Hermes of Paris, Inc. v. Swain
Filing
OPINION, affirming the judgment of the district court, by JMW, DAL, GEL, FILED.[2099312] [16-3182]
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16‐3182‐cv
Hermès of Paris, Inc. v. Swain
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2016
(Argued: May 3, 2017 Decided: August 14, 2017)
Docket No. 16‐3182‐cv
HERMÈS OF PARIS, INC.,
Petitioner‐Appellee,
— v. —
MATTHEW SWAIN,
Respondent‐Appellant.*
B e f o r e:
WALKER, LIVINGSTON and LYNCH, Circuit Judges.
Respondent‐appellant Matthew Swain appeals from a judgment of the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Colleen
McMahon, Chief Judge). He contends that the district court lacked subject matter
*
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform to the above.
Case 16-3182, Document 83-1, 08/14/2017, 2099312, Page2 of 10
jurisdiction over a petition to compel arbitration brought by petitioner‐appellee
Hermès of Paris, Inc. We conclude that the district court had diversity
jurisdiction and accordingly AFFIRM its judgment.
LAWRENCE R. SANDAK (Edna D. Guerrasio, on the brief),
Proskauer Rose LLP, Newark, NJ, for Petitioner‐
Appellee.
CHRISTOPHER W. HAGER (Peter J. Heck, on the brief), Niedweske
Barber Hager, LLC, Morristown, NJ, for Respondent‐
Appellant.
GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:
Respondent‐appellant Matthew Swain appeals from a judgment of the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Colleen
McMahon, Chief Judge). On appeal, Swain argues that the district court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction over a petition to compel arbitration brought by
petitioner‐appellee Hermès of Paris, Inc. (“Hermès”) under § 4 of the Federal
Arbitration Act (“FAA”). For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the
district court had diversity jurisdiction and accordingly AFFIRM its judgment.
BACKGROUND
In November 2015, Swain was fired from his job with Hermès managing
2
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the company’s boutique at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey. In July 2016,
Swain, a New Jersey resident, sued Hermès in New Jersey state court, asserting
claims under New Jersey state law for discrimination and hostile work
environment on the basis of sexual orientation, retaliation, and breach of contract.
Swain named as defendants in that suit Hermès, and Lorenzo Bautista, who
worked with Swain at the Short Hills Hermès store.
Thereafter, asserting federal jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship,
Hermès filed a petition in the district court to compel arbitration pursuant to § 4
of the FAA, naming Swain as the only respondent and citing a dispute resolution
protocol that he had allegedly signed in August 2015.1 The dispute resolution
protocol states that “either you or [Hermès] may initiate final and binding
arbitration” for “all legal and equitable claims . . . of whatever nature or kind . . .
between you and [Hermès], its corporate parent . . . , their affiliates and
subsidiaries and its and their owners, directors, officers, executives and
1
Section 4 of the FAA is “something of an anomaly” in that its statutory text “bestows
no federal jurisdiction but rather requires for access to a federal forum an independent
jurisdictional basis over the parties’ dispute.” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 59
(2009) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). That independent jurisdictional
basis is generally either federal question or diversity jurisdiction. See Northport Health
Servs. of Ark., LLC v. Rutherford, 605 F.3d 483, 486 (8th Cir. 2010).
3
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employees.” A. 25, 28. The district court granted the petition in relevant part,2
and this timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Swain does not contest the arbitrability of his dispute with
Hermès, arguing instead that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction
due to a lack of complete diversity of citizenship. He does not dispute that the
parties to the petition to compel arbitration (Hermès and Swain) are citizens of
different states, but nevertheless argues that we should “look through” the
petition to the underlying dispute, as defined in Swain’s New Jersey lawsuit, and
conclude that complete diversity is lacking because Swain and Bautista, who is
adverse to Swain in his state court litigation in New Jersey, are both citizens of
that state.3
Swain’s argument is foreclosed by our decision in Doctor’s Associates, Inc. v.
2
The district court denied Hermès’ request that it enjoin the New Jersey action,
concluding that it lacked the authority to do so under the Anti‐Injunction Act, see 28
U.S.C. § 2283. Hermès does not challenge that aspect of the district court’s ruling, on
which we express no view.
3
While Swain presses this argument for the first time on appeal, we consider it
nonetheless given that “federal courts have a duty to inquire into their subject matter
jurisdiction sua sponte.” F5 Capital v. Pappas, 856 F.3d 61, 75 (2d Cir. 2017) (internal
quotation marks and brackets omitted).
4
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Distajo, 66 F.3d 438 (2d Cir. 1995). In Distajo, we held that in evaluating whether
the requirement of complete diversity is satisfied, a court assessing its jurisdiction
over an FAA petition is to “look[] only to the citizenship of the parties in the
action before it” – that is, the “parties to the petition to compel” as well as any
indispensable parties who must be joined pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 19.4 66 F.3d at 445, 446.
4
Swain argues for the first time in his reply brief that Bautista was a third‐party
beneficiary of the dispute resolution protocol and must therefore be joined under Rule
19 as an indispensable party, thus destroying complete diversity. Although we might
normally consider such an argument forfeited, we consider it here as it may bear on the
question of subject matter jurisdiction. See F5 Capital, 856 F.3d at 75; see also MasterCard
Int’l Inc. v. Visa Int’l Serv. Ass’n, Inc., 471 F.3d 377, 382‐83 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting that Rule
19 questions may be considered sua sponte by both trial and appellate courts). In Distajo,
we rejected a substantially similar argument, finding non‐signatories to an arbitration
agreement not to be indispensable parties under Rule 19 because they did not meet the
threshold tests of Rule 19(a). 66 F.3d at 446. Specifically, we reasoned that: (1) their
joinder was not necessary for the court to afford complete relief since the district court
could issue an order compelling arbitration regardless of whether the non‐signatories
were joined; and (2) Rule 19‘s concern with “possible prejudice resulting from
piecemeal litigation [] is overcome in th[e] [arbitration] context by the FAA’s strong bias
in favor of arbitration.” Id. Distajo’s logic dictates that Bautista likewise fails to qualify
as an indispensable party under Rule 19, even assuming arguendo that Bautista is a
third‐party beneficiary of the dispute resolution protocol. Here, as in Distajo, the district
court could afford complete relief – that is, an order compelling arbitration between
Swain and Hermès – to the parties without Bautista’s presence in the action. Moreover,
the potential for piecemeal litigation is even less of a concern here than in Distajo. In that
case, the petitioner faced the possibility of having to simultaneously pursue arbitration
against signatories to the franchise agreements at issue and litigation against non‐
signatories, potentially leading to inconsistent obligations. Here, if Bautista is indeed a
third‐party beneficiary of the dispute resolution protocol, Swain would likely be
required to arbitrate his claims not only against Hermès, but also against Bautista, thus
5
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In so holding, we rejected the “look‐through” approach that Swain urges
here, reasoning that § 4 of the FAA provides for jurisdiction over a suit arising
out of a controversy between “the parties,” which “most sensibly refers to those
persons who are parties to the arbitration agreement – and who therefore can be
named in the petition to compel arbitration.” Id. at 445 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Adopting the argument made by the petitioner in Distajo, we reasoned
that requiring that the parties to the underlying dispute be completely diverse
would “fatally undermine[]” the FAA because it would allow “a party resisting
arbitration [to] defeat federal jurisdiction simply by suing someone from the
same state, plus the party seeking to compel arbitration, in a separate lawsuit.”
Id. All of our sister Circuits to have addressed the issue have likewise rejected a
look‐through approach to assessing complete diversity for the purposes of
evaluating whether a district court has diversity jurisdiction over an FAA
petition.5
minimizing the chance of inconsistent obligations. Nor is there any indication that
Bautista’s ability to protect his interests would “as a practical matter [be] impair[ed] or
impede[d]” if he were not joined in this action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1)(B)(i).
Accordingly, we reject Swain’s argument that Bautista must be joined under Rule 19 as
an indispensable party.
5
See Dell Webb Cmtys., Inc. v. Carlson, 817 F.3d 867, 871 (4th Cir. 2016); Northport, 605
F.3d at 491; Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Najd, 294 F.3d 1104, 1106 (9th Cir. 2002); We Care
6
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Swain argues, however, that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Vaden v.
Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49 (2009), requires that courts look through the petition to
the underlying suit for purposes of determining whether complete diversity is
satisfied, thus abrogating Distajo. That argument is simply incorrect. The
Supreme Court’s decision in Vaden deals with the entirely different question of
determining whether a district court has federal question jurisdiction over a
petition to compel arbitration. In contrast to the unanimous rejection by the
Circuits of the look‐through approach to assessing complete diversity for the
purposes of diversity jurisdiction, the Courts of Appeals had split over whether
to look to the underlying lawsuit in determining federal question jurisdiction.
Compare Westmoreland Capital Corp. v. Findlay, 100 F.3d 263, 268 (2d Cir. 1996)
(holding that a federal court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over a
petition to compel arbitration “merely because the underlying claim raises a
federal question”), with Discover Bank v. Vaden, 396 F.3d 366, 368‐70 (4th Cir. 2005)
(holding that a district court may “look through” the petition to compel
arbitration “to assess whether the overall controversy between the parties is
Hair Dev., Inc. v. Engen, 180 F.3d 838, 842 (7th Cir. 1999); First Franklin Fin. Corp. v.
McCollum, 144 F.3d 1362, 1364 (11th Cir. 1998).
7
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grounded in federal law”). In Vaden, the Supreme Court resolved that issue,
expressly rejecting our precedent in Westmoreland and holding that courts may
look through § 4 petitions to the underlying dispute to determine whether they
are predicated on actions arising under federal law. Vaden, 556 U.S. at 62; see also
Doscher v. Sea Port Grp. Sec., LLC, 832 F.3d 372, 380 (2d Cir. 2016) (recognizing
Vaden’s overruling of Westmoreland).
Nowhere in Vaden, however, did the Court address whether a look‐
through approach should likewise apply where courts assert diversity
jurisdiction over an FAA petition. Indeed, the Court specifically noted that
diversity of citizenship was not available as a jurisdictional basis for the petition
at issue in Vaden, 556 U.S. at 54 n.1, and expressly limited its endorsement of the
look‐through approach to the context of federal question jurisdiction, stating that
it “approve[d] the ‘look through’ approach to this extent: A federal court may
‘look through’ a § 4 petition to determine whether it is predicated on an action
that ‘arises under’ federal law,” id. at 62 (emphasis added). At no point in Vaden
did the Court question the continuing viability of the approach to diversity
jurisdiction articulated in Distajo, which had been uniformly embraced at the
time by all of the Circuits to have addressed the issue, and which has continued
8
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to be followed by those Circuits to have addressed the issue following Vaden. See
supra n. 5 (collecting cases).6
Because Vaden speaks only to the applicability of a look‐through approach
where courts assert federal question jurisdiction over an FAA petition, see
Northport Health Servs. of Ark., LLC v. Rutherford, 605 F.3d 483, 488‐91 (8th Cir.
2010) (reaching same conclusion), Vaden does not overrule our precedent in
Distajo or “cast sufficient doubt,” Doscher, 832 F.3d at 378, on that precedent to
undermine it. We therefore remain bound by Distajo. Swain’s challenge to the
district court’s subject matter jurisdiction therefore fails, because under Distajo
complete diversity is measured by reference to the parties to the petition to
compel arbitration. Here, those parties are Hermès and Swain, who no one
disputes are citizens of different states and thus completely diverse. Accordingly,
6
We note, moreover, that the Supreme Court did not question the district court’s
subject matter jurisdiction over the petition to compel arbitration at issue in the seminal
arbitration case of Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460
U.S. 1 (1983). There, jurisdiction was based on diversity of citizenship, where the parties
to the petition were completely diverse, but the parties to the underlying dispute were
not. Id. at 7 & n.4. Although it did not expressly address the question of subject matter
jurisdiction, Moses noted that the FAA “requires piecemeal resolution when necessary to
give effect to an arbitration agreement” and that such agreements under the FAA are to
be enforced “notwithstanding the presence of other persons who are parties to the
underlying dispute but not to the arbitration agreement.” Id. at 20 (emphasis in
original).
9
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the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over the petition to compel
arbitration.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
10
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