Shavers v. Murphy

Filing 47

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu granting 40 Motion to Dismiss with Leave to Amend. Fifth Amended Complaint due by 1/22/2018. (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 1/8/2018) (Additional attachment(s) added on 1/8/2018: # 1 Certificate/Proof of Service) (igS, COURT STAFF).

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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CYNTHIA SHAVERS,

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Plaintiff,
v.

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MICHAEL MURPHY,
Defendant.

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Case No. 16-cv-05421-DMR
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT
MICHAEL MURPHY’S MOTION TO
DISMISS PLAINTIFF CYNTHIA
SHAVERS’S FOURTH AMENDED
COMPLAINT WITH LEAVE TO
AMEND

United States District Court
Northern District of California

Re: Dkt. No. 40
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Defendant Michael Murphy (“Murphy”) moves the court to dismiss Plaintiff Cynthia
Shavers’s (“Ms. Shavers”) Fourth Amended Complaint (“FAC”) pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6). Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”) [Docket No. 40]. Ms. Shavers

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opposes. [Docket No. 42]. This matter is suitable for resolution without a hearing. See Civ. L.R
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7-1(b). Having considered the parties’ submissions, and for the reasons stated below, Murphy’s
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motion to dismiss is granted with leave to amend. Ms. Shavers must file her Fifth Amended
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Complaint by no later than January 22, 2018.
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I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
To provide context for Murphy’s pending motion to dismiss, the court will discuss Ms.

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Shavers’s prior related case and her prior pleadings in this case.
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A.

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Ms. Shavers’s Prior Related Case: 4:16-cv-00957-DMR

On February 26, 2016, in a prior related case, Ms. Shavers filed an application to proceed
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in forma pauperis (“IFP”), along with a complaint against seven unknown officers from the U.S.
Marshals Service (“USMS Defendants”) alleging a violation of the Fourth Amendment, as well as
a state law claim for false arrest. [Docket Nos. 1, 21].

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The docket numbers in Section I (A) refer to the docket in Ms. Shavers’s prior action, Case No.

Ms. Shavers alleged that on March 24, 2015, seven unknown officers from the USMS

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detained and arrested her at some unspecified location, then transported her to the Alameda

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County Jail in Dublin, CA. Compl. [Docket No. 1] ¶ 4. The USMS Defendants never told her

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why she was arrested. Id. Her bail was set at $80,000, and her husband bailed her out with an

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$8,000 bond. Id. No charges were ever filed against her and she never received an explanation

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for her arrest and detention. Id. Ms. Shavers requested $500,000 in damages, including $8,000

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for her bail bond, $300 in lost wages, and “damages for violation of constitutional rights.” Id. at

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¶¶ 5-6.
On June 3, 2016, the court granted Ms. Shavers’s IFP application, and conducted a review

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of the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 6/3/16 Order [Docket No. 6]. The court

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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found that Ms. Shavers sufficiently pleaded a Bivens claim for a violation of the Fourth

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Amendment. Id. at 3. However, the court dismissed the tort claim for failure to exhaust

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administrative remedies as required by the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C.

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§ 2675(a). 6/3/16 Order at 4.

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On August 15, 2016, the USMS Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint

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pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). MTD [Docket No. 14]. They argued that Ms. Shavers failed to state a

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claim because she was arrested on March 24, 2015 pursuant to a facially valid warrant. They

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alternatively argued that if the court concluded Ms. Shavers had stated a claim, it should still be

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dismissed because they were entitled to qualified immunity. MTD at 2-3; Arrest Warrant [Docket

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No. 15-1]. Ms. Shavers opposed. Opp’n to MTD [Docket No. 21]. She argued that there was no

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probable cause for the arrest warrant due to the fact that charges were not filed against her for a

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previous arrest in December 2014. Opp’n to MTD at 1.

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Before the court could rule on the motion to dismiss, Ms. Shavers voluntarily dismissed

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the case without prejudice on September 22, 2016. Notice of Voluntary Dismissal [Docket No.

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23].

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4:16-cv-00957-DMR.
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B.

Original and Amended Complaint in This Case

On the same day she dismissed the prior case, Ms. Shavers initiated this one by filing an
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IFP application along with a complaint naming Murphy as the sole defendant. [Docket Nos. 1-2].
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On October 31, 2016, she filed an amended complaint. Amended Compl. [Docket No. 10.]
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Ms. Shavers alleged that her family members were involved in a shooting in December
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2014. She “tried to go after the shooter,” but was herself arrested. Compl. [Docket No. 1] at 4.
No charges were filed against her and “[t]he case was exonerated later.” See id.; Am. Compl. at 3.

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On March 24, 2015, Ms. Shavers was arrested by U.S. Marshals who claimed to have an arrest
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warrant. They charged her with violating California Penal Code section 245(a), assault with a
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deadly weapon. Compl. at 5; Am. Compl. at 3. Ms. Shavers’s husband bailed her out and she was
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again “exonerated” of these charges on March 26, 2015. Compl. at 5. Ms. Shavers alleged that

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

her March 24, 2015 arrest violated her constitutional rights, including her Fourth Amendment
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rights. Compl. at 2; Am. Compl. at 2.
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On February 13, 2017, the court granted the IFP application, and dismissed the original
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and amended complaint with leave to amend. 2/13/17 Order [Docket No. 12]. As explained in the
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2/13/17 order, Ms. Shavers’s pleadings did not state a section 1983 claim because the pleadings
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contained no facts about the role Murphy played in Ms. Shavers’s arrest or his connection to
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alleged constitutional violations. Id. at 2-3.
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C.

Second Amended Complaint

On May 12, 2017, Ms. Shavers filed a timely Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), again

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naming Murphy as the sole defendant. [Docket No. 15]. Liberally construing her original,
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amended and second amended complaint together, Ms. Shavers alleged that an incident occurred
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in December 2014 which involved family members and others. She attempted to intervene, and
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was subsequently arrested and placed in custody. Ms. Shavers was later released on $30,000 bail,
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and no charges were filed. On March 24, 2015, she was re-arrested and placed in custody for the
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“same charges,” but did not “receive any paperwork.” SAC at 5. She was then released on

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$80,000.00 bail. Compl. at 5. Ms. Shavers alleged that no criminal charges were filed in
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connection with her second arrest. SAC at 2. She alleged a violation of her Fourth Amendment
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rights and requested $150,000 in damages for pain and suffering, lost wages, loss of her job,

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depression, the bail posted for both arrests, and punitive damages. SAC at 6.

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On April 28, 2017, the court dismissed the SAC, explaining that, as in prior pleadings, the

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SAC still failed to state what Murphy allegedly did to violate Ms. Shavers’s constitutional rights.

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4/28/17 Order [Docket No. 16].

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D.

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On May 12, 2017, Ms. Shavers filed a timely Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”), again

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naming Murphy as the sole defendant. [Docket No. 17]. In the TAC, Ms. Shavers asserted that

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Murphy violated her Fourth Amendment rights because he signed an affidavit for an arrest warrant

Third Amended Complaint

even though he knew that the District Attorney (“DA”) had declined to press charges against her.

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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This resulted in her false arrest on March 24, 2015. TAC at 4.
According to the TAC, following the December 2014 arrest, Ms. Shavers contacted the

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DA numerous times in January 2015 attempting to “exonerate” herself. TAC at 4. The DA

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declined to press charges. TAC at 5. On March 23, 2015, a number of officers appeared at Ms.

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Shavers’s sister’s house with the intention of arresting Ms. Shavers for violation of California

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Penal Code Section 1399.2 TAC at 5. Ms. Shavers spoke with the officers because she was
concerned about the arrest warrant and was out on bail. Id. She declined to give her address to
them until she contacted her bail bonds person. Id. Ms. Shavers then contacted the DA and the
Sheriff’s Office about the arrest warrant. Id. The DA said that her case was “rejected” and that no
further information was needed from her. TAC at 6.
On March 24, 2015, Ms. Shavers was driving when she was pulled over by five police

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cars. Id. at 6. The officers asked her to state her name and told her to exit, then handcuffed her
and searched her car. Id. The officers said they had an arrest warrant, so Ms. Shavers asked to see
it. Id. The officers did not present an arrest warrant, and Ms. Shavers was taken to Santa Rita

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County jail. Id. Because the officers did not have an arrest warrant, they made a telephone call to
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have the warrant faxed to the jail. Id. Ms. Shavers was then booked, but later posted $80,000.00
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There is no California Penal Code Section 1399, so it remains unclear which Penal Code section
Ms. Shavers is citing.
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bail. Id.
On March 26, 2015, Ms. Shavers appeared in court but the judge never called her case.

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TAC at 6. Ms. Shavers and the bailiff then called the DA’s office. TAC at 6-7. The DA’s office

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repeatedly told her and the bailiff that her cases were rejected and that the DA’s office did not

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know why she had been arrested on March 24, 2015. TAC at 7.
Ms. Shavers claimed that Murphy had intentionally harassed her. She requested

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$150,000.00 in punitive damages, as well as compensation for pain and suffering and lost wages.

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TAC at 5, 8.
On June 30, 2017, Murphy filed a motion to dismiss the TAC. [Docket No. 23]. Because

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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Ms. Shavers did not file a timely opposition, the court issued an order to show cause. [Docket No.
31]. Ms. Shavers filed a timely response, along with an opposition to the motion to dismiss.
[Docket Nos. 32-33]. She explained that she had been unable to file a timely opposition due to
several visits to the emergency room for pancreas-related problems. [Docket No. 33].
At a hearing held on August 24, 2017, the court denied Murphy’s motion to dismiss, and

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granted leave to amend to file a Fourth Amended Complaint. [Docket No. 37]. At the hearing,
the court specifically instructed Ms. Shavers that her Fourth Amended Complaint must plead “all
facts that explain why she believes that Officer Murphy violated her constitutional rights,
including her allegation that Murphy lied in the sworn affidavit that he submitted to obtain the

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March 2015 arrest warrant,” and that she must also attach a copy of the arrest warrant. 8/24/17

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Order [Docket No. 37].
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E.

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Fourth Amended Complaint

On September 24, 2017, Ms. Shavers filed a timely Fourth Amended Complaint (“FAC”).

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[Docket No. 38]. It alleges one claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Fourth Amendment against
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Murphy for making numerous false statements “maliciously, oppressively, recklessly, and with
deliberate indifference” in his declaration of probable cause in support of the Ramey warrant he
signed in March 2015.3

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“A ‘Ramey warrant’ is a warrant authorizing the arrest of a suspect within the home before the
filing of criminal charges by the district attorney.” Millender v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 620 F.3d
1016, 1021 (9th Cir. 2010), rev’d sub nom. on other grounds Messerschmidt v. Millender, 565
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According to the FAC, Ms. Shavers was arrested on December 22, 2014 for a violation of
Penal Code Section 243(a)(battery), and was released on $30,000 bail. FAC at 2. On December

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24, 2014, Ms. Shavers went to the courthouse to appear on the charges, but never entered the

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courtroom because the bailiff handed her a piece of paper stating that no charges were filed. Id.

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Ms. Shavers appeared again in January 2015, and was told that no charges were filed and to

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contact the DA’s office regarding additional court dates. Id. It appears that Ms. Shavers went to

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the courthouse on January 19, 2015, but, as before, was told by the bailiff that no charges were

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filed and that she should contact the DA’s office about her next court date. FAC at 3. Ms.

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Shavers then contacted the DA’s office weekly until she was told by a clerk on January 23, 2015

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that she was “exonerated” of the charges. Id. Ms. Shavers also contacted the Public Defender’s

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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(“PD”) office regarding her case. Id. The PD’s office told her that it had no record of her case

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number, Case No. 04354381. Id. The FAC does not explain the source of this case number.

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On March 24, 2015, Ms. Shavers was arrested pursuant to a Ramey arrest warrant on the

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same charges for which she had already been “exonerated.” Id. She was taken into custody, and

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later released on $80,000 bail. Id. On March 26, 2015, Ms. Shavers appeared in court, but the

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judge did not call her case. FAC at 4. She then asked the bailiff about seeing the judge, at which

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point the bailiff checked her name and said that no charges were filed in Case No. 04354381. Id.

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Ms. Shavers and the bailiff then contacted the DA’s Office. Id. The DA’s office stated that it had

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rejected both Ms. Shavers’s case and the Ramey warrant. Id.

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Ms. Shavers attached a copy of the Ramey arrest warrant to the FAC. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

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10(c) (exhibits attached to the complaint are part of the complaint). According to the Ramey

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affidavit, Murphy attests that there was probable cause to arrest Ms. Shavers for assault with a

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U.S. 535 (2012) (citing Goodwin v. Superior Court, 90 Cal. App. 4th 215, 218 (2001)) (citing
People v. Ramey, 16 Cal.3d 263 (1976)).

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Ms. Shavers alleges that Murphy “executed” a Ramey affidavit. There is nothing in the record
to suggest that Murphy was one of the arresting officers. Since Murphy’s sole involvement in this
case appears to be based on the fact that he signed a Ramey affidavit, the court construes Ms.
Shavers’s allegations about Murphy’s “execution” of a Ramey affidavit as referring to the fact that
Murphy signed a Ramey affidavit.

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deadly weapon. The facts supporting probable cause were as follows. In the late evening of

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December 22, 2014, members of the Oakland Police Department (“OPD”) were engaged in

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surveillance around the 900 block of 66th Avenue in Oakland when they saw a large group of

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people loitering around the courtyard of 940 66th Avenue. See Murphy Ramey Affidavit [Docket

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No. 38] at ECF-page 12. California Department of Justice and OPD officers later advised that a

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large family fight was taking place. Id. During the fight, OPD Officer Cruz advised over the

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police radio that a female, later identified as Michaela Gospel, had fled through the courthouse

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toward his vehicle looking for assistance. Id. At the direction of OPD Sergeant Shavies, Cruz

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allowed Gospel into his vehicle. Id. While Gospel was attempting to get into Cruz’s vehicle,
someone at the scene fired a firearm. Id. Once in Cruz’s vehicle, Gospel told Cruz that she had

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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been jumped by a number of women and that one woman had attacked and pistol whipped her. Id.

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at ECF-page 14. During the fight, a woman wearing a white sweatshirt and a surgical mask

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removed an object from her waistband and struck her with it. Id.

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At the time of the incident, Shavies saw a black female wearing a white sweatshirt and a

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surgical mask flee the courtyard in a white Ford Fusion sedan. This individual was later identified

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as Ms. Shavers. Id. Shavies followed Ms. Shavers in his vehicle to the 3300 block of 64th

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Avenue, at which point he and Cruz directed uniformed officers to detain her because she matched

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the description of the person described by Gospel. Id. An officer detained Ms. Shavers,

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conducted a visual inspection of her vehicle, and found a hammer in plain view on the driver’s

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seat. Id. Ms. Shavers was then taken in for questioning, and provided the interviewing officers

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with a statement. Id. According to the statement given by Ms. Shavers, she was at the 900 block

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of 66th Avenue because her children were involved in a fight and she wanted to ensure that the

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fight was fair. Id. Ms. Shavers tried to break up the fight and pushed a girl. Id. She stated that

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she hit the girl with her hand, not a weapon. Id. Ms. Shavers advised that she had a pair of

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scissors and hammer in her vehicle. Id.

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A day after the incident, Shavies and another officer interviewed Ms. Shavers’s daughter.

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Id. She corroborated Ms. Shavers’s statement about an impending fight, as well as the statement

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that Ms. Shavers had come to the 900 block of 66th Avenue because of the fight. Id. The
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daughter also confirmed that Ms. Shavers was driving a white Ford sedan, that she was wearing a

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white sweatshirt with a surgical mask, and that she was armed with a hammer. Id. She stated that

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she did not believe Ms. Shavers struck anyone with a hammer. Id. According to footage from a

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surveillance video, Ms. Shavers hit Gospel in the face with her left hand. Id. However, it is

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unclear whether Ms. Shavers had a hammer in her left hand. Id.
After interviewing Ms. Shavers’s daughter, an OPD officer contacted local hospitals to see

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if they had admitted a possible victim of an assault with a head injury. Id. The OPD officer

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learned that Gospel had been treated for head trauma at Summit Hospital and released on

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December 23, 2014. Id.
On September 29, 2017, Murphy filed the instant motion to dismiss the FAC. [Docket

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United States District Court
Northern District of California

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No. 40]. Because Ms. Shavers did not file a timely opposition by October 11, 2017, the court

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issued an order to show cause. [Docket No. 41]. Ms. Shavers filed a timely response to the order

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to show cause along with an opposition to the motion to dismiss. [Docket Nos. 42-43]. Murphy

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filed an objection to Ms. Shavers’s response to the order to show cause as well as a request that

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she produce certain medical records to corroborate the assertions in her response. [Docket No.

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45]. Ms. Shavers subsequently submitted medical records from her emergency room visit to the

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Kaiser Hospital in Antioch, California from October 12 through 13, 2017. [Docket No. 46].

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II.

LEGAL STANDARD

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A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal

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sufficiency of the claims alleged in the complaint. Ileto v. Glock Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1199–200

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(9th Cir. 2003). When reviewing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court must

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“accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551

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U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam) (citation omitted), and may dismiss the case “only where there is

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no cognizable legal theory or an absence of sufficient facts alleged to support a cognizable legal

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theory.” Shroyer v. New Cingular Wireless Servs., Inc., 622 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2010)

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(citation and quotation marks omitted).

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When a complaint presents a cognizable legal theory, the court may grant the motion if the
complaint lacks “sufficient factual matter to state a facially plausible claim to relief.” Id. (citing
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Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)). A claim has facial plausibility when a “plaintiff pleads

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factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable

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for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). For purposes of Rule

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12(b)(6) review, the court reviews documents incorporated into the complaint, as well as judicially

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noticeable material. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007);

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Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076-77 (9th Cir. 2005) (incorporation by reference); Skilstaf,

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Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 669 F.3d 1006, 1016 n.9 (9th Cir. 2012) (judicial notice).request for

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judicial notice

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III.

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REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits a court to take judicial notice of facts not subject to

United States District Court
Northern District of California

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reasonable dispute and “can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy

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cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). “[A] court may take judicial notice of

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‘matters of public record.’” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing

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Mack v. S. Bay Beer Distrib., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986), abrogated on other grounds by

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Astoria Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104 (1991)).

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Murphy submits an unopposed request for judicial notice in support of the motion to

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dismiss. Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”) [Docket No. 39]. He seeks judicial notice of certain

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documents filed in this case, including the original and amended complaints; the SAC; the TAC;

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the FAC; the 8/24/17 Minute Order; the prior dismissal orders; the IFP application; and the order

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relating the earlier case to this one. See Ex. 1-9, 11-12. Murphy also seeks judicial notice of the

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complaint filed in the related case. See Ex. 10. Since these documents are all “matters of public

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record,” the court grants Murphy’s request for judicial notice of the existence of the documents set

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forth in Exhibits 1 through 12, as well as the dates they were filed, but does not take judicial notice

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of the contents of the documents for the truth of the matters asserted therein because the facts are

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subject to dispute. See, e.g., California Sportfishing Prot. All. v. Shiloh Grp., LLC, --- F. Supp. 3d

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----, No. 16-CV-06499-DMR, 2017 WL 3136443, at *5 (N.D. Cal. July 24, 2017) (explaining that

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courts may not “take judicial notice of the contents of documents for the truth of the matters

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asserted therein when the facts are disputed”).
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IV.

ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE
In the response to the order to show cause, Ms. Shavers explains that she was unable to file

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a timely opposition because the North Bay wildfires that occurred in October 2017 caused her to
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lose her voice and required her to seek emergency room treatment for chronic bronchitis and
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dehydration. [Docket No. 43]. Murphy filed an objection to this response, disputing Ms.
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Shavers’s assertions and requesting that she provide information to support her statements.

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[Docket No. 45]. In response, Ms. Shavers provided copies of her medical records. They show
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that Ms. Shavers was admitted into the emergency room at the Kaiser Hospital in Antioch,
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California on October 12, 2017 for an acute upper respiratory infection and discharged on October
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13, 2017. [Docket No. 46].
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In the interests of justice and in resolving the case on the merits, the court discharges the
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Northern District of California

order to show cause and will consider Ms. Shavers’s late-filed opposition. As this is the second
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time Ms. Shavers has missed a filing deadline, she is warned that future missed deadlines may
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result in sanctions.
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V.

DISCUSSION
Murphy moves to dismiss the FAC on the ground that it still fails to adequately state a

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section 19834 claim against him, even though the court specifically instructed Ms. Shavers that she

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must allege sufficient supporting facts. According to Murphy, although the FAC alleges that
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Murphy knew that Ms. Shavers was previously twice “exonerated” of the charge of assault with a

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deadly weapon before he signed the Ramey affidavit, there are no facts pleaded in the FAC to
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support this allegation. Murphy argues that the allegations in the FAC demonstrate the exact
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opposite, rendering her claim implausible. Murphy points out that according to the FAC, the DA
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and PD offices had no record of any criminal case against her. In the absence of any record of a
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criminal case against her, it would have been impossible for Murphy to have known that Ms.
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Shavers had been previously “exonerated” of any charges. Murphy also contends that there are

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other inconsistencies between the timeline of the investigation described in the Ramey arrest
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Murphy cites to “28 U.S.C. § 1183” in his motion and reply. The court assumes that Murphy
intended to cite to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
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warrant and the allegations in the FAC that render Ms. Shavers’s claim implausible.
In her opposition, Ms. Shavers does not directly respond to Murphy’s main argument.

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Instead, she asserts that she has adequately pleaded a Fourth Amendment violation, and repeats

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many of the allegations in the FAC.

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A. Section 1983 and the Fourth Amendment
1. Legal Principles

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42 U.S.C. § 1983 “provides a cause of action for the ‘deprivation of any rights, privileges,

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or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws’ of the United States.” Wilder v. Va. Hosp.

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Ass’n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Section 1983 is not itself a source of
substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere

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Northern District of California

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conferred. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). To state a claim under section 1983,

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a plaintiff must allege two elements: 1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the

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United States was violated, and 2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting

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under the color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Ketchum v. Alameda Cty.,

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811 F.2d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 1987).
An officer may be liable under section 1983 for a Fourth Amendment violation if the

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officer “knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth includes material false statements or
omits material facts in an affidavit submitted in support of a warrant application.” Rutledge v. Cty.
of Sonoma, No. C 07-4274 CW, 2008 WL 2676578, at *7 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2008); Brown v.
Alexander, No. 13-01451 SC, 2013 WL 6578774, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2013) (same); see also
Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino Cty., 192 F.3d 1283, 1295 (9th Cir. 1999). This type of
Fourth Amendment violation is called a “Franks” claim, named after Franks v. Delaware, 438
U.S. 154 (1978).5 Brown, 2013 WL 6578774, at *7.

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To allege a Franks claim, “a plaintiff must show that the defendant deliberately or

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In Franks, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a criminal defendant has a right to an evidentiary
hearing where the defendant “makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement
knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included” in a search
warrant affidavit, and the “allegedly false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause.”
Id. at 155–56. The Ninth Circuit has held that “the Franks standard, although developed in the
criminal context, also defines the scope of qualified immunity in civil rights actions.” Liston v.
Cty. of Riverside, 120 F.3d 965, 972 (9th Cir. 1997), as amended (Oct. 9, 1997).
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recklessly made false statements or omissions that were material to the finding of probable cause.”

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Brown, 2013 WL 6578774, at *7 (citing Galbraith v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119, 1126

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(9th Cir. 2002)). “Omissions or misstatements resulting from negligence or good faith mistakes

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will not invalidate an affidavit which on its face establishes probable cause.” Ewing v. City of

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Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1224 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

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2. Analysis
Liberally construing the allegations in the FAC and the statements in the opposition to the

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motion to dismiss, Ms. Shavers appears to be bringing a Franks claim against Murphy. She

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asserts that Murphy made numerous statements “maliciously, oppressively, recklessly, and with
deliberate indifference” in his Ramey affidavit, including that Ms. Shavers had pistol whipped

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Northern District of California

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someone and was charged with a violation of Penal Code Section 245(A)(1), assault with a deadly

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weapon. FAC at 5-6. According to Ms. Shavers, Murphy also omitted material facts from his

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Ramey affidavit, including that Ms. Shavers was twice “exonerated” of the charge of assault with a

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deadly weapon, had shown up for every court appearance between December 2014 and March

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2015, and was in constant contact with the DA’s office about her case. FAC at 5-7. Per Ms.

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Shavers, Murphy knew about the omitted information because it was “public.” She argues that

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had the judge who reviewed the Ramey warrant been made aware of the fact that she had already

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been “exonerated” of the charges, as well as the other facts Murphy failed to include, the judge

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would not have issued the arrest warrant. As result of Murphy’s material misstatements and

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omissions, Ms. Shavers was arrested a second time and had to post bail in the amount of $80,000,

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which caused her to miss work. Id. at 8.

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At the August 24, 2017 hearing on Murphy’s motion to dismiss the TAC, the court

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specifically instructed Ms. Shavers to plead “all facts that explain why she believes that Officer

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Murphy violated her constitutional rights, including her allegation that Murphy lied in the sworn

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affidavit that he submitted to obtain the March 2015 arrest warrant” in the FAC. 8/24/17 Order
[Docket No. 37] (emphasis added).
Although the allegations are more robust than in the prior pleadings, the FAC still fails to
plead sufficient facts to state a claim. The FAC makes conclusory allegations that when Murphy
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signed the Ramey affidavit, he knew that Ms. Shavers had previously been “exonerated” for the

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same charge at issue in the Ramey arrest warrant, and also knew that she had previously appeared

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in court multiple times. It is unclear what Ms. Shavers means by the word “exonerated.” Does

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she mean that she was absolutely cleared of the possibility of any charges ever being filed against

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her in connection with the December 2014 incident? If so, who told her she had been

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“exonerated,” and what exactly did they tell her in this regard? Being absolutely cleared of a

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charge is materially different from being told that no charges were going to be filed against her at

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the particular time she communicated with the DA’s office, for this leaves open the possibility that

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charges could be pursued later upon further investigation.

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Northern District of California

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Ms. Shavers also does not include any facts to explain how Murphy supposedly knew that
she had been “exonerated,” and from what source he obtained this information. Instead, the
allegations in the FAC are vague. Ms. Shavers states that the information was “public,” but this
raises more unanswered questions. How was the information “public?” Was it available on a
public source, such as a court docket? If so, what was the source, and what exactly did it say?
Was the information available to Murphy, and if so, how? Was the information so obviously
known to Murphy that its omission from the Ramey affidavit would support a reasonable inference
that Murphy acted deliberately or with reckless disregard in leaving it out? Additionally, how
does Ms. Shavers know that Murphy knew about the information prior to preparing the Ramey

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affidavit?
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In light of the above, the court finds that Ms. Shavers still has failed to allege sufficient
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facts to state a Fourth Amendment claim.
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B. Leave to Amend
“A district court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend unless it is
absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.” Akhtar
v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Ms. Shavers has had multiple opportunities to plead a claim, and has not yet done so successfully.
However, it is not “absolutely clear” that the deficiencies described above cannot be cured by
amendment. Therefore, the court provides Ms. Shavers this last opportunity to file a Fifth

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Amended Complaint to address the deficiencies identified in this order.

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C. Qualified Immunity

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Murphy contends that if Ms. Shavers has stated a Fourth Amendment claim, it must still be

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dismissed because he is entitled to qualified immunity. Since the FAC is dismissed with leave to

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amend, the court need not consider whether Murphy is entitled to qualified immunity.

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D.

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In conclusion, the court grants Murphy’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend. Ms.

CONCLUSION

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Shavers shall file a Fifth Amended Complaint by no later than January 22, 2018. Failure to

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timely file a Fifth Amended Complaint may result in dismissal for failure to prosecute.

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S
UNIT
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R NIA

D
RDERE
S SO O
______________________________________
IT I
Donna M. Ryu
United States Magistrate Judge u

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dge Don
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Dated: January 8, 2018

NO

United States District Court
Northern District of California

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IT IS SO ORDERED.

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