Raymond Pfeil, et al v. State Street Bank and Trust Co
Filing
OPINION and JUDGMENT filed : The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Decision for publication. Danny J. Boggs (AUTHORING), Richard F. Suhrheinrich, and Helene N. White (DISSENTING), Circuit Judges.
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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 15a0274p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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RAYMOND M. PFEIL and MICHAEL KAMMER,
Individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
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No. 14-1491
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v.
STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
No. 2:09-cv-12229—Denise Page Hood, District Judge.
Argued: April 29, 2015
Decided and Filed: November 10, 2015
Before: BOGGS, SUHRHEINRICH, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Deborah Clark-Weintraub, SCOTT+SCOTT, LLP, New York, New York, for
Appellants. Wilber H. Boies, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Deborah Clark-Weintraub, SCOTT+SCOTT, LLP, New York, New
York, Geoffrey M. Johnson, SCOTT+SCOTT, LLP, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, for Appellants.
Wilber H. Boies, Michael S. Yellin, Jennifer Aronoff, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP,
Chicago, Illinois, James D. VandeWyngearde, PEPPER HAMILTON LLP, Southfield,
Michigan, for Appellee.
BOGGS, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which SUHRHEINRICH, J., joined.
WHITE, J. (pp. 14–16), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
1
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OPINION
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BOGGS, Circuit Judge. This case requires us to apply recent developments in the law of
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq.
ERISA subjects plan fiduciaries to a duty of prudence. 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1). This generally
requires diversification. But to “solve the dual problems of securing capital funds for necessary
capital growth and of bringing about stock ownership by all corporate employees,” Fifth Third
Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. 2459, 2466 (2014), Congress established a special kind of
ERISA plan called an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). ESOPs are “designed to invest
primarily in qualifying employer securities,” 29 U.S.C. § 1107(d)(6)(A) (emphasis added), rather
than to diversify across securities of many companies. In 1995, the Third Circuit adopted a
presumption that an ESOP fiduciary’s decision to remain invested in employer securities is
prudent. Moench v. Robertson, 62 F.3d 553, 571 (3d Cir. 1995), overruled by Dudenhoeffer,
134 S. Ct. 2459. We adopted that presumption of prudence later that year. Kuper v. Iovenko,
66 F.3d 1447, 1459 (6th Cir. 1995), overruled by Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. 2459.
This case concerns an ESOP for employees of General Motors (GM). In 2008, GM faced
severe business problems that resulted, ultimately, in its bankruptcy. Cf. Int’l Union, UAW v.
GM, 2015 WL 2239507, at*1–4 (6th Cir. May 14, 2015) (reciting the history of certain GM
business problems). Those events gave rise to this case. Plaintiffs-Appellants Raymond M. Pfeil
and Michael Kammer (Pfeil) were GM employees who, prior to GM’s most recent financial
difficulties, elected to invest in the GM ESOP. Defendant-Appellee State Street Bank (State
Street) served as fiduciary of certain pension plans, including the Common Stock Plan, for
employees of GM.
The Common Stock Plan lost money in 2008. But State Street declined to stop buying
GM stock until November 8, 2008, and did not divest the fund of (i.e., sell) GM stock until
March 31, 2009. Just over a week later, Pfeil filed this suit against State Street, claiming that its
investment decisions to continue to buy and also to decline to sell GM common stock during
certain dates in 2008 were actionably imprudent under ERISA. In 2010, the district court
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dismissed the suit on State Street’s motion, applying the presumption of prudence to the behavior
of ESOP fiduciaries. On February 22, 2012, we reversed, holding that the presumption of
prudence did not apply earlier than the summary-judgment stage of proceedings. Pfeil v. State
Street Bank and Trust Co., 671 F.3d 585 (6th Cir. 2012), overruled by Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct.
2459. On remand, the parties agreed to certify a class. RE 81. The Class Period extended from
July 15, 2008 to March 31, 2009. After class certification, State Street moved for summary
judgment. The district court, applying the presumption of prudence at the summary-judgment
stage, granted State Street’s motion. Pfeil timely appealed.
After Pfeil’s first appearance before us, but before the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, we applied in a similar case the rule that Pfeil had announced, reversing a district
court’s grant of a motion to dismiss on presumption-of-prudence grounds. Dudenhoefer v. Fifth
Third Bancorp, 692 F.3d 410, 418 (6th Cir. 2012). The Defendant-Appellee fiduciary in that
case petitioned for certiorari.
The Supreme Court granted the petition and, reversing our
judgment, abrogated the “presumption of prudence” doctrine altogether. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S.
Ct. at 2467.1 The Supreme Court remanded the case. That case is currently pending in our
court.
Here, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment. During the class period,
State Street’s managers repeatedly discussed at length whether to continue the investments in
GM that are at issue in this case. Given the prudent process in which State Street engaged, Pfeil
failed to demonstrate a genuine issue about whether State Street satisfied its statutory duty of
prudence.
I
The purpose of the GM Common Stock Fund was to enable Participants to acquire an
ownership interest in General Motors. The investment was to be without regard to the risk
profile. Only if a GM employee opted to invest in the GM Common Stock Fund were his or her
1
John Dudenhoefer the plaintiff-appellant named in our case. The Supreme Court caption suggests that the
respondent’s last name is Dudenhoeffer. We cite our opinion as Dudenhoefer and the Supreme Court’s opinion as
Dudenhoeffer.
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investments placed in that fund; if an employee did not elect an option, the investments were
placed in a different fund.
The GM Common Stock Fund’s fiduciary was State Street, which served in that capacity
for many similar funds. State Street employs a formal, three-tiered structure and process for the
exclusive purpose of monitoring and evaluating company stock funds. The first tier is the
Company Stock Group, which, through daily monitoring and ongoing research and analysis to
maintain awareness of the financial environment impacting a company stock, has a
comprehensive process to determine if a company stock requires additional monitoring. The
second tier, the Stock Review Committee, provides the aforementioned additional monitoring,
which includes monthly meetings at which a Company Stock Group officer provides a detailed
company-specific report including at least nine specific pieces of information. Based on a
review of the facts and circumstances, the Stock Review Committee determines if a company
stock should be elevated for further review and action by the Independent Fiduciary Committee,
the third tier of the company stock process. Together, these three committees discussed GM
stock, in relation to the GM company stock fund, fifty-eight times between January 2008 and
March 31, 2009.
On March 12, 2008, the Independent Fiduciary Committee met to discuss a number of
companies in which State Street’s funds had invested. At that meeting, Sydney Marzeotti and
Denise Sisk, Vice Presidents, presented information on the performance of General Motors stock
and business factors that might have influenced that performance. Between that meeting and the
end of July, the Stock Review Committee met five times. These meetings were substantial. For
example, at least fourteen people attended the meeting on June 26, according to State Street
records, including Marzeotti and Sisk. The minutes and materials of that meeting recited, among
other details, when and why State Street added GM to the Stock Review List, details of GM’s
business situation and analysis thereof, GM’s debt rating, a description of GM’s business,
performance information of GM and its stock, State Street’s role, and litigation pending against
GM.
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Events in 2008 imperiled GM’s ability to continue as a going concern.
On July 15, 2008, GM Chief Executive Officer Rick Wagner announced that GM
needed to implement a restructuring plan to combat Second Quarter 2008 losses
that he described as “significant” and to stem an impending liquidity crisis. . . .
[O]n August 1, 2008, GM announced a Third Quarter 2008 net loss of $15.5
billion. Analysts projected that GM was on track to run out of cash by the First
Quarter of 2009.
Op. and Order, R. 156 at 4–5 (citations omitted). The Stock Review Committee met again on
August 28, considered the August 1 announcement, and voted in favor of the recommendation to
retain GM Common Stock on the Stock Review list. The Stock Review Committee met twice in
September. On October 30, the Stock Review Committee met again, voting again in favor of the
recommendation to retain GM stock on the Stock Review List. In other words, the committee
actively decided not to stop buying, let alone to sell, but also decided to maintain a level of
internal scrutiny on the investment.
Ultimately, State Street did change its buying behavior. In a November 2, 2008, notice to
participants and beneficiaries, State Street temporarily suspended the purchases of the GM
Common Stock Fund until further notice, observing that “it is not appropriate at this time to
allow additional investments by participants.” On November 5, 2008, the Independent Fiduciary
Committee met on the subject of its Quarterly Review of Public Company Stocks. Twelve
people attended.
Minutes from that meeting reflect that “General Motors was presented
[sic]. . . . Current GM’s cash burn is approximately $1 billion a month. Sales are at worst level
since 1983. [Monet] Ewing [of State Street] described the relationship with General Motors.”
GM’s business situation continued to worsen.
By November 10, 2008, GM
acknowledged that its auditors had substantial doubt regarding GM’s ability to continue as a
going concern. Thereafter, perhaps not surprisingly, the Independent Fiduciary Committee met
about GM much more frequently. Between November 10, 2008 and March 31, 2009, the
Independent Fiduciary Committee met in person or via conference call forty-one times to discuss
GM; the Stock Review Committee also met. On March 31, 2009, State Street decided to divest
the GM stock held in the fund, with the process completed by April 24, 2009.
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On June 9, 2009, Pfeil filed this suit under Section 502 of ERISA individually and on
behalf of plan participants in and beneficiaries of General Motor Corporation’s main 401(k)
plans.
The one-count complaint alleges a breach of fiduciary duty by State Street, as an
independent fiduciary, for failure to manage the Plan’s assets prudently, in violation of Section
404 of ERISA.
II
ERISA “requires the fiduciary of a pension plan to act prudently in managing the plan’s
assets.” Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2463. See also 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a).2 [ERISA] “imposes a
‘prudent person’ standard by which to measure fiduciaries’ investment decisions and disposition
of assets” and also imposes other obligations. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134,
143 n.10 (1985).
A fiduciary’s investments are prudent if he “[h]as given appropriate
consideration to those facts and circumstances that . . . are relevant to the particular investment . .
. involved . . . and [h]as acted accordingly.” 29 C.F.R. § 2550.404a-1(b)(1). “Appropriate
consideration” includes “[a] determination by the fiduciary that the particular investment . . . is
reasonably designed . . . to further the purposes of the plan, taking into consideration the risk of
loss and the opportunity for gain,” id. (b)(2)(i), in addition to consideration of the portfolio’s
diversification, liquidity, and projected return relative to the plan’s funding objectives, id.
(b)(2)(ii). In addition, “under trust law, a fiduciary normally has a continuing duty of some kind
to monitor investments and remove imprudent ones.” Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 135 S. Ct. 1823,
2
29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1) provides that, subject to other federal provisions,
a fiduciary shall discharge his duties with respect to a plan solely in the interest
of the participants and beneficiaries and—
(A) for the exclusive purpose of:
(i) providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries; and
(ii) defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan;
(B) with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then
prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such
matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with
like aims;
(C) by diversifying the investments of the plan so as to minimize the risk of
large losses, unless under the circumstances it is clearly prudent not to do so;
and
(D) in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the plan
insofar as such documents and instruments are consistent with the provisions of
this subchapter and subchapter III of this chapter.
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1828–29 (2015). As a general matter, prudence requires “diversifying the investments of the
plan so as to minimize the risk of large losses . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(C).
To accommodate Congress’s endorsement of corporate employees owning corporate
stock, we adopted a presumption that an ESOP “fiduciary’s decision to remain invested in
employer securities was reasonable.” Kuper v. Iovenko, 66 F.3d 1447, 1459 (6th Cir. 1995)
(adopting the standard set forth in Moench v. Roberston, 62 F.3d 553, 571 (3d Cir. 1995)).
Here, Pfeil
raise[d] two reasons why Defendant breached its fiduciary duties [of prudence]:
1) State Street continued to hold GM stock long past the point when there was
overwhelming evidence in the public domain raising serious question concerning
GM’s short-term viability as a going concern without resort to bankruptcy
proceedings, which rendered GM stock imprudent to hold as an investment . . . ;
and 2) State Street kept the GM Stock Fund invested in GM stock even though
there was overwhelming evidence in the public domain raising a serious risk that
GM’s existing equity would be substantially diluted and stockholders’ shares
would be rendered essentially worthless even if GM received assistance from the
federal government.
Op. and Order, R. 156 at 13. The district court observed that “the evidence submitted, including
the number of meetings the Independent Fiduciary Committee held during the Class Period,
shows that State Street was prudent and deliberate in its decision making. . . . Large investors
during the Class Period continued to hold GM stock and, in some instances, increased their
holdings . . . .” Because Pfeil failed to rebut the presumption that State Street satisfied its duty of
prudence, the district court granted State Street’s motion for summary judgment. On appeal, we
reversed and remanded, holding that the presumption of prudence applied only at summary
judgment and beyond, not at the motion-to-dismiss stage of proceedings, and that the
presumption only required the plaintiff to establish that “a prudent fiduciary acting under similar
circumstances would have made a different investment decision.” Pfeil, 671 F.3d at 592–96.3
Thereafter, we applied our rule to a similar case, reversing a district court’s grant of the
motion to dismiss of another ESOP fiduciary. Dudenhoefer, 692 F.3d at 418. The Supreme
Court granted that other fiduciary’s petition for certiorari and abrogated the “presumption of
3
This holding brought us into conflict with other courts of appeals. See, e.g., In re Citigroup ERISA Litig.,
662 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2011), overruled by Dudenhoeffer, 124 S. Ct. 2459.
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prudence” doctrine. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. 2459. The Dudenhoeffer Court held that “the
same standard of prudence applies to all ERISA fiduciaries, including ESOP fiduciaries, except
that an ESOP fiduciary is under no duty to diversify the ESOP’s holdings.”
Id. at 2467
(emphasis added).
Dudenhoeffer prevents us from affirming the judgment of the court below on
presumption-of-prudence grounds. But “because a grant of summary judgment is reviewed de
novo, [we] may affirm the judgment of the district court on any grounds supported by the record,
even if they are different from those relied upon by the district court.” Kennedy v. Superior
Printing Co., 215 F.3d 650, 655 (6th Cir. 2000); see also Jennings v. Stephens, 135 S. Ct. 793,
799 (2015) (observing that “federal appellate courts . . . review lower courts’ . . . judgments”).
We evaluate State Street’s actions according to a prudent-process standard. “The test for
determining whether a fiduciary has satisfied his duty of prudence is whether the individual
trustees, at the time they engaged in the challenged transactions, employed the appropriate
methods to investigate the merits of the investment and to structure the investment.” Hunter v.
Caliber Sys., Inc., 220 F.3d 702, 723 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other
words, we must “focus . . . on whether the fiduciary engaged in a reasoned decision[-]making
process, consistent with that of a prudent man acting in [a] like capacity.” Tatum v. RJR Pension
Inv. Comm., 761 F.3d 346, 356 (4th Cir. 2014) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (emphasis added).
“[C]ourts have readily determined that fiduciaries who act
reasonably—i.e., who appropriately investigate the merits of an investment decision prior to
acting—easily clear this bar.” Id. at 358 (emphasis added) (holding imprudent a decision made
“with virtually no discussion or analysis” (emphasis added)); see id. at 360 (observing that the
brief of the fiduciary in that case did not “grappl[e] with its failure to conduct any
investigation”). Here, summary judgment to State Street was appropriate if Pfeil failed to
demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact concerning the methods of State Street’s
investigation of the merits of investing in GM, or the appropriateness of those methods.
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III
A
Even after Dudenhoeffer, the duty of prudence “do[es] not prohibit a plan trustee from
holding single-stock investments as an option in a plan that includes a portfolio of diversified
funds.” Tatum, 761 F.3d at 356. And while courts no longer may presume that ESOP fiduciaries
are prudent, the Dudenhoeffer court suggested that a correct “understanding of the prudence of
relying on market prices” may lead courts to a very similar result. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at
2472. The Dudenhoeffer Court instructed us as follows:
[T]he motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. . . . which gave rise to the
lower court decisions at issue here, requires careful judicial consideration of
whether the complaint states a claim that the defendant has acted imprudently.
Because the content of the duty of prudence turns on the
circumstances . . . prevailing at the time the fiduciary acts, the appropriate inquiry
will necessarily be context specific.
The District Court in this case granted petitioners’ motion to dismiss the
complaint because it held that respondents could not overcome the presumption of
prudence. The Court of Appeals, by contrast, concluded that no presumption
applied. And we agree with that conclusion. The Court of Appeals, however,
went on to hold that respondents had stated a plausible duty-of-prudence claim.
The arguments made here, along with our review of the record, convince us that
the judgment of the Court of Appeals should be vacated and the case remanded.
On remand, the Court of Appeals should apply the pleading standard . . . in light
of the following considerations.
....
In our view, where a stock is publicly traded, allegations that a fiduciary
should have recognized from publicly available information alone that the market
was over- or undervaluing the stock are implausible as a general rule, at least in
the absence of special circumstances. . . .
In other words, a fiduciary usually is not imprudent to assume that a major
stock market . . . provides the best estimate of the value of the stocks traded on it
that is available to him. . . .
. . . [T]he Court of Appeals held that the complaint stated a claim because
respondents allege[d] that [the fiduciary was] aware of the risks of [investing in
the company’s business], and that such risks made [the] stock an imprudent
investment. The Court of Appeals did not point to any special circumstance
rendering reliance on the market price imprudent. The court’s decision to deny
dismissal therefore appears to have been based on an erroneous understanding of
the prudence of relying on market prices.
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Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2471–72 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Another
court recently considered the implication of this language, observing that the “excessively risky”
character of investing ESOP funds in stock of a company experiencing serious threats to its
business in 2008 “is accounted for in the market price, and the Supreme Court held that
fiduciaries may rely on the market price, absent any special circumstances affecting the
reliability of the market price.” In re Citigroup ERISA Litig., No. 11 CV 7672 JGK, 2015 WL
2226291, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2015).
We interpret this to mean, and now hold, that a plaintiff claiming that an ESOP’s
investment in a publicly traded security was imprudent must show special circumstances to
survive a motion to dismiss. Cf. Rogers v. Baxter Int’l, Inc., 521 F.3d 702, 706 (7th Cir. 2008)
(cautioning against the “assertion that pension fiduciaries have a duty to outsmart the stock
market”) (Easterbrook, J.). This rule accords with Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). MPT “rests
on the understanding that organized securities markets are so efficient at discounting securities
prices that the current market price of a security is highly likely already to impound the
information that is known or knowable about the future prospects of that security.” John H.
Langbein et al., Pension and Employee Benefit Law 634. “[C]ourts have increasingly come to
the view that the prudence norm in trust law and in ERISA has absorbed the main precepts of
MPT.” Ibid.; cf. Laborers Nat’l Pension Fund v. N. Trust Quantitative Advisors, Inc., 173 F.3d
313 (5th Cir. 1999). We do not now decide whether a fiduciary’s complete failure to investigate
a publicly traded investment might constitute a circumstance sufficiently special for a claim of
imprudence to survive a motion to dismiss; the amount of investigation here takes this case out
of that realm.
B
Pfeil alleges that, in response only to various public announcements about GM’s future,
State Street’s investment strategy failed to function as a prudent process if it did not recognize
“that the market was over- or undervaluing” GM common stock. Cf. Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at
2471. This allegation is implausible. Ibid. Pfeil failed to show a special circumstance such that
State Street should not have relied on market pricing.
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Pfeil argues that State Street knew or should have known circumstances about GM’s
business and financial condition on each of four dates in 2008:
(1) July 15 (State Street internally assessed GM as a risky investment);
(2) September 22 (GM no longer could access capital markets);
(3) November 21 (State Street ceased purchasing GM Common Stock, but
continued maintain the Fund’s existing holdings); and
(4) December 12 (State Street’s financial advisors observed that, without federal
assistance, GM would run out of cash by the end of the year, and that with it,
GM’s existing equity will be substantially diluted).
Pfeil’s argument, stripped of its particulars, rests on a sleight of hand: on each of these
dates, it would have been prudent, in hindsight, for State Street to decide to sell, and that
decision would have resulted in less loss; State Street did not make such a prudent decision;
therefore, what State Street did was imprudent. But State Street’s decisions were not imprudent
or unreasonable simply because it could have made a different decision in response to GM’s
financial difficulties. See Hunter, 220 F.3d at 722 (6th Cir. 2000). We must evaluate the
prudence or imprudence of State Street’s conduct as of “the time it occurred,” not “post facto.”
Ibid. (citing Katsaros v. Cody, 744 F.2d 270, 279 (2d Cir. 1984), and Donovan v. Mazzola,
716 F.2d 1226, 1232 (9th Cir. 1983)).
Pfeil’s argument runs into another logical problem. The “decision” that he criticizes was
State Street’s decision not to act on each of four dates. But why stop at four? In a sense, an
ESOP plan fiduciary is always deciding not to divest. Pfeil does not explicitly claim that the
ESOP fiduciary must go through constant processes to ensure that these decisions not to divest
are prudent. But Pfeil does not offer a legal reason why the four events he has chosen suffice to
trigger a particular reevaluation process. To the extent that he relies on internal State Street
communications, his implied command would intolerably bind ESOP fiduciaries: if they discuss
internally the impact of an event on a fund’s holdings, they trigger a requirement that they
engage in a formal process. To the extent that Pfeil instead relies on the observation that, after
the four events it picked, GM’s stock decreased in value, Pfeil invites us to engage in precisely
the sort of post-hoc inquiry that the doctrine rightly forbids.
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We agree with the dissent’s suggestion that, although “a stock’s price accurately reflects
the company’s risk of failing,” an investor can expect, at any given time, that the value of the
cash for which he can sell a particular stock may be less volatile than the same of the stock itself.
Post, at 14. We also agree that, “The market includes participants with various levels of risk
tolerance and various types of portfolios. What is prudent for one type of investor and one type
of portfolio may be imprudent for others.” Ibid. But an ESOP’s investment goals are to
maintain, within reason, ownership of a particular employer’s security. Whatever evils the
dissent identifies are endemic to the ESOP form established by Congress.
A benefit of
employees investing in their employer is that when the employer does well, the employees do
well. A risk is that when the employer goes bankrupt, the employees do poorly.
IV
Congress has exempted ESOP fiduciaries from the duty to diversify; indeed, Congress
created ESOPs so that they would not diversify. The Supreme Court coupled its recent judgment
that ESOPs are not entitled to a special presumption of prudence with a reminder that, absent
extraordinary circumstances, public markets for stocks like GM incorporate all of the public
information about those companies.
Another court, evaluating a case similar to this one, recently observed that
[t]he defendant fiduciaries . . . were between the “rock and a hard place”
discussed in Dudenhoeffer: If [fiduciaries] keep[ ] investing and the stock goes
down, the fiduciaries may be sued for acting imprudently in violation of §
1104(a)(1)(B), as was the case here. [B]ut if [the fiduciaries] stop investing and
the stock goes up, . . . the fiduciaries may be sued for disobeying the plan
documents in violation of § 1104(a)(1)(D). Although the Supreme Court deemed
a presumption of prudence too broad a response to these concerns, these concerns
underlie the reasoning behind the general rule rendering suits implausible when
they allege that the fiduciaries should have been able to beat the market.
In re Citigroup ERISA Litig., 2015 WL 2226291, at *14 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). State Street served as the fiduciary that planned to invest only in GM common stock.
Pfeil chose to invest in this fund, although others were available.
The doctrine requires us to evaluate State Street’s conduct at the time it occurred, so the
mere fact that GM’s stock value decreased after certain dates does not affect our judgment. To
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fulfill its responsibilities, State Street discussed GM stock scores of times during the class period.
State Street’s managers repeatedly discussed at length whether to continue the investments in
GM that are at issue in this case. State Street’s Independent Fiduciary Committee held more
than forty meetings during the Class Period of less than nine months to discuss whether to retain
GM stock. At those meetings, State Street employees discussed the performance of General
Motors, both its stock and its business, and factors that may have affected that performance.
Meetings often culminated in decisive votes, ultimately to divest the fund of GM stocks. It was
advised by outside legal and financial advisors. In documents filed with the district court, State
Street’s experts opined that State Street’s process for monitoring GM (and other) stock was
prudent. And other experts—fiduciaries of other pension plans and non-pension-plan investment
funds—decided, like State Street, to hold GM Common Stock on each of the four “imprudent
dates” chosen by Pfeil. Given the prudent process in which State Street engaged, Pfeil failed to
demonstrate a genuine issue as to whether State Street satisfied its duty of prudence. We hold
that State Street’s actual processes demonstrated prudence, and the decision of other expert
professionals both to invest and not to divest on or near the dates that State Street made those
decisions demonstrates the reasonable nature of those decisions.
The record here presents no factual questions material to the outcome of this case. And,
to the extent the district court enjoys an advantage over us in evaluating the merits of Pfeil’s case
under the correct legal standard, the benefit of judicial economy outweighs that advantage. Even
viewed in the light most favorable to Pfeil, State Street’s actions were not actionably imprudent.
We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Case: 14-1491
No. 14-1491
Document: 61-2
Filed: 11/10/2015
Pfeil, et al. v. State Street Bank & Trust Co.
Page: 14
Page 14
_________________
DISSENT
_________________
HELENE N. WHITE, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. The majority recognizes that the
district court applied the presumption of prudence rejected in Fifth Third Bancorp v.
Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. 2459 (2014), but determines that its own analysis justifies affirmance.
The majority first adopts a rule derived from In re Citigroup ERISA Litigation, No.
11 CV 7672 JGK, 2015 WL 2226291, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2015), and the Modern
Portfolio Theory (MPT) that effectively immunizes fiduciaries from imprudence claims relating
to publicly traded securities in the absence of special circumstances, including, perhaps, the
complete failure to investigate.
The foundation for this holding is the Supreme Court’s
observation in Dudenhoeffer that the market price of a publicly traded security is highly likely to
reflect the risk and future prospects of the company. But, Plaintiffs here do not assert that the
market did not reflect the true value of the GM stock, and it is unclear how this new holding
applies.
I assume the majority concludes that because any transaction, either executed or
eschewed, would be at the market price, at any given point in time, the ESOP was in the same
position it would have been had the transaction been executed; it either had cash or stock of the
same value. Further, if GM’s situation was so dire at any of the times asserted by Plaintiffs, it
would have been reflected in the price of the stock. But, Plaintiffs do not challenge either of
these propositions and do not claim that State Street should have discerned something the market
did not.
One can concede that the market is generally efficient in pricing stocks without
concluding that all decisions to buy, sell or hold are therefore prudent. The market includes
participants with various levels of risk tolerance and various types of portfolios. What is prudent
for one type of investor and one type of portfolio may be imprudent for others. Further, the fact
that a stock’s price accurately reflects the company’s risk of failing does not mean that it is
prudent to retain the stock as that possibility becomes more and more certain and buyers are
willing to pay less and less for a stake in the upside potential. In short, I think the MPT is
inapplicable here.
Case: 14-1491
No. 14-1491
Document: 61-2
Filed: 11/10/2015
Pfeil, et al. v. State Street Bank & Trust Co.
Page: 15
Page 15
The majority also concludes that the process employed by State Street was prudent as a
matter of law. I might agree were it not for the fact that Plaintiffs presented evidence that the
decision makers were operating under an incorrect standard. A necessary part of a prudent
decision-making process is the yardstick applied to the information yielded by prudent
investigation and consideration. Here, members of the Independent Fiduciary Committee (IFC)
testified that State Street was required, per its Engagement Agreement,1 to hold GM stock until a
GM bankruptcy was “imminent,” (Brandhorst Deposition, PID 5712), or State Street reached a
“clear conclusion” that GM would file for bankruptcy (Blake Deposition, PID 5697). However,
Dudenhoeffer made clear that
the duty of prudence trumps the instructions of a plan document, such as an
instruction to invest exclusively in employer stock even if financial goals demand
the contrary. See also § 1110(a) (With irrelevant exceptions, “any provision in an
agreement or instrument which purports to relieve a fiduciary from responsibility
. . . for any . . . duty under this part shall be void as against public policy”). This
rule would make little sense if, as petitioners argue, the duty of prudence is
defined by the aims of the particular plan as set out in the plan documents, since
in that case the duty of prudence could never conflict with a plan document.
Dudenhoeffer, 134 S. Ct. at 2468. Therefore, State Street’s reliance on the plan documents,
rather than the fiduciary duty of prudence under the circumstances, was misplaced, regardless
whether its interpretation of the documents was correct.
Finally, State Street and the majority rely on the actions of other pension-fund fiduciaries
who continued to buy or hold GM stock as evidence that the stock remained a prudent
investment at the relevant times. However, the record does not establish that the fiduciary
decisions were made in a similar context. ERISA excuses fiduciaries of ESOP plans from any
duty to diversify, but nevertheless imposes a duty of prudence under the circumstances. “Under
the circumstances” is not an empty phrase; the Supreme Court explained in Dudenhoeffer that
1
The engagement agreement stated that the Fund was to
continue to be invested exclusively in Company Stock . . . without regard to (A) the diversification
of assets of each Plan and Trust, (B) the risk profile of Company Stock, (C) the amount of income
provided by Company Stock, or (D) the fluctuation in the fair market value of the company stock,
unless State Street, using an abuse of discretion standard, determines from reliable public
information that (i) there is a serious question concerning the Company’s short term viability as a
going concern without resort to bankruptcy proceedings; or (ii) there is no possibility in the short
term of recouping any substantial proceeds from the sale of stock in bankruptcy proceedings.
A-276.
Case: 14-1491
No. 14-1491
Document: 61-2
Filed: 11/10/2015
Pfeil, et al. v. State Street Bank & Trust Co.
“the appropriate inquiry will necessarily be context specific.
Page: 16
Page 16
Id. at 2471.
Here, the
circumstances involved an ESOP; the nature of these other portfolios and the measures taken to
mitigate risk are unknown. Thus, that other plans retained GM stock in their portfolios is not
dispositive. There is at least a question of fact whether State Street satisfied its duty of prudence
under the circumstances.
I would reverse and remand for further proceedings.
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