Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al

Filing 1585

OBJECTIONS to re Exhibits To Be Used with Winer, Van Liere, Poret, and Balakrishnan by Samsung Electronics America, Inc.(a New York corporation), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC. (Attachments: # 1 Declaration Decl of Ketan Patel, # 2 Exhibit B, # 3 Exhibit C, # 4 Exhibit D, # 5 Exhibit E, # 6 Exhibit F, # 7 Exhibit G)(Maroulis, Victoria) (Filed on 8/6/2012)

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EXHIBIT F SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 HAROLD J. MCELHINNY (CA SBN 66781) hmcelhinny@mofo.com MICHAEL A. JACOBS (CA SBN 111664) mjacobs@mofo.com RICHARD S.J. HUNG (CA SBN 197425) rhung@mofo.com MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP 425 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105-2482 Telephone: (415) 268-7000 Facsimile: (415) 268-7522 7 8 9 10 11 12 WILLIAM F. LEE (pro hac vice) william.lee@wilmerhale.com WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Telephone: (617) 526-6000 Facsimile: (617) 526-5000 MARK D. SELWYN (SBN 244180) mark.selwyn@wilmerhale.com WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP 950 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 Telephone: (650) 858-6000 Facsimile: (650) 858-6100 Attorneys for Plaintiff and Counterclaim-Defendant Apple Inc. 13 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN JOSE DIVISION 14 15 16 APPLE INC., a California corporation, 17 Plaintiff, 18 19 20 21 22 23 Civil Action No. 11-CV-01846-LHK vs. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD., a Korean business entity, SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC., a New York corporation, and SAMSUNG TELECOMMUNICATIONS AMERICA, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, APPLE INC.’S OBJECTIONS AND RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES CONFIDENTIAL UNDER THE PROTECTIVE ORDER Defendants. 24 25 26 27 28 1 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 INTERROGATORY NO. 71: Separately for each SAMSUNG product or product packaging that YOU contend infringes any APPLE TRADE DRESS or APPLE TRADEMARK, state fully and in detail on a trade dress-by-trade dress and trademark-by-trademark basis all facts that support YOUR contention that the SAMSUNG product or product packaging is likely to cause confusion, cause mistake, or deceive consumers as to the affiliation, connection, or association of SAMSUNG with APPLE, or as to origin, sponsorship, or approval by APPLE of SAMSUNG’S goods, services or commercial activities. RESPONSE TO INTERROGATORY NO. 71: Apple objects to the phrase “fully and in detail” as vague and ambiguous. Apple objects 12 to this Interrogatory as unduly burdensome, overbroad, and impracticable to the extent that it 13 requests Apple to state “all facts” supporting Apple’s contention “fully and in detail,” especially 14 given the late date in the discovery period at which this Interrogatory was propounded. Apple 15 further objects to this Interrogatory to the extent it seeks information that: (i) would require 16 Apple to draw a legal conclusion to respond; (ii) is outside of Apple’s possession, custody, or 17 control; (iii) can be obtained as easily by Samsung, is already in Samsung’s possession, or is 18 publicly available; or (iv) is subject to a confidentiality or nondisclosure agreement or governed 19 by a protective order preventing its production. 20 21 Subject to and incorporating its General Objections and its specific objections, Apple 22 responds as follows with respect to the Samsung products accused in Apple’s Amended 23 Complaint: 24 25 26 Samsung is infringing Apple’s Original iPhone Trade Dress, iPhone 3G Trade Dress, iPhone 4 Trade Dress, iPhone Trade Dress, iPad Trade Dress, iPad 2 Trade Dress and the trade dress registered in U.S. Trademark Reg. Nos. 3,470,983, 3,457,218, and 3,475,327 by 27 28 73 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 advertising and selling a wide variety of lookalike products, including without limitation Galaxy, Galaxy S, and Galaxy SII products such as Captivate, Continuum, Droid Charge, Epic 4G, Fascinate, Galaxy Ace, Galaxy Prevail, Galaxy S (i9000), Galaxy S 4G, Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G), Galaxy S II (i9100), Galaxy S II (T-Mobile edition), Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch, Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE), Galaxy S Showcase (i500), Infuse 4G, Mesmerize, Vibrant, Galaxy Tab 7.0, Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus, Galaxy Tab 10.1, and Galaxy Tab 10.1 LTE. These products were intentionally designed to look like Apple products in their hardware and user interface design and infringe Apple’s trade dress rights, as shown in the charts below. 10 Trade Dress 11 A. 12 Original iPhone Trade Dress; iPhone 3G Trade Dress; iPhone 4 Trade Dress; iPhone Trade Dress; U.S. Trademark Registration Nos. 3,470,983; 3,457,218; 3,475,327 13 14 Trade Dress Original iPhone Trade Dress; iPhone Trade Dress iPhone 3G Trade Dress iPhone 4 Trade Dress U.S. Reg. No. 3,470,983 U.S. Reg. No. 3,457,218 U.S. Reg. No. 3,475,327 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 74 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Accused Samsung Designs Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G Fascinate Galaxy Prevail 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 75 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II (T-Mobile edition) Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 76 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase (i500) Infuse 4G 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Mesmerize Vibrant 25 26 27 28 77 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 B. iPhone 4 Trade Dress Trade Dress 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Accused Samsung Design Galaxy Ace 28 78 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 C. iPad Trade Dress and iPad2 Trade Dress Trade Dress 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Accused Samsung Designs 28 79 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus Galaxy Tab 7.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 80 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Galaxy Tab 10.1 Galaxy Tab 10.1 LTE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Samsung is also infringing Apple’s icon trademarks by advertising and selling a wide 18 variety of products using confusingly similar icons, including without limitation phones and 19 products such as Captivate; Continuum; Droid Charge; Epic 4G; Exhibit 4G; Fascinate; Galaxy 20 Ace; Galaxy S (i9000); Galaxy S 4G; Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G); Galaxy S II (T-Mobile 21 Edition); Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch; Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE); Galaxy S Showcase; 22 Gem; Gravity Smart; Indulge; Infuse 4G; Mesmerize; and Vibrant. The icons on these products 23 were intentionally designed to look like Apple’s icons and infringe Apple’s trademark rights, as 24 shown in the charts below. 25 26 27 28 81 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Icon Trademarks 2 I. 3,886,196 – Trademark Icon for Telephone Calls 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II (T-Mobile Edition) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 82 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase Gem Gravity Smart Indulge Infuse 4G Mesmerize 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vibrant 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 J. 3,889,642 – Trademark Icon for Messaging 19 20 21 22 23 Acclaim Continuum Droid Charge Fascinate 24 25 26 27 28 83 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Galaxy Prevail Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 Gem Intercept Mesmerize Nexus S Nexus S 4G Replenish Transform 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 K. 3,886,200 – Trademark Icon for Photos 17 18 19 20 21 22 Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G 23 24 25 26 27 28 84 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 Gem Gravity Smart Indulge Infuse 4G Mesmerize Sidekick Vibrant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 L. 3,889,685 – Trademark Icon for Settings 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 85 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II (T-Mobile Edition) Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus Galaxy Tab 10.1 Gem Gravity Smart Indulge Infuse 4G Mesmerize Vibrant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 86 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 M. 3,886,169 – Trademark Icon for Notes 2 3 4 5 6 7 Captivate Continuum Epic 4G Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 Gravity Smart Indulge Infuse 4G 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 87 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Mesmerize Sidekick Vibrant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 88 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 N. 3,886,197 – Trademark Icon for Contacts 2 3 4 5 6 7 Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II (T-Mobile Edition) Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 89 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus Galaxy Tab 10.1 Gem Gravity Smart Indulge Infuse 4G Mesmerize Vibrant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 O. Application No. 85/041,463 (Purple iTunes Store Trademark) and Registration No. 2,935,038 (“iTunes Eighth Note and CD Design Trademark”) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 90 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Captivate Continuum Droid Charge Epic 4G Exhibit 4G Fascinate Galaxy Ace Galaxy S (i9000) Galaxy S 4G Galaxy S II (AT&T Edition, 4G) Galaxy S II (i9100) Galaxy S II (T-Mobile Edition) Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch Galaxy S II Skyrocket (4G LTE) Galaxy S Showcase Galaxy Tab 7.0 Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus Galaxy Tab 10.1 Gem Gravity Smart 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 91 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Indulge Infuse 4G Mesmerize Vibrant 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Consumers who see Samsung’s products are likely to be confused as to the source of Samsung’s products, or misled into believing that there is an association between the Samsung products and Apple. Samsung had many options in developing its smartphones and tablet computers. Indeed, earlier versions of Samsung smartphones did not embody the same combination of elements of Apple’s trade dress. Even the icons in earlier versions of the Samsung smartphones looked different because, for example, they did not appear as a matrix of colorful square icons above a bottom “dock” of icons. 15 Facts that support Apple’s contention that Samsung’s Galaxy, Galaxy S, and Galaxy SII 16 smartphone and tablet computer products have infringed and will continue to infringe the Apple 17 trade dress and icon trademarks at issue in this lawsuit include, but are not limited to, facts 18 relating to (i) the unique appearance of the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad products, (ii) pre-launch 19 publicity for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad products, (iii) Apple’s extensive advertising of the 20 iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad products, (iv) unsolicited third-party press for the iPhone, iPod 21 touch, and iPad products, including positive reviews and press accolades, (v) the iPhone, iPod 22 touch, and iPad products’ appearance in popular media, (vi) the widespread use of the iPhone, 23 iPod touch, and iPad products by well known political, sports, and entertainment figures, 24 (vii) design awards received by Apple for the design of the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad 25 products, (viii) sales of the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad products, (ix) Samsung’s extensive 26 advertisements of the Galaxy, Galaxy S, and Galaxy SII smartphone and tablet computer 27 products, (x) third-party reviews of Samsung’s Galaxy, Galaxy S, and Galaxy SII smartphone 28 92 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 2 3 and tablet computer products, including reviews comparing Samsung’s smartphone and tablet computer products to Apple’s products, and (xi) Samsung’s sales of the Galaxy, Galaxy S, and Galaxy SII smartphone and tablet computer products. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 93 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 Dated: March 10, 2012 /s/ Mark D. Selwyn Mark D. Selwyn (SBN 244180) (mark.selwyn@wilmerhale.com) WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP 950 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304 Telephone: (650) 858-6000 Facsimile: (650) 858-6100 2 3 4 5 6 William F. Lee (admitted pro hac vice) (william.lee@wilmerhale.com) WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Telephone: (617) 526-6000 Facsimile: (617) 526-5000 7 8 9 10 Harold J. McElhinny (SBN 66781) (HMcElhinny@mofo.com) Michael A. Jacobs (SBN 111664) (MJacobs@mofo.com) Richard S.J. Hung (CA SBN 197425) rhung@mofo.com MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP 425 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105 Telephone: ( 415) 268-7000 Facsimile: (415) 268-7522 11 12 13 14 15 16 Attorneys for Plaintiff and Counterclaim-Defendant Apple Inc. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 171 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 1 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 2 3 The undersigned hereby certifies that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing 4 document has been served on March 10, 2012 by electronic mail upon the following: 5 Charles Kramer Verhoeven (Cal. Bar No. 170151) (charlesverhoeven@quinnemanuel.com) Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP 50 California Street, 22nd Floor San Francisco, California 94111 Telephone: (415) 875-6600 Facsimile: (415) 875-7600 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Kevin P.B. Johnson (Cal. Bar No. 177129) (kevinjohnson@quinnemanuel.com) Victoria F. Maroulis (Cal. Bar No. 202603) (victoriamaroulis@quinnemanuel.com) Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP 555 Twin Dolphin Drive 5th Floor Redwood Shores, California 94065 Telephone: (650) 801-5000 Facsimile: (650) 801-5100 Edward J. DeFranco (Cal. Bar No. 165596) (eddefranco@quinnemanuel.com) Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP 51 Madison Avenue, 22nd Floor New York, New York 10010 Telephone: (212) 849-7000 Facsimile: (212) 849-7100 Michael T. Zeller (Cal. Bar No. 196417) (michaelzeller@quinnemanuel.com) Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan LLP 865 S. Figueroa St., 10th Floor Los Angeles, California 90017 Telephone: (213) 443-3000 Facsimile: (213) 443-3100 22 /s/ Mark. D Selwyn Mark D. Selwyn 23 24 25 26 27 28 172 APPLE INC.’S RESPONSES TO SAMSUNG’S FOURTH SET OF INTERROGATORIES Case No. 11-cv-01846 (LHK) OPPOS FOR

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