Yaqob Thomas v. Joseph Meko

Filing

OPINION and JUDGMENT filed : The judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with the opinion of this court. Decision for publication. Raymond M. Kethledge (AUTHORING), Bernice Bouie Donald, and Jane R. Roth, Circuit Judges. The Honorable Jane R. Roth, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 16a0156p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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YAQOB TAFAN THOMAS,
Petitioner-Appellant,

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v.
JOSEPH P. MEKO, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 14-6227

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
No. 5:11-cv-00148—William O. Bertelsman, District Judge.
Argued: March 7, 2016
Decided and Filed: July 7, 2016
Before: KETHLEDGE, DONALD, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.*
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: William Neal, UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF LAW, Knoxville,
Tennessee, for Appellant. James C. Shackelford, OFFICE OF THE KENTUCKY ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William Neal, Lucille A. Jewel,
UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF LAW, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant.
James C. Shackelford, OFFICE OF THE KENTUCKY ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort,
Kentucky, for Appellee.

*

The Honorable Jane R. Roth, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit, sitting by designation.

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OPINION
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KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. A Kentucky jury found Yaqob Thomas guilty of murder
and evidence-tampering. Thomas filed successive applications in state court for relief from his
conviction. When those applications failed, he submitted an application for a writ of habeas
corpus in federal district court. The district court dismissed Thomas’s application as untimely
after concluding that Thomas’s second state-court application for relief had not been “properly
filed” and thus did not toll the limitations period for Thomas’s federal habeas application. We
respectfully disagree and reverse.
In December 2002, Thomas joined Gregory Baltimore and Dionte Burdette at a Waffle
House in Lexington, Kentucky to eat dinner and complete a cocaine sale.

Baltimore had

arranged the transaction so that Thomas would pay Burdette $7,000 for seven ounces of cocaine
and pay Baltimore a $2,000 “agent’s fee.” After they finished eating, they walked to Burdette’s
SUV in the restaurant parking lot. Thomas sat in the back seat; Burdette and Baltimore sat up
front. Soon Thomas grabbed Burdette by the neck, held a handgun to his head, and demanded
that Burdette turn over his cocaine. When Burdette refused, Thomas shot him in the knee and
again demanded the cocaine. Burdette said that he did not have the cocaine and that another
man, waiting across the street, did. Thomas then shot Burdette three times in the chest, fled with
Baltimore on foot, and threw his handgun into the woods. Burdette later died at a hospital.
At Thomas’s November 2004 murder trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony from
Baltimore and Burdette’s mother, Donna Brooks, to whom Thomas had confessed. The jury
found Thomas guilty and the trial court sentenced him to 40 years in prison. In January 2006,
the Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed Thomas’s conviction and sentence.
In May 2006, Thomas filed a motion to vacate his criminal judgment on grounds of
ineffective assistance of counsel. He presented his motion under Kentucky Rule of Criminal
Procedure 11.42, which requires that the movant “state all grounds for holding the sentence
invalid of which the movant has knowledge. Final disposition of the motion shall conclude all

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issues that could reasonably have been presented in the same proceeding.” Ky. R. Crim. P.
11.42(3). The trial court denied Thomas’s motion, the court of appeals affirmed, and in October
2008 the Kentucky Supreme Court declined review.
In March 2009, Thomas filed another motion for post-conviction relief, alleging that he
had recently discovered evidence (namely, Burdette’s funeral program) that prosecutors had
failed to produce to Thomas and that Thomas says he could have used to impeach Brooks’s
testimony. This time, Thomas argued that he had a right to relief under multiple procedural
provisions, including Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure 11.42 and Kentucky Rule of Civil
Procedure 60.02. The latter rule (which resembles Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60 in some
respects) permits relief from a judgment where the movant presents “newly discovered evidence
which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial[,]” or
presents “any other reason of an extraordinary nature justifying relief.” Ky. R. Civ. P. 60.02(b),
(f). Unlike Rule 11.42, Rule 60.02(f) contains no bar on successive motions.
In January 2010, the trial court denied Thomas’s filing on the merits. It first interpreted
Thomas’s filing as separate motions: one under Rule 11.42 and another under Rule 60.02. As to
the Rule 11.42 motion, the court held that the prosecution’s alleged failure to hand over
impeachment evidence had not prejudiced Thomas at trial: “the Court absolutely make[s] a
Finding of Fact and Conclusion of Law that this information, even if brought out at the trial of
this case, would not establish, by any stretch of the imagination, a reasonable probability that the
result of the trial would have been different.” As to Thomas’s Rule 60.02 motion, the court held
that Thomas’s allegations “add nothing that remotely justif[ies] any relief to Thomas. . . . It is
absolutely crystal-clear that Thomas has not established anything remotely close to a showing
that would justify the relief sought in this case[.]”
In June 2011, the Kentucky Court of Appeals affirmed. Unlike the trial court, the Court
of Appeals held that Thomas’s Rule 11.42 motion was “procedurally bar[red]” by the rule
against successive motions for relief because Thomas “was certainly aware of the existence of
the funeral program prior to his first” motion for post-conviction relief. But the Court of
Appeals adjudicated Thomas’s Rule 60.02 motion on the merits, finding “no merit in [Thomas’s]
claims” and concluding that the trial court had not “abused its discretion in denying relief.”

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Meanwhile, in April 2011—shortly before the Kentucky Court of Appeals issued its
ruling—Thomas filed a habeas application in federal district court, as well as a motion to hold
his federal proceedings in abeyance pending the resolution of his state-court proceedings. The
district court granted that motion.
Thomas’s state-court proceedings finally ended in August 2013, when the Kentucky
Supreme Court denied review of Thomas’s Rule 11.42 and 60.02 motions. In federal district
court, Thomas then sought to amend his application for habeas relief. Warden Joseph Meko
objected, arguing that Thomas’s habeas application was untimely. The district court agreed and
dismissed the application after concluding that Thomas’s “second post-conviction motion for
collateral relief did not toll the [federal habeas] statute of limitations” because the motion was
“not properly filed” in state court.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of Thomas’s application. Board v.
Bradshaw, 805 F.3d 769, 771 (6th Cir. 2015). The federal habeas statute provides that a “1-year
period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court.”

28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).

Subject to

exceptions not applicable here, that period is measured from “the date on which the judgment
became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such
review[.]” Id. Here, that date was April 19, 2006, when Thomas’s time to petition for certiorari
review of his conviction in the U.S. Supreme Court expired.

The limitations period for

Thomas’s federal habeas petition thus began running on that date.
But the limitations clock soon stopped. The habeas statute provides that the “time during
which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review . . . is
pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(2). About a month after Thomas’s criminal judgment became final, Thomas filed his
first state-court motion for post-conviction relief. That motion was properly filed—thus tolling
the limitations period—and remained pending until October 2008, at which point the clock for
his federal limitations period began running again. Five months later, in March 2009, Thomas
filed a second round of state-court motions for post-conviction relief, which, if properly filed,
again tolled his limitations period. Id. Thomas did not file his federal habeas petition until

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another two years later, at which time his March 2009 motions remained pending. Thus, if his
March 2009 motions were “properly filed” as that term is used in § 2244(d)(2), his federal
habeas petition was timely; if not, then not.
The question whether an application for state post-conviction relief was properly filed is
“quite separate from the question whether the claims contained in the application are meritorious
and free of procedural bar.” Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 9 (2000) (emphasis in original). “[A]n
application is ‘properly filed’ when its delivery and acceptance are in compliance with the
applicable laws and rules governing filings.” Id. at 8 (emphasis omitted). Thus, a state-court
application can be properly filed even when the claims within it were not “properly presented or
raised.” Id. at 10 (emphasis in original). For example, an application might consist entirely of
claims that are procedurally defaulted, and yet—depending on the terms of the state rule—the
application itself would be properly filed. Id. at 9.
Here, the state trial court construed Thomas’s March 2009 application for post-conviction
relief as two motions arising separately under Rule 11.42 and Rule 60.02. The court then
rejected both motions on the merits.

The Court of Appeals likewise rejected Thomas’s

60.02 motion on the merits, but held that his 11.42 motion was successive and thus procedurally
barred. (Although a procedural bar does not necessarily equate to a rule governing filings, the
Kentucky courts seem to treat Rule 11.42(3) that way, and in any event Thomas conceded at oral
argument that his 11.42 motion was not properly filed.) Thus, neither the trial court nor the
Kentucky Court of Appeals rejected Thomas’s 60.02 motion on the ground that it failed to
comply with state “laws and rules governing filings.” Artuz, 531 U.S. at 8. Instead both courts
rejected that motion on the merits. Hence the 60.02 motion was “properly filed” for purposes of
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
The warden responds that Thomas’s Rule 60.02 motion was an obvious attempt to
circumvent the bar of Rule 11.42(3), and that we should therefore treat his 60.02 motion as
improperly filed. But the Kentucky courts can police their own rules. Just as federal courts
sometimes construe a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) as a successive petition for purposes of
28 U.S.C. § 2244, see, e.g., Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 547 (1998), so too the
Kentucky courts could have construed Thomas’s March 2009 filing as a single motion whose

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filing was barred by Rule 11.42(3). Instead, they treated the filing as two separate motions—and
denied Thomas’s Rule 60.02 motion on the merits without ever suggesting that the motion was
improperly filed.
The warden also cites Williams v. Birkett, 670 F.3d 729 (6th Cir. 2012), but that decision
only underscores the weakness of the warden’s argument here. In Williams, this court held that a
Michigan rule against successive motions for state post-conviction relief was a rule governing
the filing of such motions. But that rule explicitly instructs state courts to “return without filing
any successive motions for relief from judgment.” Mich. Ct. R. 6.502(G)(1) (emphasis added);
see Williams, 670 F.3d at 730 (“Michigan law does not allow the filing of second motions for
post-conviction relief”) (emphasis added). Kentucky Rule 11.42(3) says nothing of the sort here.
Instead Rule 11.42(3) sets forth a rule of res judicata: “[f]inal disposition of [a post-conviction]
motion shall conclude all issues that could reasonably have been presented in the same
proceeding.” Ky. R. Crim. P. 11.42(3).
Rules governing filings, in the main, speak to the court clerk; rules setting forth a
procedural bar speak to the court itself. (Statutes of limitations are the exception, since they are
handled by the courts but considered a filing rule for this purpose. See Pace v. DiGuglielmo,
544 U.S. 408, 417 (2005)). And by the Kentucky courts’ own description in this case, Rule
11.42(3) is a “procedural bar” prohibiting Thomas from obtaining relief on claims he could have
raised in earlier proceedings. Thomas v. Commonwealth, No. 2010–CA–000227–MR, 2011 WL
2553519, at *3 (Ky. Ct. App. June 10, 2011). Thus, as applied by the Kentucky courts here,
Rule 11.42(3) did not preclude Thomas from filing a motion to vacate his judgment under Ky. R.
Civ. P. 60.02(f).
The district court’s judgment is reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.