Pessano et al v. Google, Inc.

Filing 1

CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT against Google, Inc. with Jury Demand (Filing fee $350 receipt number TPA5102) filed by Jon Pessano, Nicholas Lawrence, Sid Lajzer. (Attachments: # 1 Civil Cover Sheet)(CH)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION
JON PESSANO,
NICHOLAS LAWRENCE, and
SID LAJZER,
on behalf of themselves and
all others similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
v.

CASE NO.:

GOOGLE, INC.,
Class Action

Defendant,
/
CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT AND DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
(Injunctive Relief and Damages Sought)
Plaintiffs Jon Pessano, Nick Lawrence and Sid Lajzer, on behalf of themselves and
others similarly situated, hereby bring this action against (1) Defendant Google, Inc.; (2) a
defendant class of app makers represented by Pandora Media, Inc.; and (3) a second
defendant class of electronic tracking/marketing companies represented by Defendants
AdMob, Inc. and Traffic Marketplace, Inc., and allege as follows:
INTRODUCTION
1.

This action asserts consumers rights not to have their locations tracked,

stored, and communicated to Google. Customers buying the newest gadgets want a product;
they are not signing up to volunteer for free as mules for Google s efforts to build its
individual location marketing database, which it uses to generate many billions of extra

© 2011 Aaron Mayer

revenue dollars. Google Inc. s Android smartphones regularly transmit their locations back
to

Google according to data and documents analyzed by The Wall Street Journal.

1

Although it does not make the actual smartphones, Google engineers the operating systems
for many models of smartphones. 2 Through its operating systems, called Android operating
systems, Google creates and stores individual user location data and transmits that data back
to its own databases. According to security analysts Samy Kamkar and Ashkan Soltani, an
HTC model phone running the Android operating system collected its location every few
seconds and transmitted the data to Google at least several times an hour.

Google Collects

(emphasis added). Google also transmitted a unique phone identifier, even though it
previously has said that the data it collects is anonymous.

Id. The unique phone

identifier (UDID) can be readily used to identify the name of the phone s users.
2.

Along with the UDID and location data, Defendants transmit other user

information, including at least

age, gender, income, ethnicity, sexual orientation and

political views in addition to income and parental status.3 Further sources for data include
the phone s camera, memory, contact list, and more than 100 others.

Watching You. All

these data sources are Sensitive Information about users.
3.

Fifty Google Android apps were tested by the Wall Street Journal to

determine whether they transmitted data from six sources: username and password, contacts,
age and gender, location, phone ID, and phone number.4 Of those tested, thirty-seven apps

1

Apple, Google Collect User Data, by Julia Angwin and Jennifer Valentino-Devries, Wall Street Journal
(WSJ), April 22, 2011 (hereafter Google Collects).
2
To explain by analogy, Google provides the operating system on many smartphones like Microsoft provides
the operating system on many computers.
3
Your Apps are Watching You, by Scott Thurm and Yukari Iwatani Kane, WSJ, Dec. 17, 2010 (Watching You).
4
Available at http://blogs.wsj.com/wtk-mobile/ (last visited 5/9/2011).

2

transferred information that was not required for the functioning of the application. That is
about 75% of the apps that transfer data that users do not expect to be transferred. And that
test analyzed only six categories of information

there are over 100 categories of

information to which Google s Android operating system can provide app-makers access.
Seven apps transmitted data directly to third parties. App-maker Defendant Pandora, which
merely provides music to users, collected user location and phone ID and transferred data
directly to third parties.
4.

Like a user s location, which

commercially available software,

5

unauthorized third-parties can easily access this

additional Sensitive Information about users.
Association

is available to anyone with certain

According to the Mobile Marketing

an industry trade group of which many Defendants are members

In the

world of mobile, there is no anonymity. Watching You.
5.

According to Defendant Traffic Marketplace, The great thing about mobile

is you can t clear a UDID .That s how we track everything.

Watching You (quoting

Meghan O Holleran of Traffic Marketplace.
6.

Google violates user privacy an effort to amass an unlawful database of

individual location data unapproved by users, but worth billions of dollars in marketing
money to Google and Defendants.
7.

Google not only tracks, stores and transmits individual user location data for

its own location marketing purposes, it also makes individual location data available to the
5

Apple Inc. s Response to Request for Information Regarding Its Privacy Policy and Location-Based Services,
letter from Apple s general counsel Bruce Sewell to U.S. Representatives Edward Markey and Joe Barton. July
12, 2010 (hereafter Apple s Letter), p. 6-9, 12. Available at http://markey.house.gov/docs/applemarkeybarton712-10.pdf.

3

defendant class of third-party app-maker Defendants without providing any oversight
whatsoever of those third-party applications.
8.

A Google Android webpage apparently targeting an audience of

programmers is titled Location Services, in which Google explains to app developers:
Android gives your applications access to the location services supported
by the device to determine location and bearing of the underlying
device .your application is able to do three things:
·

Query the list of all Location Providers for the last know user location.

·

Register/unregister for periodic updates of the user s current location
from a location provider (specified either by criteria or name).

·

Register/unregister for a given Intent to be fired if the device comes
within a given proximity (specified by radius in meters) of a given
lat/long.6

9.

Another Google webpage, titled

Obtaining User Location

explains to

programmers that:
you can utilize GPS7 and Android s Network Location Provider to acquire
the user location. Although GPS is most accurate, it only works outdoors,
it quickly consumes battery power and doesn t return the location as
quickly .Android s Network Location Provider determines user location
using cell tower and Wi-Fi signals, providing location information in a
way that works indoors and outdoors .To obtain the user location in your
application, you can use both GPS and the Network Location Provider, or
just one.8
10.

Google and the app-maker Defendants both share with the second defendant

class of third-party marketing Defendants

led by AdMob and Traffic Marketplace

the

individual user location, and other data that they obtain without user consent or knowledge.

6

Available at http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/location/index.html (last visited 5/6/2011).
GPS is an abbreviation of global positioning system, which uses satellites to determine location.
8
Available at http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/location/obtaining-user-location.html (5/6/2011).
7

4

Google Collects.
11.

Users of Google s Android operating system have no way to prevent Google

and the other Defendants from collecting their individual location data because even if users
disable Android s global positioning system (GPS) components, Android s tracking system
remains fully functional. Further, while an Android device s location services are toggled
to off, the device simply stores the user s location information for later transmittal to
Google when the location services are toggled back to on.

Location services, which are

on by default, are required for normal functioning of Android devices. Likewise, the apps
collect and transmit data even when they are not in use.

It is nearly impossible to prevent

cellphone[s] and apps from transmitting information about a phone and its owner.

9

Thus,

Android s location tracking is never off; rather, it can merely be postponed temporarily, at
best.
PARTIES
12.

Plaintiff Jon Pessano is a resident of Hillsborough County, Florida, who at all

relevant times has owned a smartphone running Google s Android operating system and the
relevant applications from Defendants, and has carried that phone with him everywhere.
13.

Plaintiff Nicholas Lawrence is a resident of Texas state, who at all relevant

times has owned a smartphone running Google s Android operating system and the relevant
applications from Defendants, and has carried that phone with him everywhere.
14.

Plaintiff Sid Lajzer is a resident of Texas state, who at all relevant times has

owned a smartphone running Google s Android operating system and the relevant

9

What Can You Do? Not Much, by Jennifer Valentino-Devries, WSJ, Dec. 18, 2011.

5

applications from Defendants, and has carried that phone with him everywhere.
15.

Defendant Google, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in California.
16.

Defendant Pandora Media, Inc. is a Delaware Corporation with its principal

place of business in California.
17.

Defendant AdMob, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in California.
18.

Defendant Traffic Marketplace, Inc. is a Delaware corporation with its

principal place of business in California and is a subsidiary of Epic Media Group.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
19.

This Court has jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). The

amount in controversy between the Class as defined herein and the Defendant exceeds
$5,000,000, exclusive of interest and costs.

The Class as defined herein consists of

individuals from fifty different states and countries around the globe. Greater than two-thirds
of the Class members reside outside of Delaware and California

the states in which

Defendants are citizens.
20.

Additionally, this Court has federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1331 based on the federal civil causes of action provided in: 18 U.S.C. § 1030(g); 18 U.S.C.
§ 2520; 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(A); 18 U.S.C. § 2707; and 47 U.S.C. § 207.
21.

Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1391 in that Plaintiff Jon

Pessano is a resident of this district, many of the acts and transactions giving rise to this
action occurred in this district, and because Defendants:

6

a. are authorized to conduct business in this district and have availed
themselves of the laws and markets within this district through the
promotion, marketing, distribution and sale of their products in this
district;
b. do substantial business in this district; and
c. are subject to personal jurisdiction in this district.
DEFENDANTS PRIVACY VIOLATIONS
22.

Android devices log, record and store users locations based on latitude and

longitude alongside a timestamp. Google, Pandora, AdMob, and Traffic Marketplace do
this both domestically in the United States and internationally. The devices store this
information in a file and transfer it to Google, the other Defendants and third parties of the
Defendants choosing.

Defendants intentionally began recording this sensitive user

information in 2008, when they began to accrue a marketing database worth billions of
dollars.
23.

Google uses a cell-tower triangulation to obtain user location. Alternatively,

Google may use wireless hotspots or GPS data to obtain user location. Google and the other
Defendants access and transmit the data created by Google.
24.

Android devices download the user location data to the user s computer when

the mobile device synchronizes ( syncs ) or shares data with the computer.
25.

Users of Android devices, including Plaintiffs, were unaware of Google s and

Defendants logging, recording and storing the latitude and longitude of their locations,
alongside a timestamp, and did not consent to such tracking. Plaintiffs and users were also

7

unaware of Google s and Defendants accessing, collecting and transferring of other
Sensitive user Information.
26.

Google s Android Privacy Policy

tracking of users:

10

does not disclose its comprehensive

Google offers location-enabled services, such as Google Maps and

Latitude. If you use those services, Google may receive information about your actual
location.

It does not explain the extent of Sensitive personal Information that Google and

Defendants access. Further, it omits the fact that even if users do not utilize Google s
location-based services, such as Google Maps and Latitude, their location and other
Sensitive Information will still be collected and shared with third-parties. Plaintiffs and
other users did not provide any sort of informed consent to the tracking and information
sharing at issue in this case. As Google uses it, the term Privacy Policy is an oxymoron.
27.

The privacy policies of the other Defendants similarly fail to inform users of

the Defendants intentions to access, create and transmit user location data or other Sensitive
Information.
28.

Google and Defendants collect user location information and other user data

covertly, surreptitiously and in violations of law.
29.

Google tracks users locations on its own, separate, apart and in addition to

the information it collects in conjunction with other businesses that develop applications for
Android devices. This action is specifically in objection to (1) Google s own collection of
user location data and other Sensitive user Information, and the collection of the same data
and information by (2) app-maker Defendants, and (3) marketing Defendants.

10

Available at http://www.android.com/privacy.html.

8

30.

Android devices are carried with users to essentially every location they

travel to, making the information collected by Defendants highly personal.

Google s

creation and collection, and enabling of third party collection of such data violates people s
rights

which they do not relinquish to Defendants through the ordinary purchase of a

phone, or use of an app.
31.

In addition to directly violating users rights, the accessibility of the

information collected by Google and Defendants places users at serious risk of privacy
invasions and crimes. Even encrypted data is easily decipherable, making it important to
collect no sensitive user information.
32.

The individual location data is, or can be, readily combined by Defendant

with each device s

unique device identification

(UDID), or equivalent, to identify

particular users either by name or otherwise.
33.

Defendants have a strong incentive to violate users privacy. Databases such

as the one Google began assembling in 2007 could help them tap the $2.9 billion market
for location-based services
firm Gartner Inc.

11

expected to rise to $8.3 billion in 2014, according to research

Thus, Google and Defendants have billions of reasons annually not to

allow users to disable the location services, or other stop Defendants from collecting
location data and Sensitive Information.
34.

Plaintiffs and proposed Class members were harmed by Defendants accrual

of personal location, movement, travel histories and other Sensitive data because their
personal devices were used in ways they did not approve, and because they were personally

11

Apple, Google Collect User Data, by Julia Angwin and Jennifer Valentino-Devries, WSJ, April 22, 2011.

9

tracked just as if by a tracking device for which, in the U.S., a court-ordered warrant and
probable cause would ordinarily be required.
35.

Plaintiffs bring this action to stop Defendant s illegal and intrusive scheme of

collecting, storing and selling personal location data and Sensitive Information.
36.

Plaintiffs seek a court order requiring Defendants to stop unnecessarily

creating, storing, accessing and transmitting individual user location data and other Sensitive
Information, and in addition, requiring Google to begin expressly and succinctly disclosing
to prospective users that Google intends to accumulate their individual location data, and
access their sensitive information such as income, sexual orientation, ethnicity, camera
phone, pictures and the like. Defendants tracking and storing of user location data and
other Sensitive Information is material and Defendants are legally bound to disclose their
intentions before potential device users consummate their Android device purchases, and
their application purchases or downloads.
37.

Defendants concealed their intent to gather user location data and Sensitive

Information, veiled their marketing motives

albeit thinly

to accumulate that data and sell

billions of dollars worth of ads. Plaintiffs therefore seek a further injunction requiring
Defendants to, through a corrective media campaign, affirmatively and candidly inform the
public and the millions of Android device users of the true and full extent of Defendants
tracking behavior.

Full page advertisements in the major national and international

newspapers would be a start.
38.

Google s and the other Defendants acts and omissions have directly and

proximately caused Plaintiffs and Class members damages and losses:

10

a. Exposing their location data and Sensitive Information to
unauthorized recipients;
b. Shortening the battery life of their devices by drawing power for
the unauthorized creation and accumulation of individual location
data through communication with cell towers, wireless hotspots
and GPS infrastructure;
c. Requiring more frequent recharges of device batteries and the
expenses associated therewith;
d. Reducing the storage capability of their devices by covertly
allocating limited device resources to create and store a database of
individual user location information;
e. Creating longer processing times for legitimate device uses
because of resources drawn on by Defendants location data
activities;
f. Causing an increase in data transfer expenses for users with limited
data packages.
39.

Plaintiffs seek damages for violations of their statutory and common law

rights in one class of plaintiffs, based on federal statutes that the U.S. government
customarily applies to domestic perpetrators who have acted on computers in the U.S. or
abroad,12 and on state-law rights, against Google and the two defendant Classes.
CLASS ACTION ALLEGATIONS
Plaintiff Class
12

See e.g. http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/palaSent.pdf.

11

40.

Plaintiffs bring this action on behalf of themselves and proposed plaintiff

Class members under Rules 23(b)(2) and (3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The
proposed plaintiff Class consists of:
All persons worldwide who purchased, owned or carried around a device with
the Android operating system between the time of Google s release of the
Android operating system and the present. Excluded from the Class are those
who purchased the products for resale; and Defendant s officers, directors and
employees.
41.

While the exact number of plaintiff Class members is unknown to the

Plaintiffs at this time, there are likely tens of millions of members of the proposed Class, as
over 67 million Android devices were sold worldwide in 2010. 13 The plaintiff Class is so
numerous that joinder of all members of the Class is impracticable.
42.

This action involves questions of fact common to all plaintiff Class members

because all purchased, own or use Android devices under uniform privacy policies.
43.

This action involves questions of law common to all Class members because:
a. The federal laws violated here are not only national in scope, but are
also routinely applied to domestic perpetrators like Defendants who
have acted on devices outside the United States;
b. Each state has enacted laws comparable to the Federal Trade
Commission Act, known as little FTC acts, which provide private
causes of action with sufficient uniformity that Defendants
standardized practices of collecting location information violated the

13

See http://www.betanews.com/joewilcox/article/Gartner-Android-smartphone-sales-surged-8888-in2010/1297309933.

12

little FTC acts of each state in the same way; and
c. Defendants privacy invasions have violated Plaintiffs and Class
members other state statutory and common law rights in uniform
ways.
44.

The claims of Plaintiffs are typical of those of other members of the Class as

there are no material differences in the facts and law underlying the claims of Plaintiffs and
the Class, and by prosecuting their claims Plaintiffs will advance the claims of Class
members.
45.

The common questions of law and fact among all Class members

predominate over any issues affecting individual members of the Class, including but not
limited to:
a. whether Google obtained, stored or transmitted Plaintiffs location
information;
b. whether Google obtained other sensitive information of Plaintiffs;
c. whether the app-maker Defendants obtained Plaintiffs location data or
other sensitive information;
d. whether the marketing Defendants obtained Plaintiffs location data or
other sensitive information;
e. whether Google;
f. whether the app-maker Defendants failed to disclose material terms in
their privacy policies regarding their collection of users location data
or sensitive information;

13

g. whether Defendants have, do or intend to market or otherwise exploit
users location data or sensitive information;
h. whether the alleged conduct constitutes violations of the laws asserted
herein;
i.

whether Plaintiffs and Class members are entitled to declaratory and
injunctive relief;

j.

whether Plaintiffs and Class members have sustained monetary loss
and the proper measure of that loss;

k. whether Plaintiffs and Class members have sustained consequential
loss, and to what measure; and
l.
46.

whether Defendants acts and omissions warrant punitive damages.
The Plaintiffs claims are typical of the claims of the proposed plaintiff Class,

and those Plaintiffs will fairly and adequately represent and protect the interests of the
proposed Class.

Plaintiffs have retained counsel competent and experienced in the

prosecution of this type of litigation.
47.

The questions of law and fact common to the Class members, some of which

are set out above, predominate over any questions affecting only individual Class members.
48.

Class treatment of the claims set forth herein is superior to other available

methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this controversy. The expense and burden
of individual litigation would make it impracticable or impossible for proposed Class
members to prosecute their claims individually. Absent a class action, a multiplicity of
individual lawsuits would be required to address the claims between Class members and

14

Defendants, and inconsistent treatment and adjudication of the claims would likely result.
49.

The litigation and trial of Plaintiffs claims is manageable.

Defendants

standardized privacy policies, Google s uniform deployment of operating systems that track
each user in identical ways, the consistent provisions of the relevant laws, and the readily
ascertainable identities of many Class members demonstrate that there would be no
significant manageability problems with prosecuting this lawsuit as a plaintiffs class action.
Additionally, notice can be sent directly to the Class through a software update, or similar,
of the Android devices.
50.

Google and the other Defendants have acted or refused to act on grounds that

apply generally to the Class so that final injunctive relief and corresponding declaratory
relief are appropriate.
51.

Unless a class-wide injunction is issued, Defendants will continue to commit

the violations alleged, and the members of the plaintiff Class will continue to be tracked,
unlawfully surveilled, and potentially endangered.
App-Makers Defendant Class I14
52.

Plaintiffs propose a defendant Class under Rules 23(b) of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure, led by named app-maker Defendant Pandora Media. The proposed
defendant Class consists of:
All makers of any application
and employees thereof
for Google s
Android operating system, which application created, collected or transferred
any user location data or other sensitive user information from 2008 to the
present. Excluded from the Class are those makers and employees thereof
14

See The Overlooked Utility of the Defendant Class Action, by Francis Shen, U. Denver L. Rev, v.88, Feb. 12,
2011, p. 72-181 (providing a summary and analysis of defendant class actions). Available at
http://law.du.edu/documents/denver-university-law-review/v88-1/Shen_FinalProof_21111.pdf.

15

of applications that transfer only the data reasonably expected by ordinary
users as necessary to make the applications function, and that do not transfer
that data to third parties.15
53.

While the exact number of app-maker defendant Class members is unknown

to the Plaintiffs at this time, there are over 100,000 Google Android Market apps.16 The
app-maker defendant Class is so numerous that joinder of all members of the Class is
impracticable.
54.

This action involves questions of fact common to all app-maker defendant

Class members because all designed and marketed applications that collect unexpected
information from users
collected

information that users could not reasonably anticipate would be

and all fail to disclose the full extent of their creation, accessing or transferring

of user location data or other Sensitive Information. Like Google s Android privacy policy
and Pandora s privacy policy, these app-makers privacy policies, if they exist at all, are
deficient and inadequate in that they omit descriptions of the true extent of information that
will be collected from users Android devices.
55.
least

Further, all app-maker Defendants were, and continue to be, enabled by

at

Google s provision of the technical requirements for accessing individual user

location data and other sensitive information through Android devices, by Google s handsoff policy in checking the functioning and data collection of apps that it makes available to
the public through its Android Market website, and by Google s facilitating relationships
between the app-maker Defendants, that unlawfully collected and transferred user data, and

15

For example, a map app that collects only location data, only during app use, and does not share that data
with third parties would be excluded from the class.
16
Watching You, supra, fn. 4. Most apps are made available directly by Google at http://market.android.com.

16

the marketing-company Defendants, that unlawfully received and used that data.
56.

This action involves questions of law common to all app-maker defendant

Class members because:
a. The federal laws violated here are not only national in scope, but are
also routinely applied to domestic perpetrators like Defendants who
have acted on devices within and outside the United States;
b. Each state has enacted laws comparable to the Federal Trade
Commission Act, known as little FTC acts, which provide private
causes of action with sufficient uniformity that Defendants
standardized practices of collecting location data and Sensitive
Information violated the little FTC acts of each state in the same
way; and
c. App-maker Defendants privacy invasions have violated Plaintiffs
other state statutory and common law rights in uniform ways.
57.

The defenses of the named app-maker Defendant Pandora are typical of those

of other members of the app-maker defendant Class as there are no material differences in
the facts and law underlying the claims of Pandora and the defendant Class, and by
defending itself, named Defendant Pandora will advance the defenses of app-maker
defendant Class members.
58.

The common questions of law and fact among all app-maker defendant Class

members predominate over any issues affecting only named Defendant Pandora, including
but not limited to:

17

a. Whether app-maker Defendants accessing of Plaintiffs and plaintiff
Class members individual location data or other sensitive information
was unlawful;
b. whether app-maker Defendants obtained, stored or transmitted
Plaintiffs location information;
c. whether app-maker Defendants obtained other Sensitive Information
of Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members;
d. whether Google enabled app-maker Defendants unlawful access to
information;
e. whether the app-maker Defendants failed to disclose material terms in
their privacy policies regarding their collection of users location data
or sensitive information;
f. whether the alleged conduct constitutes violations of the laws asserted
herein;
g. whether Plaintiffs and Class members are entitled to declaratory and
injunctive relief against app-maker Defendants; and
h. whether app-maker Defendants acts and omissions warrant punitive
damages.
59.

Defendant Pandora s defenses are typical of the defenses of the proposed app-

maker defendant Class, and Pandora, in defending itself, will fairly and adequately represent
and protect the interests of the proposed app-maker defendant Class. Pandora can retain
counsel competent and experienced in the prosecution of this type of litigation.

18

60.

The questions of law and fact common to the app-maker defendant Class

members, some of which are set out above, predominate over any questions affecting only
individual app-maker defendant Class members.
61.

Class treatment of the claims set forth herein is superior to other available

methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this controversy. The expense and burden
of individual litigation would make it impracticable or impossible for proposed plaintiff
Class members to prosecute their claims individually against the makers of over 100,000
Android applications. Joinder of app-maker defendant Class members under Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure 19, or 20 is impracticable. Absent a defendant class, a multiplicity of
individual lawsuits would be required to address the claims between plaintiff Class members
and members of the defendant Class, and inconsistent treatment and adjudication of the
claims would likely result.
62.

The litigation and trial of Plaintiffs claims and the defendant Class defenses

is manageable. Defendants standardized privacy policies, Google s uniform deployment of
operating systems that track each user in identical ways, the app-maker defendants
exceeding user authorization in uniform ways, the consistent provisions of the relevant laws,
and the readily ascertainable identities of all app-maker defendant Class members
demonstrate that there would be no significant manageability problems with Pandora
defending this lawsuit as an app-maker defendant class action. Additionally, notice can be
sent directly to all app-maker defendant Class members inexpensively through email by
Google
63.

which already has each app maker s contact information.
Google, Pandora and the other app-maker Defendants have acted or refused

19

to act on grounds that apply generally to the Class so that final injunctive relief and
corresponding declaratory relief are appropriate.
64.

Unless a class-wide injunction is issued, Defendants will continue to commit

the violations alleged, and the members of the plaintiff Class will continue to be tracked,
unlawfully surveilled, and potentially endangered.
Marketing Defendant Class II
65.

Plaintiffs propose a second defendant Class under Rules 23(b) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure, led by named marketing Defendants AdMob and Traffic
Marketplace. The proposed second defendant Class consists of:
All marketing companies
and employees thereof
who have received
individual location data or other sensitive information from Google s Android
operating system from 2008 to the present. Excluded from the Class are those
makers and employees thereof of applications that transfer only the data
reasonably expected by ordinary users as necessary to make the applications
function, and do not transfer that data to third parties.17
66.

While the exact number of marketing defendant Class members is unknown

to the Plaintiffs at this time, there are over fifty companies within the definition of the Class.
The marketer-defendant Class is so numerous that joinder of all members of the Class is
impracticable.
67.

This action involves questions of fact common to all marketer-defendant

Class members because all received unauthorized data and Sensitive user Information from
Google and the app-makers. These marketing Defendants never attempted to disclose to
users their receipt of user data in Sensitive Information. Like Google s Android privacy

17

For example, a map app that collects only location data, only during app use, and does not share that data
with third parties would be excluded from the class.

20

policy and Pandora s privacy policy, these marketing Defendants privacy policies, if they
exist at all, are deficient and inadequate in that they omit descriptions of the true extent of
information that they will receive from users Android devices.
68.
least

Further, all marketing Defendants were, and continue to be, enabled by

at

Google s provision of the technical requirements for accessing individual user

location data and other Sensitive Information through Android devices, by Google s handsoff policy in checking the functioning and data collection of apps that it makes available to
the public through its Android Market website, and by Google s facilitating relationships
between the app-maker Defendants, that unlawfully collected and transferred user data, and
the marketing-company Defendants, that unlawfully received and used that data.
69.

This action involves questions of law common to all marketing-defendant

Class members because:
a. The federal laws violated here are not only national in scope, but are
also routinely applied to domestic perpetrators like Defendants who
have received transmission either directly or indirectly from devices
within and outside the United States;
b. Each state has enacted laws comparable to the Federal Trade
Commission Act, known as little FTC acts, which provide private
causes of action with sufficient uniformity that Defendants
standardized practices of receiving location data and Sensitive
Information violated the little FTC acts of each state in the same
way; and

21

c. Marketing Defendants privacy invasions have violated Plaintiffs
other state statutory and common law rights in uniform ways.
70.

The defenses of the named marketing Defendants AdMob and Traffic

Marketplace are typical of those of other members of the marketer-defendant Class as there
are no material differences in the facts and law underlying the claims of AdMob and Traffic
Marketplace and the marketer-defendant Class at large, and by defending themselves, named
Defendants will advance the defenses of marketer-defendant Class members.
71.

The common questions of law and fact among all marketer-defendant Class

members predominate over any issues affecting only named Defendants AdMob and Traffic
Marketplace, including but not limited to:
a. Whether marketing Defendants receipt of Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class
members individual location data or other Sensitive Information was
unlawful;
b. whether marketing Defendants obtained, stored or transmitted
Plaintiffs location information;
c. whether marketing Defendants obtained other Sensitive Information of
Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members;
d. whether Google and app-maker Defendants enabled marketing
Defendants unlawful access to information;
e. whether the marketing Defendants unlawfully failed to disclose to
Android users their collection of users location data or Sensitive
Information;

22

f. whether the alleged conduct constitutes violations of the laws asserted
herein;
g. whether Plaintiffs and Class members are entitled to declaratory and
injunctive relief against marketing Defendants; and
h. whether Defendants acts and omissions warrant punitive damages.
72.

Defendants AdMob s and Traffic Marketplace s defenses are typical of the

defenses of the proposed marketer defendant Class, and named Defendants, in defending
themselves, will fairly and adequately represent and protect the interests of the proposed
marketer-defendant Class. AdMob and Traffic Marketplace can retain counsel competent
and experienced in the prosecution of this type of litigation.
73.

The questions of law and fact common to the marketer-defendant Class

members, some of which are set out above, predominate over any questions affecting only
individual marketer-defendant Class members.
74.

Class treatment of the claims set forth herein is superior to other available

methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this controversy. The expense and burden
of individual litigation would make it impracticable or impossible for proposed plaintiff
Class members to prosecute their claims individually against over fifty marketers, the names
of most of which are known only by Google and app-maker Defendants.

Joinder of

marketer-defendant Class members under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 19, or 20 is
impracticable. Absent this defendant class, a multiplicity of individual lawsuits would be
required to address the claims between plaintiff Class members and members of the
defendant Class, and inconsistent treatment and adjudication of the claims would likely

23

result. Additionally, their receipt of individual location data and Sensitive Information from
Google and the app-maker Defendants creates ample juridical connection between Plaintiffs
and marketer-defendant Class members.
75.

The litigation and trial of Plaintiffs claims and the defendant Class defenses

is manageable. Defendants standardized privacy policies, or absence thereof, Google s
uniform deployment of operating systems that track each user in identical ways, the
marketing defendants unauthorized receipt of user location data and Sensitive Information,
the consistent provisions of the relevant laws, and the readily ascertainable identities of all
of the marketer-defendant Class members demonstrate that there would be no significant
manageability problems with AdMob and Traffic Marketplace defending this lawsuit as
marketer-defendant Class. Additionally, actual notice can be sent directly to all marketerdefendant Class members inexpensively through email by Google and app-maker
Defendants
76.

which already have each marketing defendant s contact information.
Google, AdMob, Traffic Marketplace and the other marketing Defendants

have acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the marketer-defendant Class
so that final injunctive relief and corresponding declaratory relief are appropriate.
77.

Unless a class-wide injunction is issued, Defendants will continue to commit

the violations alleged, and the members of the plaintiff Class will continue to be tracked,
impermissible assailed with advertising on their phones, unlawfully surveilled, and
potentially endangered.
78.

Defendants acts and omissions are the direct and proximate cause of damage

as described in the following Counts:

24

COUNT I
(Injunction and Declaration)
79.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above as if fully set forth here.
80.

Plaintiffs purchased, own, use and carry with them phones running Google s

Android operating system and have done so at all times relevant to this action.
81.

Plaintiffs relied on Google s Privacy Policy, and where extant, the privacy

policies of the other Defendants, which did not explain the pervasive location tracking and
acquisition of Sensitive Information that Google and its co-defendants intended to undertake
and did undertake.
82.

Defendants knew that ordinary consumers acting reasonably would not

understand the Google or other Defendants privacy policies to include the location tracking,
syncing, and acquisition of Sensitive Information at issue in this case.
83.

Irreparable injury has resulted and continues to result from Defendants

unauthorized tracking of millions of Americans and acquisition of their Sensitive
Information. Once Plaintiffs began carrying their respective Android devices, Defendants
began tracking their locations, and collecting and sharing their Sensitive Information. This
has happened in the past and continues to happen all across the United States and around the
world. It is unconscionable to allow Defendants to continue unlawfully and without proper
consent tracking Plaintiffs and proposed Class members. If Defendants wanted to track the
whereabouts of each of their products

users, they should have obtained specific,

particularized informed consent such that Android consumers across America and around
the world would not have been shocked and alarmed to learn recently of Defendants

25

practices.
84.

Inadequate remedy at law exists because users of Defendants products have

no way to prevent Defendants from collecting this information because even if users disable
the Android device GPS components, Defendants tracking system remains fully functional.
85.

Balance of the hardships favors Plaintiffs and the plaintiff Class because it is

easier for Defendants to stop unlawfully tracking and storing the every move of users around
the world, and their Sensitive Information, than it is for individual consumers to circumvent
Defendants sophisticated tracking programs. To require that Plaintiffs and the Class bear
the consequences of Defendants deceptive privacy policies, where extant, and unlawful
acquisition of personal location data and Sensitive Information would be inequitable.
86.

The public has an interest in being able to travel without being tracked, and

without that data and their Sensitive Information being transmitted to third parties, either
directly or indirectly. The public interest would not be disserved, and indeed would be
advanced, by entering an injunction against Defendants. See eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange,
LLC, 547 U.S. 388 (2006).
87.

The injunction should require Google to reconfigure its software so that

neither users personal location data, nor their Sensitive Information, is collected, synced, or
shared with other computers or third parties. In addition, the injunctive remedies sought
above should be implemented and Defendants should be ordered to stop exploiting
individual location data and Sensitive Information. Users have not agreed to volunteer as
Defendants data-gathering mules.
COUNT II
(Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030)

26

88.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
89.

By secretly installing software that records users every moves Defendants

have accessed Plaintiffs

computers, in the course of interstate commerce, foreign

commerce, or communication, in excess of the authorization provided by Plaintiffs as
described in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (the

Fraud Act ) 18 U.S.C. §

1030(a)(2)(C).
90.

Plaintiffs

computers, and those of the plaintiff Class, are protected

computers pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2)(B) because they were used in or affected
interstate or foreign commerce or communication. Plaintiffs computers were purchased in
interstate or foreign commerce and have in turn facilitated additional purchases in interstate
or foreign commerce.
91.

Plaintiffs smartphones running Google s Android operating system, are also

protected computers pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2)(B) (stating that the term protected
computer means a computer

which is used in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce

or communication, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a
manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication
92.

).

By tracking individual location data, Defendants exceeded the scope of any

authorized access provided by Plaintiffs. See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(6).
93.

Plaintiffs have suffered damages by the Defendants impairment of the

integrity of their privacy on their Android devices, by Defendants creation of a database of
Plaintiffs location data, and other Sensitive Information, and by Defendants transferring

27

that database or other protected user information to other computers and third parties. See
18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(8).
94.

Plaintiffs have suffered

losses

as a direct and proximate result of

Defendants acts and omissions as that term is defined by 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(11),
including the cost of responding to Defendants offenses, conducting damage assessments,
and restoring the data, program, system, Sensitive Information and other information to its
condition prior to the offense. Plaintiffs have also suffered consequential damages.
95.

Defendants further violated the Fraud Act by causing the transmission of a

program, information, code or command

in (1) deploying the Android operating systems,

(2) as a result of the syncing of user handheld devices with their laptop or desktop
computers, and (3) by transferring user location data or Sensitive Information back to
Google, other Defendants, and third parties

and as a result caused harm aggregating at

least $5,000 in value. See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(c)(4)(i)(I).
96.

By tracking individual user location data, accessing users

Sensitive

Information, and by transmitting it to unauthorized third parties, Defendants actions have
threatened public safety and welfare. Collecting and storing information pertaining to an
individual s routine movements makes that individual more susceptible to stalking and other
crimes. A user s [l]ocation

is available to anyone with certain commercially available

software, says Apple. Apple Letter at 6, 7. Collecting user Sensitive Information without
permission is unethical, immoral and illegal. Plaintiffs risks of adverse action or even
crime, and that of the proposed Class, have been increased by Defendants actions, creating
a threat to public safety. See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(c)(4)(i)(IV).

28

97.

Plaintiffs and the Class have suffered damages, and those damages have

affected ten or more protected computers over the past one-year period. See 18 U.S.C. §
1030(c)(4)(i)(VI).
98.

Plaintiffs bring this Count as a stand-alone cause of action under 18 U.S.C. §

1030(g), and as a predicate violation for other Counts asserted in this complaint on behalf of
the plaintiff Class.
99.

The Defendants actions were knowing or reckless and, as described above,

caused harm to Plaintiffs and proposed plaintiff Class members.
100.

Plaintiffs seek recovery for these damages and losses, and those of the

plaintiff Class, as well as injunctive and declaratory relief to prevent future harm.
COUNT III
(Wire and Electronic Communications Interception, 18 U.S.C. § 2510 et seq.)
101.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
102.

Google s and Defendants programmed communication between its users

Devices and cell towers, wireless hotspots, and GPS infrastructure
Android devices and Defendants own computers

and between users

is either wire communication under 18

U.S.C. § 2510(1) because wires are required between the point of origin and the point of
reception, or, is electronic communication under 18 U.S.C. § 2510(12) because data is
transmitted by wire, radio, electromagnetic, photo-electronic or photo-optical systems, or the
like, that affect interstate commerce or foreign commerce.
103.

Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members are users under 18 U.S.C. § 2510(13).

104.

Defendants communications are readily accessible to the general public

29

under 18 U.S.C. § 2510(16), in that even though they are unauthorized by users, they are not
sufficiently encrypted, and are transmitted among Defendants and to third parties without
user consent. Someone inclined to do so, such as a divorce attorney, private eye, or rogue
government agent, could easily assemble a user s location data and Sensitive Information as
a direct result of Defendants actions.
105.

Defendants intentionally intercept Plaintiffs and Class members wire or

electronic communications, and to unlawfully access the Sensitive Information stored on
users devices. See 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(a).
106.

Defendants intentionally disclose or endeavor to disclose users location data

and other Sensitive Information, all of which is content of wire or electronic communication,
through marketing networks and otherwise. See 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1)(c).
107.

Defendants intentionally use, or endeavor to use, the contents of Google s

location data tracking, and Sensitive Information of their users in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
2511(1)(d).
108.

Defendants know or have reason to know that the personal location data and

Sensitive Information they obtained from their users was obtained through the interception of
a wire or electronic communication because Google wrote the programming code to
accomplish this result and specifically explained to app-maker Defendants how to access this
user information, and the app-maker Defendants did access it. See 18 U.S.C. § 2511(1).
109.

Defendants have intentionally sent or carried in interstate commerce Android-

equipped devices, which are electronic, mechanical or other devices and the relevant
programming code for the Android operating system and other applications. See 18 U.S.C. §

30

2512(1)(a).
110.

Although consumers employ these devices for other uses, Defendants

primary use for them is to harvest individual user location data to market or sell for billions
of dollars annually via their marketing networks.

Defendants manufacture, assemble,

possess, and sell electronic, mechanical or other devices, knowing or having reason to know
that the design of such devices renders them primarily useful for the purpose of the
surreptitious interception of wire or electronic communications.
111.

These devices have been sent through the mail or transported in interstate

commerce. See 18 U.S.C. § 2512(1)(b).
112.

Defendants have advertised the surreptitious interception capabilities of their

devices and application, or information thereby obtained, by electronic means to third-parties
interested in using the personal location information for marketing and other purposes.
Defendants have known the content of these advertisements and known that they would be
transported interstate.
113.

Plaintiffs and Class members location data and Sensitive Information

created or accessed, and collected by Defendants was intentionally used or disclosed by
Defendants to third parties for marketing purposes. See 18 U.S.C. § 2520(a).
114.

Plaintiffs seek injunctive and declaratory relief to stop Defendants from

creating or accessing, and collecting their personal location data and Sensitive Information.
115.

Plaintiffs seek damages under 18 U.S.C. § 2520(c)(2).

116.

Plaintiffs seek a reasonable attorney s fee and other litigation costs reasonably

incurred.

31

117.

Plaintiffs bring this Count as a stand-alone cause of action under 18 U.S.C. §

2520, and as a predicate violation for other Counts asserted in this complaint on behalf of the
plaintiff Class.
COUNT IV
(Unlawful Access to Stored Communications, 18 U.S.C. § 2701)
118.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
119.

Android

devices

and

the

applications

thereon

facilitate

electronic

communications services.
120.

Defendants have knowingly and intentionally accessed, without authorization

from users, the device facilities through which electronic communication services are
provided.
121.
access users

Defendants have knowingly and intentionally exceeded their authorization to
devices, and have thereby obtained or altered a wire or electronic

communication while it is in electronic storage on users devices, on the computers with
which users sync their devices, or other computers. Defendants have done this by creating,
storing, and manipulating a database of Plaintiffs location information without their
authorization.
122.

Plaintiffs did not authorized Defendants conduct and are persons aggrieved

by Defendants violations, and bring this Count under 18 U.S.C. § 2707.
123.

Plaintiffs seek an injunction to stop Defendants from continuing their

violations.
124.

Defendants violations have directly and proximately damaged Plaintiffs and

32

Defendants have realized significant profits as a result of their violations.
125.

Plaintiffs seek damages under 18 U.S.C. § 2707(c) of $1000 or greater for

each violation, where each plaintiff Class member is a person aggrieved and the quantity of
each Defendant s violations equal the number of plaintiff Class members.
126.

Plaintiffs seek reasonable attorney s fees and other litigation costs reasonably

incurred.
127.

Plaintiffs bring this Count as a stand-alone cause of action under 18 U.S.C. §

2701 et seq., and as a predicate violation for other Counts asserted in this complaint on behalf
of the plaintiff Class.
COUNT V
(Unauthorized Publication or Use of Communications, 47 U.S.C. § 605)
128.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
129.

Defendants, through Android devices, willfully and purposefully received,

assisted in receiving, transmitted, or assisted in transmitting interstate or foreign
communication by wire or radio the individual location data it creates, stores, and shares or
intended to share, of each device user.
130.

Defendants have divulged or published the existence, contents, substance or

effect of such user communications through unauthorized channels, including through
individual location marketing.
131.

Plaintiffs and Class members have proprietary rights in their location data and

Sensitive Information that was intercepted by Defendants.
132.

Defendants have collected and continue to collect Plaintiffs location data and

33

Sensitive Information for their own private financial gain or commercial advantage.
133.

Plaintiffs are aggrieved by Defendants tracking of their location data, and

acquisition of their Sensitive Information, and bring this Count under 47 U.S.C. §
605(e)(3)(A).
134.

Plaintiffs seek an injunction to stop Defendants interception of their location

data and Sensitive Information.
135.

Each Defendant s actions against each Plaintiff and each plaintiff Class

member constitute separate violations.
136.

Plaintiffs seek damages as calculated under 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(C) of $1000

for each violation, up to $100,000 for each violation because Defendants actions were
willfully and purposefully conducted for commercial advantage or private gain.
137.

Plaintiffs seek reasonable attorney s fees and other litigation costs and

expenses.
138.

Plaintiffs bring this Count as a stand-alone cause of action under 47 U.S.C. §

605, and as a predicate violation for other Counts asserted in this complaint on behalf of the
plaintiff Class.
COUNT VI
(Privacy of Customer Information, 47 U.S.C. § 222)
139.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
140.

If Google is, because of its extensive telecommunications service activities,

considered a telecommunications carrier under Title 47 of the U.S. Code, then its users are
customers and Defendants have violated additional laws and regulations, including 47

34

U.S.C. § 222.
141.

Plaintiffs individual location data created and collected by Defendants is

customer proprietary network information.
142.

Plaintiffs and Class members did not provide Defendants with express prior

authorization for Defendants individual location tracking activities, and acquisition of
Sensitive Information, and did not approve the use of, disclosure of, or access to their call
location information concerning their use of commercial mobile services.
143.

Defendants have a duty to protect the confidentiality of proprietary

information of and relating to customers, but have breached this duty by collecting,
accessing, and sharing individual user location data and Sensitive Information.
144.

Defendants collection of this information was not part of their service to

users and was instead part of Defendants location-based marketing applications.
145.

Under this Count, Plaintiffs seek damages, and attorney s fees and costs. See

47 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207.
146.

Plaintiffs bring this Count as a stand-alone cause of action under 47 U.S.C. §

222, and as a predicate violation for other Counts asserted in this complaint on behalf of the
Class.
COUNT VII
(Violations of State Computer Crimes Acts)
147.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
148.

Computer means an internally programmed, automatic device that performs

data processing. Fla. Stat. § 815.03(3).

35

149.

access means to approach, instruct, communicate with, store data, retrieve

data, or otherwise make use of any resources of a computer
150.

. Fla. Stat. § 815.03(10).

Whoever willfully, knowingly, and without authorization modified

equipment or supplies used or intended to be used in a computer

commits an offense. Fla.

Stat. § 815.05. This is a felony in Florida.
151.

Whoever willfully, knowingly, and without authorization accesses or causes

to be accessed any computer, computer system or computer network
part, is owned by
152.
computer

which in whole or

another commits an offense against computer users. Fla. Stat. § 815.06.

In Texas, a person commits an offense if the person knowingly accesses a
without the effective consent of the owner.

Tex. Penal Code § 33.02(a). For an

aggregate amount involved, as here, over $200,000, the offense is a first-degree felony. Tex.
Penal Code § 33.02(b), (c).
153.

Plaintiffs devices are computers within the definitions of both Florida and

Texas law.
154.

Defendants

accessed

Plaintiffs

devices without authorization.

This

constituted unlawful or unauthorized interception, use or disclosure under Florida and Texas
law, respectively.
155.

Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members were directly and proximately damaged

by Defendants in the amounts they paid for their devices and applications, and seek any other
or additional damages afforded under these laws.18
COUNT VIII
(Violations of State Wiretapping Laws)
18

The relevant laws of each state are at http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=13492 (last visited 5/9/2011).

36

156.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
157.

Defendants intentionally intercepted or endeavor to intercept the wire or

electronic communications of Plaintiff Jon Pessano by surreptitiously creating, recording and
transmitting Plaintiff s individual location data and other Sensitive Information.
158.

Plaintiff Pessano s individual location data and Sensitive Information is

content of wire or electronic communications.
159.

Defendants intentionally disclose or have endeavored to disclose Plaintiff s

individual location data or Sensitive Information to other parties, including other Defendants,
knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained through the interception
of a wire or electronic communication in violation of Fla. Stat. § 934.03.
160.

Defendants intentionally use, or have endeavored to use, Plaintiff Pessano s

individual location data or Sensitive Information for purposes unrelated to the provision of
services that Plaintiff has authorized, and specifically for the purposes of creating a database
to sell or market Plaintiff s location or Sensitive Information to third parties so that they can
market to Plaintiff.
161.

Similarly, under Texas law, Defendants have unlawfully engaged in

intercepting or accessing Plaintiffs Sid Lajzer s and Nick Lawrence s electronic
communication by creating, storing or transferring Plaintiffs individual location data or
Sensitive Information. See Tex. Penal Code § 16.02 et seq.
162.

Defendants creation, storage or transmission of individual location data is

electronic communication under Texas law because it requires the transfer of signs,

37

signals, writing, images, data, or intelligence of any nature, and is transmitted in whole or
part by wire, radio, electromagnetic, photo-electronic or photo-optical system. Tex. Penal
Code § 16.02.
163.

In Texas, knowingly or intentionally intercepting, disclosing, or using the

contents of wire, oral, or electronic communications, is a second-degree felony. Tex. Penal
Code § 16.02 et seq.
164.

Defendants interception, disclosure, accessing or use of Plaintiffs individual

location data has directly and proximately damaged Plaintiffs and Class members in the ways
described throughout this complaint, and Plaintiffs and Class members have suffered losses
as a result.
COUNT IX
(Unfair or Deceptive Acts Violating Each State s Little FTC Acts)
165.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
166.

This cause of action is brought by Plaintiff Jon Pessano pursuant to Florida s

Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, and by Plaintiffs Sid Lajzer and Nick Lawrence
pursuant to Texas s deceptive business practices laws. See Fla. Stat. § 501.201; see also Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code §§ 17.41 et seq.
167.

This Count is brought on behalf of U.S. Class members pursuant to each

state s unfair or deceptive acts and practices (UDAP) statutes, i.e. the Little FTC Acts
(hereafter Acts ). The Act of each state follows the Federal Trade Commission Act and
provides for a private cause of action.
168.

Consumer means an individual . Fla. Stat. § 501.203(7).

38

169.

Plaintiffs and U.S. Class members are consumers as defined under these Acts.

170.

The FTC Act prohibits an act or practice that violates either the standards for

unfairness, or those for deception

the two are independent of each other. An act or

practice may be found to be unfair where it causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to
consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed
by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition.

15 U.S.C. § 45(n). An act or

practice is deceptive if it is likely to mislead a consumer acting reasonably under the
circumstances.
171.

Google s inadequate privacy policy disclosures were both unfair and

deceptive, as were app-maker Defendants privacy policies, or lack thereof.
172.

Defendants tracking of Plaintiffs and other users personal information was

both unfair and deceptive because Android users had no knowledge of Defendants intent or
actions.
173.

The Acts of Florida and the other states substantially follow the FTC Act.

174.

Florida s Act defines a violation:

Violation of this part means any violation of this act or the rules adopted under
this act and may be based upon any of the following
(a) Any rules promulgated pursuant to the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15
U.S.C. ss. 41 et seq.;
(b) The standards of unfairness and deception set forth and interpreted by the
Federal Trade Commission or the federal courts;
(c) Any law, statute, rule, regulation, or ordinance which proscribes unfair
methods of competition, or unfair, deceptive, or unconscionable acts or practices. 19
175.
19

Defendants privacy policies contained deceptive misrepresentations that are

Fla. Stat. § 501.203(3).

39

material and are likely to and did deceive ordinary consumers acting reasonably, including
the Plaintiffs, into believing that their every move would and Sensitive Information (1) not be
tracked by Defendants, (2) then stored for future use in an marketing database, and (3)
transmitted to Defendants so that (4) they could make billions of dollars in bonus revenue by
selling ads. The Defendants without privacy policies are similarly liable to the plaintiff Class
due to their consequent failure to describe how pervasively they intended to access and use,
and did in fact access and use, Plaintiffs location data and other Sensitive Information.
176.

Defendants omission of their true intent to track users was material to terms

and conditions under which Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members purchased their devices.
An act or practice is material if it is likely to affect a consumer s decision regarding the
product. Plaintiffs and other users would not have purchased Android devices and appmaker Defendants products and indeed would have purchased the products of competitors
had they known that their every movement would be tracked and recorded.
177.

Here, Defendants with privacy policies specifically omitted from those

policies any indication that their products would track users, knowing that such disclosure
would prevent consumers from consummating their Android device purchases or app
downloads. The other Defendants lack of privacy policies constitutes similar omissions.
178.

Florida s Act declares the acts and omissions of Defendants to be unlawful.

The statute says:
(1) Unfair methods of competition, unconscionable acts or practices, and
unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or commerce are
hereby declared unlawful.
(2) It is the intent of the Legislature that, in construing subsection (1), due
consideration and great weight shall be given to the interpretations of the Federal

40

Trade Commission and the federal courts relating to s. 5(a)(1) of the Federal Trade
Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. s. 45(a)(1) as of July 1, 2006.
Fla. Stat. § 501.204.
179.

Defendants practices have caused substantial injury to Plaintiffs and plaintiff

Class members by depriving them of money they would have spent elsewhere and by
covertly delivering software that tracks users every movements, and transmits that data and
their Sensitive Information to Google and Defendants.
180.

Defendants

unfair omissions injure both consumers and competition.

Consumers are injured in all the ways that Plaintiffs have been injured, as described
throughout this complaint, and competition suffers in several ways too: (1) honest companies
that do not covertly track their customers locations or amass their Sensitive Information
have lost and continue to lose market share to Android products and Defendants applications
as already described; (2) Defendants are rewarded for their deceit with billions of dollars in
revenues (which should all be disgorged); and (3) competitors behaving deceptively creates a
race to the bottom, wherein additional companies feel economic pressure to similarly track
users whereabouts to later sell and thereby avoid losing further market share in the rapidly
growing and competitive market for precise consumer demographic, location data and other
Sensitive Information. There are no countervailing benefits of Defendants conduct: not to
consumers, nor to competition.
181.

Defendants violated and continue to violate the Acts of each state by engaging

in the trade practices described above, that have caused and continue to cause substantial
injury to consumers, which are not reasonably avoidable by the consumers themselves, in
transactions with Plaintiffs and the plaintiff Class which were intended to result in, and did

41

result in, the sale of the Android devices and Defendants applications.
182.

There were reasonable alternatives available to further Defendants legitimate

business interests, other than the conduct described herein. Defendants, for example, could
have abstained from unnecessarily tracking the exact locations of users of its products.
Google also could have required a single sentence disclosure describing its rampant covert
tracking of individual users locations to be signed by purchasers

rather than or in addition

to its vague privacy policy.
183.

This cause of action is brought by Plaintiffs Sid Lajzer and Nick Lawrence

pursuant to Texas s Deceptive Trade Practices

Consumer Protection Act. Tex. Bus. &

Com. Code § 17.41 et seq.
184.

Texas prohibits [d]eceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or

commerce . Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 17.46.
185.

Defendants acts of tracking users and acquiring their Sensitive Information

was consumer-oriented because it preys on Android device purchasers, and downloaders of
Defendants apps as it preyed on Plaintiffs.
186.

Defendants act of tracking its users is misleading in a material way because

Defendants fail to disclose, or even hint at, the full extent of their user location tracking and
Sensitive Information acquisition in their respective privacy policies, if any. Defendants
acts have a broad impact on consumers at large because Defendants inadequate disclosures,
coupled with their unlawful tracking, storing and transmitting of user location data, continue
to impact prospective purchasers.
187.

Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members have suffered injury as a result of

42

Defendants deceptive acts and omissions because Plaintiffs would not have bought Android
devices or Defendants apps had they known that they would be tracked.
188.

Plaintiffs have suffered injury as a direct and proximate result of Defendants

deceptive acts, practices and omissions.

Injury includes Plaintiffs purchases of their

Android devices and Defendants applications. Actual injury to Plaintiffs also includes the
collection of their private location data and Sensitive Information and the continued existence
of databases of that same information

databases that are and accessible to the third parties

or the public.
189.

Defendants willfully and knowingly violated Texas law and are therefore

subject to three times the actual damages suffered by Plaintiffs and the plaintiff Class. See
Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 17.50.
190.

Defendants deceived Plaintiffs and consumers, and treated them unfairly by

tracking their movements as described above, and violated the Acts of each state by omitting
from its privacy policy the full extent of its tracking:
a.

Alabama s Deceptive Trade Practices Act declares deceptive
practices unlawful. Ala. Code §§ 8-19-1 et seq.;

b.

Alaska s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act.
Alaska Stat. §§ 44.50.471 et seq.;

c.

Arizona s Consumer Fraud Act. Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 44-1521 et seq.;

d.

Arkansas s Deceptive Trade Practices Act prohibits false, or
deceptive acts or practices in business, commerce, or trade. Ark.
Code §§ 4-88-101 et seq.;

e.

California s Consumer Legal Remedies Act, and also the Unfair
Competition Law. Cal Civ. Code §§ 1750 et seq., and Cal. Bus. &
Prof. Code §§ 17200 et seq., respectively;

f.

Colorado s Consumer Protection Act. Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 6-1-101 et
43

seq.;
g.

Connecticut s Unfair Trade Practices Act. Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 42110a et seq.;

h.

Delaware s Consumer Fraud Act, and also its Uniform Deceptive
Trade Practices Act. Del. Code, Title 6 §§ 2511-2571, 2580-2584,
and Title 6 §§ 2531-2536, respectively;

i.

District of Columbia s Act. D.C. Code §§ 28-3901 et seq.;

j.

Florida s Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. Fla. Stat. §§
501.201 et seq.;

k.

Georgia s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, and also the Fair
Business Practices Act. Ga. Code §§ 10-1-370 et seq., and §§ 10-1390 et seq.;

l.

Hawaii s Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Haw. Rev. Stat.
§§ 480-24 et seq., §§ 484A-1 et seq.;

m.

Idaho s Consumer Protection Act. Idaho Code §§ 48-601 et seq.;

n.

Illinois s Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act,
and also its Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act. 815 Ill. Comp.
Stat. 505/1 et seq., and 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 510/1 et seq.;

o.

Indiana s Deceptive Consumer Sales Act. Ind. Code §§ 24-5-0.5-1
et seq.;

p.

Iowa s Act. Iowa Code §§ 714.16 et seq.;

q.

Kansas s Consumer Protection Act. Kan. Stat. §§ 50-623 et seq., 50676 et seq.;

r.

Louisiana s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law.
La. Rev. Stat. §§ 51:1401 et seq.;

s.

Maine s Unfair Trade Practices Act, and also its Uniform Deceptive
Trade Practices Act. Me. Rev. Stat., Title 5 §§ 205-A et seq., and
Title 10 §§ 1211 et seq., respectively;

t.

Maryland s Consumer Protection Act. Md. Code Com. Law §§ 13101 et seq.;

u.

Massachusetts s Consumer Protection Act. Mass. Gen. Laws ch.

44

93A §§ 1 et seq.;
v.

Michigan s Consumer Protection Act.
445.901 et seq.;

w.

Minnesota s Uniform Trade Practices Act, and its False Statement in
Advertising Act, and also its Prevention of Consumer Fraud Act.
Minn. Stat. §§ 8.31, 325D.43 et seq., and §§325F.68 et seq.;

x.

Mississippi s Consumer Protection Act. Miss. Code §§ 75-24-1 et
seq.;

y.

Missouri s Merchandising Practices Act. Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 407.010
et seq.;

z.

Montana s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act.
Mont. Code §§ 30-14-101 et seq.;

aa.

Nebraska s Consumer Protection Act, and also its Uniform
Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 59-1601 et seq.,
and §§ 87-301 et seq.;

bb.

Nevada s Trade Regulation and Practices Act. Nev. Rev. Stat. §§
598.0903 et seq., and § 41.6000;

cc.

New Hampshire s Consumer Protection Act. N.H. Rev. Stat. §§
358-A:1 et seq.;

dd.

New Jersey s Consumer Fraud Act. N.J. Stat. §§ 56:8-1 et seq.;

ee.

New Mexico s Unfair Practices Act. N.M. Stat. §§ 57-12-1 et seq.;

ff.

New York s Act. N.Y. Exec. Law § 63(12), N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law §§
349 et seq.;

gg.

North Carolina s Act. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 75-1.1 et seq.;

hh.

North Dakota s Consumer Fraud Act. N.D. Cent. Code §§ 51-15-01
et seq.;

ii.

Ohio s Consumer Sales Practices Act, and also its Deceptive Trade
Practices Act. Ohio Rev. Code §§ 1345.01 et seq., and §§ 4165.01 et
seq.;

jj.

Oklahoma s Consumer Protection Act, and also its Deceptive Trade
Practices Act. Okla. Stat., Title 15 §§ 751 et seq., Title 78 §§ 51 et

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Mich. Comp. Laws §§

seq., respectively;
kk.

Oregon s Unlawful Trade Practices Law. Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 646.605
et seq.;

ll.

Pennsylvania s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection
Law. 73 Pa. Stat. §§ 201-1 et seq.;

mm. Rhode Island s Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act.
R.I. Gen Laws §§ 6-13.1-1 et seq.;
nn.

South Carolina s Unfair Trade Practices Act. S.C. Code §§ 39-5-10
et seq.;

oo.

South Dakota s Deceptive Trade Practices and Consumer Protection
Law. S.D. Cod. Laws §§ 37-24-1 et seq.;

pp.

Tennessee s Consumer Protection Act. Tenn. Code §§ 47-18-101 et
seq.;

qq.

Texas s Deceptive Trade Practices Consumer Protection Act. Tex.
Bus. & Com. Code §§ 17.41 et seq.;

rr.

Utah s Unfair Practices Act, and its Consumer Sales Practices Act,
and also its Truth in Advertising Act. Utah Code §§ 13-2-1 et seq.,
13-5-1 et seq., and §§ 13-11-1 et seq., and also §§ 13-11a-1 et seq.,
respectively;

ss.

Vermont s Consumer Fraud Act. Vt. Stat., Title 9 §§ 2451 et seq.;

tt.

Virginia s Consumer Protection Act. Va. Code §§ 59.1-196 et seq.;

uu.

Washington s Consumer Protection Act.
19.86.010 et seq.;

vv.

West Virginia s Consumer Credit and Protection Act. W. Va. Code
§§ 46A-6-101 et seq.;

Wash. Rev. Code §§

ww. Wisconsin s Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Wis. Stat. §§ 100.18 et
seq.;
xx.

Wyoming s Consumer Protection Act. Wyo. Stat. §§ 40-12-101 et
seq.; and

yy.

the equivalent and applicable laws in the other remaining U.S.
territories.

46

191.

Defendants are liable for attorney s fees and reasonable costs pursuant to Fla.

Stat. § 501.2105, and Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 17.50, the comparable statutes of the other
states, as described above, if Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members prevail.
192.

Plaintiffs also seek punitive damages.

193.

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment under the relevant statutes, including

Fla. Stat. § 501.2105.
194.

Violations of the relevant computer laws, both federal and state, serve as

additional predicates for violations of these UDAP laws.
195.

Plaintiffs and the plaintiff Class reserve the right to allege other violations of

law which constitute other unlawful business acts or practices. Such conduct is ongoing and
continues to this date.
COUNT X
(Fraudulent, Intentional Misrepresentation)
196.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
197.

Google and Defendants represented to Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class members

that it would not collect information about their every movement and location, or their
Sensitive Information, and omitted disclosing otherwise to Plaintiffs. See Essex Ins. Co. v
Universal Entertainment & Skating Center, Inc., 665 So. 2d 360 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995)
(discussing fraud generally).
198.

Google not only knew that its privacy terms and conditions policy was, and

continues to be, false, deceptive and untrue, by omitting that Google will track users or
access their Sensitive Information, but Google also intended for Plaintiffs and plaintiff Class

47

members to rely on its deceptive or omitted statements.
199.

Defendants similarly intended for Plaintiffs to rely on their omissions of the

same information that Google s privacy policy omitted.
200.

Defendants fraud is comprised both by the omissions of proper disclosures

to users and by their illegal tracking of user movements or accessing Sensitive user
Information.
201.

Plaintiffs and Class members did not know about Defendants omissions,

assuming quite naturally that their information would not be unlawfully accessed or
transmitted by Defendants.
202.

Plaintiffs and Class members did not know that Google and Defendants have

been tracking their movements, and accessing their Sensitive Information.
203.

Plaintiffs and Class members, acting as ordinary consumers, reasonably

relied on Defendants omissions and representations.
Defendants representations.

Plaintiffs had a right to rely on

Plaintiffs and Class members reliance on Defendants

omissions was a substantial factor in causing their harm. Defendants tracking of users was
and is material, as is accessing and transmitting Plaintiffs Sensitive Information, and
Plaintiffs and Class members reasonably believed that their every movements would not be
tracked and that their information would not be unlawfully accessed.
204.

Plaintiffs and Class members were damaged in the amount of money required

to purchase Android products, and those of app-maker Defendants, because they would have
purchased other products had they been aware of the material fact that Defendants intended
to and did in fact track their users locations, and obtain users Sensitive Information.

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205.

Plaintiffs and the Class seek punitive damages from Defendants.

206.

Defendants had and continue to have a duty of good faith, which implicitly

includes a duty not to deceive consumers, and also not to conduct this sort of covert digital
surveillance on consumers. And they certainly have a duty not to stalk consumers or to
facilitate others doing that. But that is exactly what Defendants have done and continue to
do.
207.

To remedy Defendants intentional omission to consumers, and omission of

clarifying statements during the sales process, Plaintiffs and Class members seek to rescind
their contracts, and thereby disgorge all monies paid to Defendants for these products.
Plaintiffs also seek all other damages sought in this complaint.
COUNT XI
(Negligent Misrepresentation)
208.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
209.

Defendants omitted material facts

and their Sensitive Information accessed

that users would be tracked at all times

during their sale of Android devices and

Defendants applications to consumers.
210.

Google and Defendants were negligent in making the omissions because they

should have known that whether their every movements would be tracked, recorded and
stored for later use was material to consumers, as is the Defendants accessing of their
Sensitive Information.
211.

Defendants, in making their omission intended, or expected, that Plaintiffs and

Class members would rely on the omissions.

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212.

Plaintiffs justifiably relied on Defendants omissions about their tracking of

purchasers, and would not have purchased Android devices or Defendants applications but
for the omissions.
213.

Plaintiffs were damaged in amounts equal to the prices they paid for Android

devices and products.
214.

Defendants omissions were material and directly and proximately caused

ordinary consumers acting reasonably, Plaintiffs and Class members included, to buy the
Android devices and Defendants applications.

Without Defendants omissions of the

material fact that users location data would be collected, the products would not have been
purchased, and Plaintiffs would not have suffered damages.
215.

Plaintiffs seek punitive damages from Defendants.
COUNT XII
(Unjust Enrichment, Money Had and Received)

216.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
217.

Unjust enrichment results from a transfer that is ineffective to conclusively

alter ownership rights.20 Here, Defendants omissions made Plaintiffs and Class members
believe that a term material to the contract was different than it actually was. Defendants
intended to track its users, storing their location data and Sensitive Information and
transferring that data back to themselves to build databases to sell billions of dollars in
location-based advertisements. Plaintiffs did not agree to be Defendants mules

they did

not agree to be tracked, nor to collect data for Defendants, nor to allow Defendants access to
20

See Restatement, Third, of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, § 1, comment b (Discussion Draft 2000).

50

their Sensitive Information. Morally and ethically

and therefore, in equity

Defendants

have gained a benefit for which they have not exchanged consideration.

Defendants

promised products capable of certain tasks, but instead, like the Trojan Horse, delivered
products to spy on Plaintiffs and Class members and to sell their personal location
information at a future date. This constitutes at least a partial failure of consideration.
218.

Defendants, through the omission of their true intentions, cultivated in

consumers a mistake of fact that would not have existed but for Defendants omissions.
219.

Because of Defendants omissions, Plaintiffs and Class members conveyed a

benefit to Defendants by purchasing their products and applications, and then having their
subsequent movements tracked, stored and transmitted, along with their Sensitive
Information, to Defendants. Defendants appreciated the benefit conferred on it by Plaintiffs
through these transactions because Google was enriched in the amount Plaintiffs paid for the
devices, and the app-maker Defendants by the amounts paid for the apps, and also in the
amounts received by Defendants from selling ads based on access to Class members
individual location data or other Sensitive Information.
220.

Defendants were enriched through their unlawful acquisition of user location

data from Plaintiffs and the Class, whether or not Defendants have yet realized pecuniary
proceeds from the sale of this information.
221.

Plaintiffs have no adequate remedy at law due to the difficulty of quantifying

losses and damages caused by being tracked, and having their Sensitive Information stored or
downloaded without their consent. Defendants are responsible for unknown increases in
disclosures, or risks of such disclosures, about private location data and Sensitive

51

Information of Plaintiffs, their families, plaintiff Class members and future purchasers, as a
direct consequence of near constant recording of their locations.
222.

Plaintiffs and Class members lacked the requisite intent to form a contract for

the products that they actually received. There can be no valid contract without intent.
223.

Products supplied were inadequate consideration for the monies paid and the

value of Plaintiffs individual location data and Sensitive Information created, stored and
misappropriated by Defendants. These contracts fail for want of consideration.
224.

Defendants accepted and retained money paid to them by Plaintiffs, and

Plaintiffs individual location data and Sensitive Information. The affirmative, knowing and
intentional misrepresentations and omissions of Defendants, which Plaintiffs reasonably
relied upon, in combination with Defendants blatant breach of Plaintiffs privacy, constitute
circumstances that make it inequitable for Defendants to retain Plaintiffs money or the
benefit of Plaintiffs location data or Sensitive Information.
COUNT XIII
(Negligence)
225.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
226.

Defendants had duties to Plaintiffs not to track, collect, or transmit their

individual location data or Sensitive Information because Defendants lacked authorization
from Plaintiffs to undertake those activities.
227.

Defendants breached their duties to Plaintiffs by tracking, collecting, and

transmitting their individual location data and Sensitive Information.
228.

Defendants breach of their duties to Plaintiffs directly and proximately

52

caused the Plaintiffs damages in the forms of:
a. Exposing their location data and Sensitive Information to
unauthorized recipients, and making it susceptible to access by
third parties;
b. Shortening the battery life of their Android devices by drawing
power for the unauthorized creation, accumulation and transmittal
of individual location data through communication with cell
towers, wireless hotspots and GPS infrastructure;
c. Requiring more frequent recharges of device batteries and the
expenses associated therewith;
d. Reducing the storage capability of their devices by covertly
allocating limited device resources to create and store a database of
individual user location information;
e. Creating longer processing times for legitimate device uses
because of resources drawn on by Defendants location data and
Sensitive Information transmittal activities;
f. Causing an increase in data transfer expenses for users with limited
data packages.
229.

Further, Google and app-maker Defendants are subject to a heightened

standard of care towards users if they are common carriers by virtue of their transporting
information initiated by, and sent to, users of Android devices.
COUNT XIII
(Invasion of Privacy)

53

230.

Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference the allegations contained in

the paragraphs above, and those that come after as if fully set forth here.
231.

Google and Defendants intruded on U.S. Plaintiffs affairs or seclusion by

prying into Plaintiffs individual location several times a minute, and into their Sensitive
Information, and sharing that information with third parties, and sending targeted ads to
Plaintiffs on their devices at their unique locations.
232.

This obtrusion is objectionable to Plaintiffs and would be objectionable to a

reasonable person. Plaintiffs location, UDID and other Sensitive Information, and acts and
transactions on their devices are within their own private domain and are private.
233.

Defendants acts and omissions have directly and proximately damaged

Plaintiffs as described throughout this complaint.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE Plaintiffs pray for judgment against Defendants as follows:
A.

For an order certifying the plaintiff Class and the two defendant
Classes, as defined herein, appointing undersigned counsel as Class
Counsel, approving Plaintiffs as Class representatives, approving all
app-maker Pandora as app-maker defendant Class representative,
approving marketers AdMob and Traffic Marketplace as marketerdefendant Class representatives, and requiring that notice be provided
to the Classes at Google s expense, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23;

B.

For declaratory and injunctive relief, including enjoining Google and
Defendants from continuing to omit their true intentions about tracking

54

purchasers of their products, and requiring Defendants to stop tracking
their products users;
C.

For judgment on behalf of the plaintiff Class as defined herein for the
amount of any payments made to Defendants with interest thereon;

D.

For exemplary, treble or punitive damages;

E.

For reasonable attorneys fees and costs; and

F.

For such other and further relief as this Court deems equitable or just
under the circumstances of Defendants

ongoing activities and

omissions.
DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL
Plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, hereby demand a
trial by jury on all issues so triable against Defendants.
Respectfully submitted,
s/ Aaron Mayer
Aaron C. Mayer
FBN: 0076983
MAYER LAW GROUP, LLC
18 Carolina St., Suite B
Charleston, SC 29403
T: [phone]
F: [phone]
[e-mail]
Trial Counsel for Plaintiffs

© 2011 Aaron Mayer

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