Mann v. Towne et al

Filing 33

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting in part and denying in part 19 MOTION for Summary Judgment, as further set out in order. Signed by Honorable Judge W. Harold Albritton, III on 7/24/2014. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Appeals Checklist) (wcl, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
EASTERN DIVISION

RANDALL E. MANN, an individual,
Plaintiff,
v.
JASON C. TOWNE, in his individual capacity,
CHRIS MCCRANE, in his individual capacity,
and CITY OF DADEVILLE, ALABAMA,
Defendants.

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Civil Action No. 3:13cv668-WHA
(wo)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
This case is before the court on a Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the Defendants
on May 30, 2014 (Doc. #19), and a Response brief by the Defendants which the court has
construed as a supplement to the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #24). The Plaintiff filed a
Complaint in this case on September 18, 2013. The Plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint on
June 27, 2014, with leave of the court.
The Plaintiff brings claims for unlawful and unreasonable search and seizure under 42
U.S.C. §1983 against Defendants Jason Towne (“Towne”) and Chris McCrane (“McCrane”)
(Count One), for violation of substantive due process (bodily integrity) under 42 U.S.C. §1983
against Towne and McCrane (Count Two), deprivation of civil rights (deliberate indifference)
under 42 U.S.C. §1983 against the City of Dadeville (Count Three), negligence against Towne and
McCrane (Count Four), and neglectfulness, unskillfulness, and carelessness against the City of
Dadeville (Count Five).
For the reasons to be discussed, the Motion for Summary Judgment and the supplement to

that motion are due to be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
II.

SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Summary judgment is proper "if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

...

the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322 (1986).
The party asking for summary judgment "always bears the initial responsibility of
informing the district court of the basis for its motion,@ relying on submissions Awhich it believes
demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Id. at 323. Once the moving party
has met its burden, the nonmoving party must Ago beyond the pleadings@ and show that there is a
genuine issue for trial. Id. at 324.
Both the party Aasserting that a fact cannot be,@ and a party asserting that a fact is genuinely
disputed, must support their assertions by Aciting to particular parts of materials in the record,@ or
by Ashowing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute,
or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.@ Fed. R. Civ. P.
56 (c)(1)(A),(B). Acceptable materials under Rule 56(c)(1)(A) include Adepositions, documents,
electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for
purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials.@
To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party "must do more than show that there is
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). On the other hand, the evidence of the nonmovant must be
believed and all justifiable inferences must be drawn in its favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
2

After the nonmoving party has responded to the motion for summary judgment, the court
shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
III.

FACTS

In May 2013, the Plaintiff, Randall Mann (“Mann”), and two other individuals were
traveling in a white Ford Taurus owned by Mann’s mother. Mann was the driver. According to
the deposition testimony of Defendant Towne, a City of Dadeville police officer, the Tallapoosa
County Sheriff’s office dispatched as follows:
that a white Ford Taurus, giving the tag number, was going to be driven by
Randall Mann. Other occupants in the vehicle were David Kiztiah, and they
were unsure on the third occupant. Was going to be traveling on Highway 280,
and there were narcotics in the vehicle.
(Doc. #29-2 at p. 14:6-13).1 Defendant Chris McCrane (“McCrane”), also a City of Dadeville
police officer, also received the dispatch and testified about it in his deposition as follows:
There was supposed to have been an occupant in the area by the name of Terrence
Kiztiah that had drugs in the car. It gave a vehicle description, white Ford Taurus
traveling on U.S. 280.
(Doc. #29-3 at p. 20: 19-23). McCrane stated that the call was on the 911 line and that all 911
calls are recorded. (Doc. #29-3 at p. 21:15-21).
In response to a deposition question about McCrane getting a call from Towne, McCrane
stated that they got a dispatch, Towne had been sitting on U.S. 280 looking for the car and he
“recognized the passengers in the car.” (Doc. #29-3 at p. 20: 8-12).
Towne testified that he saw the Taurus in which Mann and the other two individuals were
1

The Deposition transcripts have been filed under seal; however, the parties have referred to and
quoted testimony in their unsealed briefs. Therefore, the court has also referred to testimony from
the depositions.
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traveling. Towne also observed that a passenger was not wearing a seatbelt. (Doc. #29-2 at p.
14:15-18). He ran the license tag number and initiated a traffic stop. McCrane pulled his vehicle
directly behind Towne’s vehicle at the stop. Both police vehicles had recording devices.
Towne states in an affidavit that when he approached the driver’s side of the vehicle he
observed several beer bottles in the front passenger seat and back floorboard and he smelled
alcohol. (Doc. #19-2 at p.2). When he asked Mann if there were any narcotics in the vehicle,
Mann responded that “there shouldn’t be.” (Doc. #19-2 at p.2).
Towne had Mann exit the vehicle and Towne conducted a pat-down search of Mann. He
did not locate any weapons or contraband as a result of the pat-down. Towne testified in his
deposition that he told McCrane that he just did a “quick pat” and then asked McCrane to “take Mr.
Mann” because they had other occupants in the car. (Doc. #29-2 at p.17:11-17). McCrane stated
in his affidavit that he noticed that Mann had two pairs of shorts on, so he had him drop one pair,
and then frisked Mann on the opposite side of Towne’s vehicle. (Doc. #19-3 at p.2). In his
deposition, Mann stated that he was told to remove his hat, shirt, shorts, and underwear and did so.
Mann testified that he was standing on the side of the road with no clothes on, but that no one
searched him while he was naked. (Doc. #30-1 at p.116:1-11). In an affidavit, however, Mann
states that he dropped his underwear and pulled them back to his waist and then McCrane placed a
hand inside the underwear and searched inside the underwear. (Doc. #29-4 at ¶5).
During the stop, recording devices in the dashboards of Towne and McCrane’s vehicles
were recording. The video recordings do not reveal Mann removing his hat and shirt or
underwear. The recording does show Mann dropping a pair of white shorts, an officer patting and
shaking gray shorts which Mann was still wearing, and Mann pulling his white shorts back on.

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(Doc. #19-5 beginning at 3:09).
Other drug task force officers who are not defendants in the case were also present at the
scene.
A firearm, drugs, a game camera, and other items were found during a search of the car and
other occupants, and all three occupants of the car were arrested.

IV. DISCUSSION
Federal Claims
Mann brings federal Fourth Amendment claims for the stop of the vehicle he was driving,
his detention, and searches of his person and the vehicle.
A. Unlawful Seizure/Stop Claim
The Fourth Amendment prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures....” U.S. Const.
Amend. IV. Generally, warrantless seizures are presumptively unreasonable. United States v.
Gordon, 231 F.3d 750 (11th Cir. 2000). But, a “Terry stop” is an exception to the warrant
requirement. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Under Terry and its progeny, “an officer
may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer
has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Illinois v. Wardlow, 528
U.S. 119, 123 (2000). To have a reasonable suspicion, “[t]he officer must be able to articulate
more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or ‘hunch’ of criminal activity.’ ” Id.
(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). Reasonable suspicion is “dependent upon the ‘totality of the
circumstances,’ including both the content of the information and its reliability.” United States v.
Heard, 367 F.3d 1275, 1278 (11th Cir. 2004).

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The Defendants argue that Towne and McCrane are entitled to qualified immunity on
Mann’s unlawful stop claim. Qualified immunity is a protection designed to allow government
officials to avoid the expense and disruption of trial. Ansley v. Heinrich, 925 F.2d 1339, 1345
(11th Cir.1991). As a preliminary matter, the court must determine whether the public official
was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority at the time the allegedly wrongful acts
occurred. See Rich v. Dollar, 841 F.2d 1558, 1563 (11th Cir. 1988). Once it is established that a
defendant was acting within his discretionary authority, the court must determine whether "[t]aken
in a light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's
conduct violated a constitutional right?" Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). "[I]f a
constitutional right would have been violated under the plaintiff's version of the facts," the court
must then determine "whether the right was clearly established." Wood v. Kesler 323 F.3d 872,
878 (11th Cir. 2003).
Requiring that a constitutional right be clearly established means that liability only
attaches if "[t]he contours of the right [violated are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official
would understand that what he is doing violates that right." United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259,
270 (1997). In other words, a defendant is entitled to "fair warning" that his conduct deprived his
victim of a constitutional right. Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002).
As noted above, a traffic stop is valid if it is justified by reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. For purposes of the qualified immunity inquiry, the officers
must have arguable reasonable suspicion. Jackson v. Sauls, 206 F.3d 1156, 1166 (11th Cir. 2000).
Mann responds to the supplemented Motion for Summary Judgment as to his stop claim by
arguing that Mann and Towne were acting within their discretionary authority, but violated clearly

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established Fourth Amendment law because there is at least a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether the traffic stop was initiated based on a seat belt infraction, and that the anonymous tip
given by dispatch was not reliable, and was uncorroborated. In their Reply brief, the Defendants
clarify that they do not contend that the stop was based on a seatbelt infraction, but solely on the
dispatched tip. Therefore, the court will only analyze the qualified immunity defense invoked by
the Defendants as to the stop based on the dispatched tip.
In this case, the reasonable suspicion upon which the officers based their Terry stop arose
from a tip by an unnamed female to the 911 line. An anonymous tip can be part of the totality of
the circumstances which give rise to reasonable suspicion. See United States v. Lindsey, 482 F.3d
1285, 1290-91 (11th Cir. 2007). “The issue is whether the tip, as corroborated by independent
police work, exhibited sufficient indicia of reliability to provide reasonable suspicion to make the
investigatory stop.” Id. at 1291 (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325 (1990)). To have
reasonable suspicion based on an anonymous tip, the tip must be reliable “in its assertion of
illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate person.” Id. (quoting Florida v. J.L., 529
U.S. 266 (2000)).
The Supreme Court has addressed the reliability of anonymous tips in the context of Terry
stops in three recent decisions. In White, an anonymous caller reported to the police that a woman
was carrying cocaine and would leave an apartment building at a specified time, get into a car with
a particular description, and drive to a particular motel. Id. at 332. The Court stated that
standing alone, the tip would not have been sufficient, but police observation showed that the
informant had accurately predicted the woman’s movements, which made it reasonable to think
that the informant had inside information so as to credit the statement about cocaine. Id. The

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Court considered the facts to be a “close case.” Id. at 332.
While in White the Court relied on the prediction, and verification of the predictive
movement, in Navarette v. California, __U.S.__, 134 S.Ct. 1683 (2014),2 the Court explained that
the indicia of reliability, while different in that case, still supported the Terry stop where an
anonymous caller said she had been run off the road by a particular vehicle with a specified license
plate on a particular road, and the police confirmed the location of the truck, confirming that it was
a contemporaneous report and the caller used the 911 system. Id. at 1689. In other words,
predictive information can be considered, along with other factors, but is not required to provide a
sufficient indicia of reliability. As to the use of the 911 system, the Court noted that tips in 911
calls are not per se reliable, but because “a reasonable officer could think that a false tipster would
think twice before using such a system,” a caller’s use of the 911 system is “one of the relevant
circumstances that, taken together, justified the officer’s reliance on the information reported in
the 911 call.” Id. at 1690.
In Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266 (2000), the Court found that a stop was not based on
reasonable suspicion. In that case, an anonymous caller reported to the police that a young black
male standing at a particular bus stop was wearing a plaid shirt and carrying a gun. When the
police arrived, they saw three black males at the bus stop, one of whom was wearing a plaid shirt.
One of the officers told the man wearing the plaid shirt to put his hands up and frisked the man.
The Court explained that the anonymous tip lacked the moderate indicia of reliability present in
White, because there was no predictive information, and so the police were without means to test

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Navarette, decided after the events in question in this case, helps to define the scope of a
constitutional violation, but could not clearly establish the law at the time of the incident for
purposes of qualified immunity.
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the informant’s knowledge or credibility. The Court stated that “an accurate description of a
subject’s readily observable location and appearance . . . does not show that the tipster has
knowledge of criminal activity.” Id. at 272.
In this case, the court does not have before it a recording of the call to the dispatcher or of
the dispatch to the officers. The court has only the Defendants’ testimony as to the dispatch they
received, which has not been disputed by Mann. As set forth fully above, the Defendants have
provided deposition testimony that Towne and McCrane received a dispatch that there was a 911
caller who identified a white 1999 Ford Taurus, with a given tag number, which “was going to be
driven” by Randall Mann on Highway 280, with two passengers, including one named Kiztiah,
and which the caller said contained narcotics. Towne saw a car matching that description in the
location indicated by the tipster and confirmed the tag number. McCrane testified in his
deposition that he and Towne heard the dispatch, Towne saw the vehicle identified, and Towne
recognized the passengers in the car.
Just as the Court found in White, this court finds that the facts in this case are a “close
case,” but that the anonymous tip in this case provided sufficient indicia of reliability both through
personal knowledge of information that would not be available to a mere observer and through
corroboration of some details of the tip by the officers. The caller knew the name of the driver of
the car. See United States v. Wade, 551 F. App’x 546, 548 (11th Cir. 2014) (noting that
corroboration of the anonymous tip came in part by identifying the suspect by name). The caller
knew two other people would be traveling with the driver, and knew the name of one of those
occupants. McCrane’s deposition also indicates that the tipster said that a named occupant,
Kitziah, had the narcotics with him. McCrane also testified in his deposition that the occupants

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were recognized by Towne before the stop. (Doc. #29-3 at p. 20: 11-12). This is corroboration
which did not exist in White, where the police did not verify the name of the woman about whom
the tip was made. 496 U.S. at 331. And, the officers in this case verified the tag number of the
vehicle. Finally, the caller in this case also used the 911 system, providing an indicia of
reliability. Navarette, 134 S.Ct. at 1690.
Mann has argued that there was no predictive information offered in the tip in this case.
While the caller did not offer a destination for the Taurus, the deposition testimony of Towne
regarding the tip arguably is more predictive than the tip in J.L., because he indicated that the
dispatch was that the vehicle was “going to be traveling” on Highway 280.
The court concludes that, taken together, in a totality of the circumstances, the anonymous
tip, as corroborated, exhibited sufficient indicia of reliability to support reasonable suspicion for
the Terry stop in this case. Even if there is a constitutional violation, however, the court
concludes that a reasonable officer would have concluded that he had arguable reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity to conduct a Terry stop under clearly established law. “The
relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it
would be clear to a reasonable [police officer] that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he
confronted.” Morris v. Town of Lexington Alabama, 748 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th Cir. 2014)
(quotation omitted)(emphasis in original). Summary judgment is, therefore, due to be
GRANTED as to Towne and McCrane on the unlawful stop claim.
B. Unlawful Search Claims
1. Bodily Integrity and Deliberate Indifference
The Defendants have moved for summary judgment as to the substantive due process and

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deliberate indifference claims in Counts Two and Three.
Mann responds that he offers no opposition to this. The court has reviewed the
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and the evidence cited in support of it as to these two
claims, and finds no question of material fact which would preclude summary judgment. The
Motion for Summary Judgment is, therefore, due to be GRANTED as to the bodily integrity claim
in Count Two and the deliberate indifference claim in Count Three.
2. First Pat-Down Search
Mann contends that Town and McCrane had no constitutional basis upon which to conduct a
frisk or pat-down search.
The Defendants argue that Towne and McCrane are entitled to qualified immunity as to
Mann’s unlawful search claim because they were acting within their discretionary authority and no
constitutional right was violated in the pat-down search, and even if it were unconstitutional, the
right is not so clearly-established as to give Towne and McCrane fair warning that they were
violating Mann’s constitutional rights.
An officer is justified in conducting a limited search for weapons once he has reasonably
concluded that a person who was lawfully stopped might be armed and presently dangerous.
Terry, 392 U.S. at 21–22. A frisk is justified only by the law enforcement officer's reasonable
belief that a detained individual is presently armed and that weapons must be removed for officer
safety. See United States v. Bonds, 829 F.2d 1072, 1074 (11th Cir. 1987). Because drug activity
is known to be linked to weapons and violence, an officer may have sufficient reason to believe a
person suspected of drug activity might be armed and dangerous. See United States v. Hromada,
49 F.3d 685, 689 (11th Cir.1995) (“Guns and violence go hand-in-hand with illegal drug

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operations.”).
In this case, there was a tip about the presence of narcotics. In addition to the tip, when
Mann was asked about narcotics being present in the car, Towne testified that Mann answered in a
non-responsive way, replying that “there shouldn’t be.” (Doc. #19-2 at p.2). Furthermore, Towne
saw beer bottles and smelled alcohol in the car. (Doc. #19-2 at p.2). See United States v. Salter,
255 F. App’x 355, 360 (11th Cir. 2007) (in evaluating the reasonableness of a pat-down search, the
court considered that there was a perceptible odor of alcohol and open beer bottles). This court
concludes that “a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief
that his safety or that of others was in danger,” Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, so the initial pat-down after
the stop did not violate the constitution in this case.
3. Second Pat-Down Search
Mann maintains that there was no constitutional basis even for the initial pat-down search,
but even if there were such a basis, the second search conducted by McCrane violated Mann’s
rights. Mann points out that no contraband or weapons were discovered during the initial
pat-down search to justify a more intrusive search, but that McCrane undertook a second, and
intrusive search. At various points, Mann characterizes this second search as a “strip search.”
The Defendants argue that there is no question of fact, and that the video evidence of the
stop conclusively establishes that there was no so-called “strip search” of Mann. The Defendants
further state that Mann has not provided testimony evidence to establish his version of events.
The Defendant’s state that Mann’s affidavit is not consistent with his deposition testimony, and
that the affidavit is due to be stricken as inconsistent without explanation. See Van T. Junkins &
Assoc., Inc. v. U.S. Indus., Inc., 736 F.2d 656 (11th Cir. 1984).

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The court agrees that much of Mann’s deposition testimony is contradicted by the video
evidence. Mann testified in his deposition that he was forced to remove his hat, shirt, shorts, and
underwear and stand naked along Highway 280. (Doc. #29-1 at p. 68:14-73:20). The video,
however, does not support a finding that he had to remove all of his clothing and stand completely
unclothed. A court may not accept a nonmovant’s version of facts that are “blatantly contradicted
by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe [them].” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380
(2007). The record can include video evidence. Id. at 381. Therefore, summary judgment is
due to be GRANTED to the extent that Mann claims that he was “strip searched” or made to stand
naked on the side of the road.
Mann has presented a second theory of his unreasonable search claim, however, stating
that he was searched while wearing his underwear.3 In his affidavit, Mann states that McCrane
placed his hand inside Mann’s boxer underwear while Mann is wearing his underwear. In his
brief, Mann summarizes the facts as demonstrated in the dash board video recording as follows:
Mann was frisked by Towne, Mann was taken to the opposite side of the car by McCrane,
McCrane is wearing a latex glove, McCrane causes Mann to remove his shorts, and McCrane
searched the inside of Mann’s boxer underwear.
It is undisputed, and supported by video evidence, that Mann dropped a pair of shorts, and
an officer conducted a pat-down of Mann. McCrane has stated in an affidavit that he noticed
3

Although they have asked the court not to consider certain evidence, the Defendants have not
argued that this unreasonable search claim is not before the court. It is the Defendants who initially
set out the facts of McCrane’s requiring Mann to drop his shorts and his pat-down of the shorts
underneath. The Defendants characterized the proposed Amended Complaint as containing a
claim for lack of probable cause to conduct a traffic stop, detention, and search of the Plaintiff and
the vehicle. (Doc. #24 at p.2). The court concludes, therefore, that the Amended Complaint fairly
includes an unreasonable search based on a search after removal of Mann’s shorts.
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Mann was wearing two pairs of shorts and a pair of underwear. (Doc. #19-3). According to
McCrane, he asked Mann to drop the first pair of shorts so that he could search the second pair.
(Doc. #19-3 at p.2). Mann testified in his deposition, however, that he was only wearing white
painter shorts and was not wearing a second pair of shorts. (Doc. #29-1 at p.69:9-70:1). He says
that he had on shorts and a pair of boxer underwear underneath those shorts. (Doc. #29-1 at
p.69:18-21).
The video evidence is not conclusive on this point. In one recording, Mann is visible
when he lowers a pair of white shorts to the ground. (Doc. #19-5 at 3:18). He continues to wear a
pair of gray shorts, and an officer touches those shorts and appears to shake them. It is not clear
from the video evidence whether the gray shorts were covering underwear or were the only layer
beneath the white shorts.
Because Mann has denied in his deposition that he had on two pairs of shorts, and the video
evidence does not blatantly contradict Mann’s testimony so that no reasonable jury could believe
it, it is in dispute as to whether Mann had two pairs of shorts on, or one pair of shorts and
underwear.4
The scope of Terry frisk is “a carefully limited search of the outer clothing” in an attempt to
discover weapons. 392 U.S. at 30. Courts have found that a more extensive pat down is
It is also unclear from the video evidence whether McCrane’s hand was ever inside of the gray
shorts. The video does not squarely contradict Mann’s affidavit statement that McCrane’s hand
was inside his underwear. Even without evidence that McCrane searched inside Mann’s
underwear, however, the court concludes that the second pat-down was not consistent with Terry,
for the reasons discussed below. Therefore, for purposes of deciding the summary judgment
motion, the court need not consider the affidavit statement to the effect that McCrane put his hands
inside Mann’s underwear, or, consequently, the Defendants’ argument that the affidavit should be
stricken under Van T. Junkins, 735 F.2d 657. If the Defendants contend that such evidence should
be excluded from trial, evidentiary issues can be raised before trial in a timely-filed motion in
limine.
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4

reasonable in some circumstances when a defendant is wearing extra clothes.5 See, e.g., United
States v. Armstrong, No. CR213–008, 2013 WL 3778410, at *3 (S.D. Ga. July 17, 2013) (finding
that shaking of defendant's shorts to continue searching for a weapon after an initial pat-down was
reasonable and did not exceed the scope of the Terry frisk where a person was wearing two pair of
shorts under another pair of shorts). In this case, however, a second pat down, including the
removal of a pair of shorts to search clothing underneath, where it is disputed as to whether Mann
had on multiple layers of outer clothing, goes beyond the scope of a Terry frisk. See United States
v. Smith, 694 F. Supp. 2d 1242, 1257-58 (M.D. Ala. 2009) (although finding that evidence was not
due to be suppressed for other reasons, expressing the opinion that subjecting a person to two
separate pat-downs including a removal of his shoes was a search which went beyond a Terry frisk
for officer safety), aff’d 481 F. App’x 834 (11th Cir. 2014).
The court concludes that while much of Mann’s testimony in his deposition of the second
search is contradicted by the video evidence, the undisputed evidence that McCrane conducted a
second frisk after the initial pat-down, along with the disputed evidence as to whether Mann was
wearing more than a single layer of outer clothing, leads this court to conclude that a question of
fact exists as to the constitutional violation. In other words, while Mann’s testimony is largely
contradicted by evidence, his testimony that he was wearing only one pair of pants is not clearly
contradicted, and, accepting his version of the facts, the video evidence of the second search
demonstrates that a search which exceeded the scope of Terry occurred.
The law, as set out above, was clearly established that a Terry stop only allows for a
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The court notes that the Defendants have treated the search of Mann as one event. Whether
viewed as two separate pat-downs, or whether viewed as a continuation of the first pat-down,
McCrane’s pat-down goes beyond the scope of what is permissible under Terry as a frisk for
officer safety.
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pat-down search of the outer clothing for weapons of lawfully-stopped individuals who might be
armed and presently dangerous. The evidence is undisputed that no weapons were found during
the initial pat-down of Mann, and that McCrane conducted a second-pat down after requiring
Mann to drop his shorts. Because the evidence is in dispute as to whether there were multiple
layers of outer clothing, qualified immunity is due to be DENIED to Towne and McCrane at this
point in the proceedings.6
4. Search of Vehicle
Mann alleges in the Amended Complaint that the Defendants violated his rights by
conducting a search of Mann and his vehicle. In their opposition to the Motion to Amend, which
the court has construed as a supplement to the Motion for Summary Judgment, the Defendants
contend that there was probable cause to search the vehicle because the search was conducted after
drugs were found on one of the occupants of the vehicle. The Defendants also point out that
Mann testified in his deposition that McCrane did not search his vehicle, and that he did not see
Towne search the vehicle, and that he saw the task force search his vehicle. (Doc. #24-2 at
p.102:1-103:23). Mann states in his deposition that McCrane and Towne did not do anything that
he objected to during the search of the car. (Doc. #24-2 at p.210 4-13).
In his brief in response to the supplement to the Motion for Summary Judgment, Mann
mentions in passing the search of the vehicle as being part of his claim, but does not present any
evidence in opposition to the evidence presented by the Defendants. Therefore, in the light of the

The parties have not distinguished between the two officers’ actions for purpose of qualified
immunity under the Fourth Amendment, seemingly because Towne said he did a “quick pat” and
then asked McCrane to “take Mr. Mann” because they had other occupants in the car. (Doc.
#29-2 at p.17:11-17). Because the Defendants have not separately analyzed the liability of these
Defendants, the court has not either.
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6

Defendants having argued that there is no evidence that McCrane or Towne illegally searched the
vehicle, and pointing to affirmative evidence in support of their argument, and Mann having failed
to create a question of fact as to this claim, the Motion for Summary Judgment is due to be
GRANTED as to the search of the vehicle claim.

State Law Claims
Mann brings claims in Counts Four and Five of the Amended Complaint which allege that
Towne and McCrane are liable for negligence and carried out duties in a neglectful, unskillful,
and/or careless manner by conducting an overtly intrusive strip-search of Mann, and that the City
of Dadeville can be held liable for that neglect, unskillfulness, and carelessness.
The Defendants urge the court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the
state law claims. The Defendants also move for summary judgment on the state law claims
against Towne and McCrane on the basis of Ala. Code § 6-5-338(a) immunity, and against the City
of Dadeville on the basis that the City enjoys immunity when its officers are found to be immune.
Under Ala. Code §6-5-338(a), police officers have immunity from tort liability arising out
of conduct in performance of any discretionary function within the line and scope of their law
enforcement duties. State-agent immunity derives from Alabama's constitution and shields state
employees from civil liability unless they act “willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith,
beyond [their] authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law,” or if the Constitution or
laws of the United States or Alabama require otherwise. Ex parte Cranman, 792 So.2d 392, 405
(Ala. 2000). The Cranman test for State-agent immunity also determines whether a police officer
is entitled to discretionary-function immunity under § 6–5–338(a). Ex parte City of Tuskegee, 932
So.2d 895, 904 (Ala.2005).
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Mann responds that the lack of arguable probable cause, the fact that Towne and McCrane
did not follow the City of Dadeville’s strip-search policy, and the fact that they stopped Mann
outside of the city limits of the City of Dadeville means that Towne and McCrane are not entitled
to immunity.
State-agent immunity is subject to a burden-shifting framework. See Brown v. City of
Huntsville, Ala., 608 F.3d 724, 741 (11th Cir.2010). The police officer bears the burden of
demonstrating that the plaintiff's claims arise from a function that would give rise to immunity. Id.
Then, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the police officer “acted willfully, maliciously,
fraudulently, in bad faith, or beyond his or her authority.” Id. (citation omitted).
Mann is correct that a lack of arguable probable cause can mean that officers are not
entitled to State-agent or discretionary function immunity under Alabama law. See Brown v. City
of Huntsville, Ala., 608 F.3d 724, 741 (11th Cir. 2010) (stating that the “Alabama Supreme Court
has applied the same ‘arguable probable cause’ standard utilized in this Court's federal qualified
immunity cases for determining whether a city police officer receives state-agent immunity for his
role in an arrest.”); Harris v. City Of Prattville, 2:07cv349-WHA, 2008 WL 2704684, at *16
(M.D. Ala. July 7, 2008) (finding no arguable probable cause to arrest plaintiff in her home, so that
the officer is not entitled to discretionary or State-agent immunity).
Although the standard at issue in this case is arguable reasonable suspicion, not probable
cause, it would seem that the same reasoning would apply. See Kleinshnitz v. Phares, No.
1:13cv209-MEF, 2013 WL 5797621, at *6 (M.D. Ala. Oct. 28, 2013)(interpreting Ex parte
Duvall, 782 So.2d 244, 248 (Ala. 2000) as applying State-agent immunity to officers with a
reasonable suspicion sufficient to conduct a Terry stop); Johnson v. Birmingham, No.

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2:10cv2836-VEH, 2012 WL 3775867, at *11 (N.D. Ala. Aug. 24, 2012) (granting summary
judgment in favor of a plaintiff on a state law claim where officers lacked arguable reasonable
suspicion for a Terry stop). Therefore, the questions of fact precluding summary judgment as to
the federal search claim also preclude summary judgment on the basis of immunity to the state law
negligence claim arising from the second search, or second part of the search, of Mann, which
went beyond the scope of a permissible Terry pat-down search for officer safety.7
The City of Dadeville claims immunity pursuant to Ala. Code §6-5-338(b). If the officers
are not entitled to immunity under Ala. Code §6-5-338(a), then the City of Dadeville cannot claim
the immunity of its officers. See City of Crossville v. Haynes, 925 So. 2d 944, 955 (Ala. 2005).
In addition to the discretionary function or State-agent immunity grounds for summary
judgment, the Defendants also argue that the City of Dadeville cannot be held liable for intentional
acts, citing Alabama Code §11-47-190. While it is the case that Ala. Code §11-47-190 only
allows for liability on the part of a city for “injury or wrong . . . done or suffered through the
neglect, carelessness or unskillfulness of some agent,” and although the Defendants argue that
Mann is claiming intentional acts, the state law claim as pled in the Amended Complaint is one for
negligence. If Mann prevails on a negligence claim against the officers, a jury can also find
against the City of Dadeville for their actions.
V. CONCLUSION
As discussed above, there was a legal stop in this case, but questions of fact, viewed in a
light most favorable to the non-movant, would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that a
resulting pat-down search exceeded constitutional bounds, and those bounds are
In light of this, the court need not address Mann’s other bases for denying summary judgment as
to State-agent or discretionary function immunity.
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7

clearly-established law. Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED as follows:
1.

The Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. #19) is GRANTED and Judgment is
entered in favor of the Defendants and against Randall Mann as to the unlawful stop,
initial pat-down, and strip-search claims in Count One, the bodily integrity claim in
Count Two, and the deliberate indifference claim in Count Three, and the “strip search”
negligence claims in Counts Four and Five of the Amended Complaint.

2. The Motion for Summary judgment (Doc. #19) is DENIED as to an unreasonable
search claim in Count One of the Amended Complaint based on the disputed facts
surrounding the second pat-down of Mann after removal of a pair of shorts, and a
negligence claim against Towne, McCrane, and the City of Dadeville in Counts Four
and Five based on the same facts.
The case will proceed to trial against Towne and McCrane for a Fourth Amendment claim of an
unlawful pat-down search and negligence in regard to that search, and against the City of
Dadeville for Towne and McCrane’s negligence in conducting the unlawful pat-down search.

Done this 24th day of July, 2014.

/s/ W. Harold Albritton
W. HAROLD ALBRITTON
SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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