Leader Technologies Inc. v. Facebook Inc.

Filing 537

DECLARATION re 529 Reply Brief, 528 Reply Brief, 534 Reply Brief, 533 Reply Brief, 531 Reply Brief, 536 Reply Brief, by Facebook Inc.(a Delaware corporation). (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit 8, # 3 Exhibit 9)(Caponi, Steven)

EXHIBIT 9

Hacker (programmer subculture) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Hacker (programmer subculture)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In one of several meanings of the word in computing, a hacker is a member of the computer programmer
subculture originated in the 1960s in the United States academia, in particular around the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory. Nowadays, this subculture is mainly associated with the free software movement.
Hackers follow a spirit of creative playfulness and anti-authoritarianism, and sometimes use this term to
refer to people applying the same attitude to other fields.

Contents
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1 Definition
2 History
3 Ethics and principles
4 Artifacts and customs
5 Documents
6 Use outside of computing
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Definition
The Jargon File, a compendium of hacker slang, defines hacker as "A person who enjoys exploring the
details of programmable systems and stretching their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to
learn only the minimum necessary." [1] The Request for Comments (RFC) 1392, the Internet Users'
Glossary, amplifies this meaning as "A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the
internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular." [2] These hackers are
disappointed (see definition controversy) by the mass media and mainstream public's usage of the word
hacker to refer to security breakers, calling them "crackers" instead.
The difference between hackers and crackers, according to them, is that where hackers use their skills and
knowledge to learn more about how systems and networks work, crackers will use the same skills to
author harmful software (like viruses, trojans, etc.) and illegally infiltrate secure systems with the
intention of doing harm to the system.[citation needed] This subculture of hackers doesn't participate in
these activities and generally frowns upon them.
Many find this rewording a band-aid on the problem of social acceptance and recognition, as such 2600
Magazine's ethos is to instead concentrate on educating people about the field and related topics rather
than disassociation.

History
Before communications between computers and computer users was as networked as it is now, there
were multiple independent and parallel hacker subcultures, often unaware or only partially aware of each

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others' existence. All of these had certain important traits in common:
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Creating software and sharing it with each other
Placing a high value on freedom of inquiry; hostility to secrecy
Information-sharing as both an ideal and a practical strategy
Upholding the right to fork
Emphasis on rationality
Distaste for authority
Playful cleverness, taking the serious humorously and their humor seriously

These sorts of subcultures were commonly found at academic settings such as college campuses. The
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon
University were particularly well-known hotbeds of early hacker culture. They evolved in parallel, and
largely unconsciously, until the Internet, where a legendary PDP-10 machine at MIT, called AI, that was
running ITS, provided an early meeting point of the hacker community. This and other developments
such as the rise of the free software movement drew together a critically large population and encouraged
the spread of a conscious, common, and systematic ethos. Symptomatic of this evolution were an
increasing adoption of common slang and a shared view of history, similar to the way in which other
occupational groups have professionalized themselves but without the formal credentialing process
characteristic of most professional groups.
Over time, the academic hacker subculture has tended to become more conscious, more cohesive, and
better organized. The most important consciousness-raising moments have included the composition of
the first Jargon File in 1973, the promulgation of the GNU Manifesto in 1985, and the publication of The
Cathedral and the Bazaar in 1997. Correlated with this has been the gradual election of a set of shared
culture heroes: Bill Joy, Donald Knuth, Dennis Ritchie, Alan Kay, Ken Thompson, Richard M. Stallman,
Linus Torvalds, Larry Wall, and Guido Van Rossum, among others.
The concentration of academic hacker subculture has paralleled and partly been driven by the
commoditization of computer and networking technology, and has in turn accelerated that process. In
1975, hackerdom was scattered across several different families of operating systems and disparate
networks; today it is largely a Unix and TCP/IP phenomenon, and is concentrated around various
operating systems based on free software and open-source software development.

Ethics and principles
Many of the values and tenets of the free and open source software movement stem from the hacker
ethics that originated at MIT and at the Homebrew Computer Club. The so-called Hacker Ethics were
chronicled by Steven Levy in Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution and in other texts.
Hacker ethics are concerned primarily with sharing, openness, collaboration, and engaging in the HandsOn Imperative[3].

Artifacts and customs
The academic hacker subculture is defined by shared work and play focused
around central artifacts. Some of these artifacts are very large; the Internet, the
World Wide Web, the GNU Project, and the Linux kernel are all hacker creations, works of which the
subculture considers itself primary custodian.

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The academic hacker subculture has developed a rich range of symbols that
serve as recognition symbols and reinforce its group identity. GNU's Gnu, the
BSD Daemon, Tux, the Linux penguin, and the Perl Camel stand out as
examples. The use of the glider structure from Conway's Game of Life as a
general Hacker Emblem has been proposed by Eric S. Raymond.
The academic hacker subculture has an annual ceremonial day—April Fool's.
There is a long tradition of perpetrating elaborate jokes, hoaxes, pranks and
fake websites on this date, which includes the publication of the annual joke
RFC.

Documents

The Glider, proposed
as an emblem of the
"hacker community"
by Eric S. Raymond.

The Jargon File has had a special role in acculturating hackers since its origins
in the early 1970s. Many textbooks and some literary works shaped the academic hacker subculture;
among the most influential are:
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Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, by Steven Levy
Gödel, Escher, Bach, by Douglas Hofstadter
The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP), by Donald Knuth
The Mythical Man-Month, by Brooks
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools ("the Dragon Book"), by Aho, Sethi, and Ullman
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP), by Abelson and Sussman
The C Programming Language (K&R), by Kernighan and Ritchie
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams
The Tao of Programming, by Geoffrey James
The Illuminatus! Trilogy, by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson
Principia Discordia, by Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley
The Soul of a New Machine, by Tracy Kidder
The Cuckoo's Egg, by Cliff Stoll
The Unix System, by Stephen R. Bourne
Hackers & Painters, by Paul Graham
The Cathedral and the Bazaar, by Eric S. Raymond
The essays of Richard M. Stallman (many published in Free Software, Free Society: Select Essays
of Richard M. Stallman)

Use outside of computing
While the word hacker to refer to someone who enjoys playful cleverness is most often applied to
computer programmers, it is sometimes used for people who apply the same attitude to other fields.[4] For
example, Richard Stallman describes the silent composition 4′33″ by John Cage and the 14th century
palindromic three-part piece "Ma Fin Est Mon Commencement" by Guillaume de Machaut as hacks.[5]
According to the Jargon File,[1] the word hacker was used in a similar sense among radio amateurs in the
1950s, even predating the software hacking community. More recent examples of this usage are:
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reality hacker, a person who explores the underlying reality of existence using any tools available;
wetware hacker, someone who experiments with biological materials to advance knowledge;
media hacker, someone who uses media in innovative ways.

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See also
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History of free software
Hacker (computing)
Hacker artist
Hacker ethic
Unix philosophy

References
1. ^ a b Raymond, Eric, ed. (2003-12-29), "hacker", Jargon File (version 4.4.7 ed.),
http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/H/hacker.html, retrieved 2008-03-02
2. ^ Internet Users' Glossary (Request for Comments 1392), January 1993
3. ^ Levy, S: "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution", Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984. ISBN 0-38519195-2
4. ^ Raymond, Eric (2008-01-08). "How To Become A Hacker". Thyrsus Enterprises.
http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/hacker-howto.html. Retrieved 2008-03-16yaahh diigg!:L.
5. ^ Stallman, Richard (2002). "On Hacking". http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html. Retrieved 2008-0316.

External links
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A Brief History of Hackerdom

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