Reyes filed a complaint against Lincoln
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page6 of 17
6
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
and seeking $720,000 in damages.2 On June 20, 2016, Judge Wexler
2
granted summary judgment to Lincoln, holding that (1) Reyes had
3
failed to produce sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury
4
could conclude that he had ever revoked his consent to be contacted
5
by Lincoln, and (2) that, in any event, the TCPA does not permit a
6
party to a legally binding contract to unilaterally revoke bargained‐
7
for consent to be contacted by telephone.
8
Reyes now timely appeals both rulings.
DISCUSSION
9
10
A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de
11
novo. Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. Pʹship, 22 F.3d 1219,
12
1224 (2d Cir. 1994). On a motion for summary judgment, the court
13
must “resolv[e] all ambiguities and draw[] all permissible factual
14
inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is
15
sought.” Burg v. Gosselin, 591 F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2010). Summary
16
judgment is appropriate only “if the movant shows that there is no
17
genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is
18
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). All
Reyes also initially sought damages under the Fair Debt Collection
Practices Act (“FDCPA”), but abandoned those claims prior to summary
judgment because Lincoln is not a “debt collection agency” within the
meaning of the FDCPA. Only his TCPA claims remain.
2
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page7 of 17
7
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
legal conclusions by a district court are reviewed de novo. United
2
States v. Livecchi, 711 F.3d 345, 351 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam).
3
On appeal, Reyes contends (1) that he introduced sufficient
4
evidence to create a triable issue of fact as to whether he placed
5
Lincoln on notice of his revocation of consent; and (2) that the TCPA,
6
construed in light of its broad remedial purpose to protect
7
consumers from unwanted phone calls, does permit a party to
8
revoke consent to be called, even if that consent was given as part of
9
a contractual agreement.
10
11
I.
12
Whether Reyes revoked his consent to be contacted
was a triable issue of fact
13
As a preliminary matter, we agree with Reyes that the district
14
court’s finding that he did not revoke his consent to be contacted by
15
telephone was improper on summary judgment. This material issue
16
of fact was in dispute and raised a jury question. Reyes testified in a
17
sworn deposition that he mailed a letter to Lincoln revoking his
18
consent; submitted an affidavit to that effect; and introduced a copy
19
of the letter as evidence in defending Lincoln’s motion for summary
20
judgment. The district court discounted this evidence as
21
“insufficient,” because Reyes “does not recall the address that he
22
mailed the Letter to,” and because “he has no record that the Letter
23
was actually sent to Defendant.” The district court also noted that
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page8 of 17
8
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
Lincoln sent a letter to Reyes on December 1, 2014, stating that it had
2
never received any revocation of consent from Reyes.
3
4
consent rested on an impermissible assessment by the court of
5
Reyes’s credibility. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
6
255 (1986) (“Credibility determinations, the weighing of the
7
evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are
8
jury functions, not those of a judge . . . [when] he is ruling on a
9
motion for summary judgment.”). Reyes introduced two separate
10
forms of sworn testimony asserting that he had mailed a letter
11
revoking his consent to be called, and Lincoln responded in turn that
12
it had never received the letter. Adverse parties commonly advance
13
“conflicting versions of the events” throughout the course of a
14
litigation. Jeffreys v. City of N.Y., 426 F.3d 549, 553‐54 (2d Cir. 2005)
15
(quoting Rule v. Brine, Inc., 85 F.3d 1002, 1011 (2d Cir. 1996). In such
16
instances, on summary judgment, the district court is required to
17
“resolv[e] all ambiguities and [draw] all permissible factual
18
inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment
19
[is] sought.” Burg, 591 F.3d at 97. “[T]he judge must ask . . . not
20
whether . . . the evidence unmistakably favors one side or the other
21
but whether a fair‐minded jury could return a verdict for the
22
plaintiff on the evidence presented.” Jeffreys, 426 F.3d at 553 (quoting
23
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252). Under this standard, the district judge
The district court’s conclusion that Reyes did not revoke his
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page9 of 17
9
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
erred in concluding that no reasonable jury could find that Reyes
2
revoked his consent, when Reyes introduced sworn testimony to the
3
contrary.3 Whether that testimony was reliable was a question of fact
4
for the jury. See id.
5
6
II.
Under the TCPA a party is not able to revoke consent
that is a term in a prior contract
7
We next turn to the district court’s determination that the
8
9
TCPA does not permit Reyes to unilaterally revoke his consent.
10
Congress enacted the TCPA to protect consumers from
11
“[u]nrestricted telemarketing,” which it determined could be “an
12
intrusive invasion of privacy.” Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., LLC, 565
13
U.S. 368, 372 (2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)
14
accord Gager v. Dell Fin. Servs., LLC, 727 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir. 2013).
15
To mitigate this problem, the act prohibits, subject to narrow
16
exceptions not pertinent here, any person within the United States
17
from “initiat[ing] any telephone call to any residential telephone line
18
using an artificial or prerecorded voice to deliver a message without
19
the prior express consent of the called party.” 47 U.S.C.
20
§ 227(b)(1)(B).
The
TCPA
also
authorizes
the
Federal
Whatever impact the use of the wrong account number may be
reasonably assumed to have on Reyes’s attempt at revocation, the district
court did not rely on that fact.
3
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page10 of 17
10
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
Communications Commission (“FCC”) to promulgate rules and
2
regulations in order to further implement the act’s provisions. 47
3
U.S.C. § 227(b)(2).
4
While the act requires that any party wishing to make live or
5
prerecorded calls obtain prior express consent, the statute is silent as
6
to whether a party that has so consented can subsequently revoke
7
that consent. Two of our sister circuit courts have ruled that a party
8
can revoke prior consent under the terms of the act. In Gager v. Dell
9
Financial Services, the Third Circuit held that the plaintiff, who
10
consented to be called in an application for a line of credit that she
11
submitted to the defendant, was permitted to later revoke that
12
consent after receiving harassing calls upon her default on the loan.
13
727 F.3d at 267‐68. The court reasoned that “consent,” as defined
14
under the common law, is traditionally considered to be revocable.
15
Id. at 270. Moreover, permitting consumers to revoke consent would
16
further Congress’s purpose in enacting the TCPA, which was “to
17
protect consumers from unwanted automated telephone calls.” Id. at
18
271. The Eleventh Circuit, in Osorio v. State Farm Bank F.S.B., adopted
19
the Third Circuit’s reasoning and held that the plaintiff in that case,
20
who had consented to receive calls from the defendant in an
21
application for auto insurance, could revoke her consent. 746 F.3d
22
1242, 1253 (11th Cir. 2014). In 2015, the FCC relied on these two cases
23
in ruling that “prior express consent” is revocable under the TCPA.
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page11 of 17
11
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
See In the Matter of Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer
2
Prot. Act of 1991, 30 F.C.C. Rcd. 7961, 7993‐94 (2015) (hereinafter
3
“2015 FCC Ruling”).
4
Gager, Osorio, and the 2015 FCC Ruling considered a narrow
5
question: whether the TCPA allows a consumer who has freely and
6
unilaterally given his or her informed consent to be contacted can
7
later revoke that consent. See Osorio, 746 F.3d at 1253; Gager, 727
8
F.3d at 270. Reyes’s appeal presents a different question, which has
9
not been addressed by the FCC or, to our knowledge, by any federal
10
circuit court of appeal: whether the TCPA also permits a consumer
11
to unilaterally revoke his or her consent to be contacted by telephone
12
when that consent is given, not gratuitously, but as bargained‐for
13
consideration in a bilateral contract.
14
Reyes contends that the same principles that the FCC and the
15
Third and Eleventh Circuits relied on in their previous rulings apply
16
to this situation as well. He argues that (1) under the common law
17
definition of the term, which Congress is presumed to have adopted
18
when it drafted the TCPA, any form of “consent” (whether
19
contractual or not) is revocable by the consenting party at any time;
20
and (2) permitting parties to revoke their consent to be called is
21
consistent with the remedial purpose of the TCPA, which was
22
designed by Congress to afford consumers broad protection from
23
harassing phone calls.
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page12 of 17
12
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
We agree with the district court that the TCPA does not
2
permit a party who agrees to be contacted as part of a bargained‐for
3
exchange to unilaterally revoke that consent, and we decline to read
4
such a provision into the act. As an initial matter, Reyes is correct
5
that when Congress uses a term, such as “consent,” that has
6
“accumulated [a] settled meaning under . . . the common law, a
7
court must infer, unless the statute otherwise dictates, that Congress
8
means to incorporate the established meaning of th[at] term[].”
9
Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 21 (1999) (citation omitted). The text
10
of the TCPA evidences no intent to deviate from common law rules
11
in defining “consent,” and the FCC and other federal appellate
12
courts have applied the common law definition of the term when
13
interpreting the act. See Gager, 727 F.3d at 270; 2015 FCC Ruling at
14
*7961 (holding that permitting “unwanted texts and voice calls is
15
counter . . . to common‐law notions of consent”).
16
“Consent,” however, is not always revocable under the
17
common law. A distinction in this regard must be drawn between
18
tort and contract law. In tort law, “consent” is generally defined as a
19
gratuitous action, or “[a] voluntary yielding to what another
20
proposes or desires.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014); see also
21
Gager, 727 F.3d at 270 (“Under the common law understanding of
22
consent, the basic premise of consent is that it is given voluntarily.”
23
(internal quotation marks omitted)). In Gager and Osorio the
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page13 of 17
13
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
plaintiffs provided such voluntary consent to be contacted by
2
furnishing their telephone numbers to businesses in connection with
3
loan and insurance applications, respectively. See Gager, 727 F.3d at
4
267; Osorio, 746 F.3d at 1247; see also Rules and Regulations
5
Implementing the TCPA, 7 F.C.C. Rcd. 8752, 8769 (1992) (ruling that
6
the “knowing[]” release of a phone number to a third party
7
constitutes “express consent” to receive telephone calls from that
8
party under the TCPA). The courts in those cases found, and the
9
2015 FCC ruling confirmed, that consent of this kind, which is not
10
given in exchange for any consideration, and which is not
11
incorporated into a binding legal agreement, may be revoked by the
12
consenting party at any time. This conclusion is well‐supported by
13
common law authority, which counsels that “[u]pon termination of
14
consent its effectiveness is terminated.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF
15
TORTS § 892A(5) (AM. LAW INST. 1979).
16
Reyes’s consent to be contacted by telephone, however, was
17
not provided gratuitously; it was included as an express provision of
18
a contract to lease an automobile from Lincoln. Under such
19
circumstances, “consent,” as that term is used in the TCPA, is not
20
revocable. The common law is clear that consent to another’s actions
21
can “become irrevocable” when it is provided in a legally binding
22
agreement, RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 892A(5) (AM. LAW
23
INST. 1979), in which case any “attempted termination is not
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page14 of 17
14
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
effective,” id. at cmt. i. See also 13‐67 CORBIN ON CONTRACTS § 67.1
2
(2017) (noting that “a party who is under a legal duty [to perform a
3
contractual obligation] by virtue of its assent” has the burden to
4
prove that that duty was discharged by some subsequent event,
5
such as recission by “mutual agreement” or by the exercise of a
6
contractual right to terminate). This rule derives from the
7
requirement that every provision of a contract—including any
8
proposed modification—receive the “mutual assent” of every
9
contracting party in order to have legal effect. Dallas Aerospace, Inc. v.
10
CIS Air Corp., 352 F.3d 775, 783 (2d Cir. 2003) (“[F]undamental to the
11
establishment of a contract modification is proof of each element
12
requisite to the formulation of a contract, including mutual assent to
13
its terms.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). It is
14
black‐letter law that one party may not alter a bilateral contract by
15
revoking a term without the consent of a counterparty. See
16
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 287 cmt. a (AM. LAW INST.
17
1981) (requiring “assent by the other party” before a proposed
18
alteration to a contract becomes valid). Yet reading the TCPA’s
19
definition of “consent” to permit unilateral revocation at any time,
20
as Reyes suggests, would permit him to do just that. Absent express
21
statutory language to the contrary, we cannot conclude that
22
Congress intended to alter the common law of contracts in this way.
23
See Neder, 527 U.S. at 21‐23.
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page15 of 17
15
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
Reyes also argues that his consent to be contacted is revocable
2
because that consent was not an “essential term” of his lease
3
agreement with Lincoln. This argument is meritless. In contract law,
4
“essential terms” are those terms that are necessary in order to lend
5
an agreement sufficient detail to be enforceable by a court.
6
Brookhaven Hous. Coal. v. Solomon, 583 F.2d 584, 593 (2d Cir. 1978) (“If
7
essential terms of an agreement are omitted or are phrased in too
8
indefinite a manner, no legally enforceable contract will result.”).
9
For example, a contract for the sale of goods must contain terms
10
such as the quantity of goods to be sold and the price at which they
11
will be purchased. But a contractual term does not need to be
12
“essential” in order to be enforced as part of a binding agreement. It
13
is a fundamental rule of contracts that parties may bind themselves
14
to any terms, so long as the basic conditions of contract formation
15
(e.g., consideration and mutual assent) are met. Chesapeake Energy
16
Corp. v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon Trust Co., 773 F.3d 110, 114 (2d Cir. 2014)
17
(noting the common law rule that a “contract should be construed so
18
as to give full meaning and effect to all of its provisions”(alterations,
19
internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added)). A
20
party who has agreed to a particular term in a valid contract cannot
21
later renege on that term or unilaterally declare it to no longer apply
22
simply because the contract could have been formed without it.
23
Contracting parties are bound to perform on the terms that they did
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page16 of 17
16
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
agree to, not what they might have agreed to under different
2
circumstances.
3
Reyes counters that because the TCPA is a remedial statute
4
enacted to protect consumers from unwanted telephone calls, any
5
ambiguities in its text must be construed to further that purpose.
6
See Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Buell, 480 U.S. 557, 562
7
(1987) (holding that when interpreting broad remedial statutes,
8
courts should apply a “standard of liberal construction in order to
9
accomplish [Congress’s] objects” (citation omitted)); E.E.O.C. v.
10
Staten Island Sav. Bank, 207 F.3d 144, 149 (2d Cir. 2000) (“[I]t is our
11
duty to interpret remedial statutes broadly.”). A liberal reading of an
12
ambiguous term might favor a right to revoke contractual consent.
13
But for the remedial rule of statutory interpretation to apply, the
14
statute must contain an actual ambiguity to construe in the
15
consumer’s favor, and we find no lack of clarity in the TCPA’s use of
16
the term “consent.” It was well‐established at the time that Congress
17
drafted the TCPA that consent becomes irrevocable when it is
18
integrated into a binding contract, and we find no indication in the
19
statute’s text that Congress intended to deviate from this common‐
20
law principle in its use of the word “consent.” See Neder, 527 U.S. at
21
21.
22
We are sensitive to the argument that businesses may
23
undermine the effectiveness of the TCPA by inserting “consent”
Case 16-2104, Document 71-1, 06/22/2017, 2063775, Page17 of 17
17
No. 16‐2104‐cv
1
clauses of the type signed by Reyes into standard sales contracts,
2
thereby making revocation impossible in many instances. See, e.g.,
3
Skinner v. Bluestem Brands, Inc., No. 3:14‐CV‐256‐CWR‐FKB, 2015 WL
4
4135269, at *3 (S.D. Miss. July 8, 2015). But this hypothetical concern,
5
if valid, is grounded in public policy considerations rather than legal
6
ones; if the abuse came to pass, it would therefore be “for
7
the Congress to resolve—not the courts.” Atl. City Elec. Co. v. Gen.
8
Elec. Co., 312 F.2d 236, 244 (2d Cir. 1962) (en banc). We are not free to
9
substitute our own policy preferences for those of the legislature by
10
reading a right to revoke contractual consent into the TCPA where
11
Congress has provided none.
CONCLUSION
12
13
We have considered Reyes’s remaining arguments, and we
14
find them meritless. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the
15
district court.
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?