United States of America v. Bodouva
Filing
OPINION, affirming district court judgment, per curiam (RAK, Ch.J., RSP, GEL, C.JJ.,), FILED.[1994412] [16-3937]
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16-3937
United States v. Bodouva
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_______________
August Term, 2016
(Argued: February 28, 2017 Decided: March 22, 2017)
Docket No. 16‐3937
_______________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
—v.—
CHRISTINE BODOUVA,
Defendant‐Appellant.
_______________
B e f o r e:
KATZMANN, Chief Judge, POOLER and LYNCH, Circuit Judges.
_______________
Defendant‐appellant Christine Bodouva appeals from the November 14,
2016 judgment of conviction entered against her on one count of embezzling
funds from an employee benefit plan, namely her company’s 401(k) plan (the
“401(k) plan”), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 664. The judgment included an order to
forfeit $127,854.22, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C). We affirm Bodouva’s
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conviction in a Summary Order issued contemporaneously with this Opinion. In
this Opinion, we separately address Bodouva’s argument that the district court
(Caproni, J.) erroneously concluded that it had no discretion to reduce the
forfeiture amount by the amount of restitutive payments Bodouva had made at
the time of her sentencing. We hold that, in the absence of specific statutory
authorization, a district court lacks the discretion to reduce the amount of a
mandatory criminal forfeiture order by the amount of restitution payments.
Because no statutory provision authorized such an offset in the present case, the
district court did not err in concluding that it lacked the discretion to reduce the
amount of Bodouva’s forfeiture order.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
_______________
DINA MCLEOD (Michael Ferrara, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys,
for Joon H. Kim, Acting United States Attorney for the Southern District of New
York, New York, NY.
MICHAEL GREGORY PATTILLO, JR. (Steven F. Molo, Jessica Ortiz, and Justin Ellis,
on the brief), MoloLamken LLP, New York, NY and Washington, DC, for
Defendant‐Appellant.
_______________
PER CURIAM:
Following a jury trial, defendant‐appellant Christine Bodouva was
convicted of one count of embezzling funds from her company’s 401(k) plan in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 664. She appeals from her conviction and the $127,854.22
forfeiture order entered against her. We affirm Bodouva’s conviction in the
Summary Order issued contemporaneously with this Opinion. We write here
solely to address Bodouva’s challenge to the amount of her forfeiture order.
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Bodouva argues that the district court (Caproni, J.) erred in concluding that it
had no discretion to reduce the amount of Bodouva’s forfeiture order by the
amount of restitution Bodouva had already paid to her victims. We conclude that
the district court was correct: it could not reduce the amount of the forfeiture
order by the amount of any restitutive payments in the absence of specific
statutory authorization to do so. Accordingly, we affirm the forfeiture aspect of
the judgment entered against Bodouva.
BACKGROUND
In 2012 and 2013, Bodouva served as Chief Operating Officer and Senior
Vice President of architecture firm William N. Bodouva & Associates (“WNBA”).
During this period, Bodouva embezzled funds from WNBA’s 401(k) plan by
withholding payments to the plan from employee salaries but not remitting the
withheld monies to the plan. On March 16, 2016, Bodouva was indicted on one
count of embezzling funds from an employee benefit plan subject to the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2 and 664. The indictment against Bodouva contained a forfeiture allegation
directing that Bodouva “shall forfeit to the United States, pursuant to Title 18,
United States Code, Section 981(a)(1)(C) and Title 28, United States Code, Section
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2461(c), any property, real and personal, that constitutes or is derived from
proceeds traceable to the commission of the offense alleged in Count One of this
Indictment.” 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c) provides that “[i]f a person is charged [and
convicted] in a criminal case with a violation of an Act of Congress for which the
civil or criminal forfeiture of property is authorized [and] the Government . . .
include[s] notice of the forfeiture in the indictment. . ., the court shall order the
forfeiture of the property.” 18 U.S.C. § 981, the forfeiture statute noticed in the
indictment in the present case, authorizes the forfeiture to the United States of
“[a]ny property, real or personal, which constitutes or is derived from proceeds
traceable to a violation of [18 U.S.C. § 664].” 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C); see 18 U.S.C.
§§ 1956(c)(7)(A), 1961(1).
On April 8, 2016, after her indictment but before her trial, Bodouva paid
$126,979.63 to WNBA’s 401(k) plan. After her trial, in her sentencing submission
and at her sentencing hearing, Bodouva urged the district court to reduce the
amount of forfeiture imposed on Bodouva by the amount she paid to the 401(k)
plan. In response, the government acknowledged that this Court had not
addressed the specific question of whether criminal forfeiture amounts can be
“offset” by restitutive payments but argued that the district court should not
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apply any offset in Bodouva’s case. The district court concluded that it had no
discretion to apply any such offset and entered the forfeiture order against
Bodouva in the full amount sought by the government.
DISCUSSION
“We review a district judge’s legal conclusions regarding forfeiture de
novo.” United States v. Daugerdas, 837 F.3d 212, 231 (2d Cir. 2016). Forfeiture and
restitution were mandatory in the present case, and these two remedies may be
imposed concurrently. 18 U.S.C. §§ 981(a)(1)(C), 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii); 28
U.S.C. § 2461(c); United States v. Torres, 703 F.3d 194, 196, 203–04 (2d Cir. 2012).
The sole point of contention is whether the district court could have reduced the
amount of forfeiture imposed on Bodouva in light of her restitution payment.
I.
“Restitution and forfeiture are authorized by different statutes and serve
different purposes—one of remediating a loss, the other of disgorging a gain.”
Torres, 703 F.3d at196. This twofold observation forecloses Bodouva’s argument
that the district court had discretion to apply an offset in her case. First,
restitution and forfeiture are creations of distinct statutes, and Bodouva cannot
point to any statutory language linking them together. Accordingly, “nothing in
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the statutory scheme permitted the district court to reduce the mandated
criminal forfeiture order because the defendant also had to satisfy her obligation
to pay restitution” or had already substantially done so. United States v. McGinty,
610 F.3d 1242, 1248 (10th Cir. 2010). Moreover, in 18 U.S.C. § 981, Congress
provided for reductions in forfeiture amounts resembling the offset requested
here, but only in certain circumstances. See 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(2)(B)‐(C).
Congress’s authorization of reductions in specific circumstances makes its silence
with respect to Bodouva’s requested offset more compelling. Because the
statutory schemes authorizing restitution and forfeiture are separate, district
courts are bound not to reduce the amount of a mandatory criminal forfeiture
order by the amount of past or future restitution payments, in the absence of
specific statutory authorization to do so.
Second, the distinct purposes of forfeiture and restitution undercut any
argument that, in the absence of an offset, the imposition of forfeiture and
restitution amount to an unfair double disgorgement. “Criminal forfeiture is a
form of punishment. As such, it is distinct from restitution or other remedial
actions, which are intended to return the victim and the perpetrator to the status
quo that existed before the violation took place.” United States v. Peters, 732 F.3d
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93, 101 (2d Cir. 2013). Bodouva’s restitution to her victims serves a different
purpose (remediating a loss) than her forfeiture obligation (disgorging a gain;
punishment), see Torres, 703 F.3d at 196, and thus had no bearing on her
punishment for her crime.1
Our sister circuits have reached the same conclusion on similar grounds.
See United States v. Newman, 659 F.3d 1235, 1241 (9th Cir. 2011) (“In the absence of
a statute authorizing a reduction in forfeiture, the district court may not reduce
forfeiture because of an order of restitution to a victim or because the victim
already has been made whole.”); McGinty, 610 F.3d at 1248; United States v.
Browne, 505 F.3d 1229, 1281 (11th Cir. 2007) (“While the focus of restitution is on
the victim, forfeiture focuses on the defendant. In addition to forcing the
disgorgement of dishonest profits, therefore, forfeiture is also a punitive action
Bodouva relies on dicta to argue that the district court did have discretion to
apply an offset in the present case. Neither of the cases she cites binds us or
presents arguments helpful to Bodouva’s cause. Although we did contemplate
the possibility of a similar offset in United States v. Kalish, 626 F.3d 165 (2d Cir.
2010), we expressly stated that “we need not decide whether such an argument
[concerning the possibility of an offset] would prevail.” Id. at 169‐70. In United
States v. Bengis, 631 F.3d 33 (2d Cir. 2011), we remanded to the district court for
entry of an order of restitution and “[left] to the district court’s determination in
the first instance all relevant issues relating to the amount of restitution, whether
any off‐set should apply, and if so, whether there should be one based on the
[defendant’s] forfeiture. . . . We express[ed] no view as to how such issues should
be resolved.” Id. at 41.
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against the defendant.”). We join them in holding that mandatory criminal
forfeiture amounts may not be reduced by the amount of restitution in the
absence of specific statutory authorization for such an offset.
II.
The district court lacked any specific statutory authorization to apply an
offset in the present case. Bodouva claims that the district court could have
reduced the amount of the forfeiture order against her pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 981(a)(2)(B). The statutory provision noticed in the indictment against Bodouva
requires her to forfeit “[a]ny property . . . which constitutes or is derived from
proceeds traceable to” her crime. 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C). (emphasis added). 18
U.S.C. § 981(a)(2) defines “proceeds” differently depending on the conduct
involved in a defendant’s crime. “In cases involving lawful goods or lawful
services that are sold or provided in an illegal manner, the term ‘proceeds’ means
the amount of money acquired through the illegal transactions resulting in the
forfeiture, less the direct costs incurred in providing the goods or services.” 18
U.S.C. § 981(a)(2)(B). We have held that § 981(a)(2)(B) applies in, for example,
insider trading cases because “[a] security is a ‘lawful good[]’ for the purposes of
§ 981(a)(2)(B), . . . which, if [purchased or sold] based upon improperly obtained
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material nonpublic inside information, is ‘sold . . . in an illegal manner.’” United
States v. Contorinis, 692 F.3d 136, 145 n.3 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting 18 U.S.C. §
981(a)(2)(B)). By contrast,
[i]n cases involving illegal goods, illegal services, [and] unlawful
activities, . . . the term ‘proceeds’ means property of any kind
obtained directly or indirectly, as the result of the commission of the
offense giving rise to forfeiture, and any property traceable thereto,
and is not limited to the net gain or profit realized from the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(2)(A). We have held that “unlawful activities” include
“inherently unlawful activit[ies], like say the sale of foodstamps, or a robbery.”
Contorinis, 692 F.3d at 145 n.3; see, e.g., United States v. Uddin, 551 F.3d 176 (2d Cir.
2009) (applying § 981(a)(2)(A)’s definition in a case involving the sale of
foodstamps).
Embezzlement, as in Bodouva’s case, “cannot be done lawfully, and
therefore is properly considered an ‘unlawful activity’ under § 981(a)(2)(A).”
Contorinis, 692 F.3d at 145 n.3. Bodouva argues that § 981(a)(2)(B) applies because
WNBA’s 401(k) plan provided lawful investment services to WNBA employees
and Bodouva merely provided these services in an illegal manner. According to
Bodouva, her restitution payment to the 401(k) plan should therefore be treated
as a “direct cost[]” and subtracted from the forfeiture amount. 18 U.S.C.
§ 981(a)(2)(B). Bodouva’s argument misidentifies her criminal conduct. Her crime
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was not the unlawful provision of services to WNBA’s employees. Her crime was
embezzlement. As Bodouva’s counsel conceded at oral argument, there is simply
no way to lawfully embezzle funds. Accordingly, the definition of proceeds
provided in § 981(a)(2)(A) applies here, and there is no statutory authorization
for an offset.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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