Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel

Filing 161

REPLY to response to motion re 131 MOTION to dismiss Amended Complaint or for summary judgment (Reply to the Republic of Peru) filed by Kingdom of Spain. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A, # 2 Exhibit B)(Goold, James)

EXHIBIT A

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA TAMPA DIVISION IN ADMIRALTY

ODYSSEY MARINE EXPLORATION, INC., Plaintiff, v. Case No. 8:07-cv-00614-SDM-MAP THE UNIDENTIFIED SHIPWRECKED VESSEL, If any, its apparel, tackle, appurtenances and cargo located within a five mile radius of the center point coordinates provided to the Court under seal, Defendant, in rem and The Kingdom of Spain, The Republic of Peru, and Gonzalo de Aliaga (the Count of San Juan de Lurigancho), et al., Claimants. CIVIL ACTION

_______________________________________/ DECLARATION OF DR. CARLOS MARTÍNEZ SHAW 1. I am a historian. One of my specializations is Spain's historical interaction with

the Americas. I am an academic of the Royal Academy of History and a professor in the Geography and History Department of Spain's National Distance Education University. Prior to my current academic post, I was a professor of history at the University of Barcelona since 1967. My academic work focuses on Spanish maritime history and economics. I have published and/or edited numerous books and articles on Spanish maritime history in these areas. A condensed

version of my curriculum vitae is attached as Annex 1. I can provide a copy of my complete 60page CV with all articles, experience, and research projects on request. 2. I provide this declaration to set forth certain basic historical facts regarding the

territory that now comprises the Republic of Peru and its relationship with the Kingdom of Spain. 3. In 1543, the territory that now includes the Republic of Peru became a

ViceRoyalty of Spain known as the ViceRoyalty of Peru. 4. ViceRoyalties of Spain in the Americas such as the ViceRoyalty of Peru were

integral territory of the Kingdom of Spain, governed as overseas provinces by a ViceRoy who was appointed by the King of Spain. Residents of the ViceRoyalties were citizens and/or subjects of Spain subject to and governed by the laws of the Kingdom of Spain. 5. The territory that became the Republic of Peru became independent of the

Kingdom of Spain as the result of independence movements in Spain's American ViceRoyalties and armed conflicts during the early nineteenth century. 6. In the case of Peru, this process reached its conclusion in the years 1821-1824.

From 1821 to 1824, conflict among several armies took place within the ViceRoyalty of Peru. The principal armed forces that were active in this period of conflict included the Spanish Royal Army and forces from the Republics of Chile, Colombia, and Argentina, which had become independent prior to 1821. 7. On December 8, 1824, at Ayacucho, the Spanish Royal Army, under the

command of the ViceRoy La Serna and Lieutenant General Don Jose de Canterac, met in battle an army commanded by General Antonio Jose de Sucre. General de Sucre commanded a

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division of the army of the Republic of Colombia in Peru and was in overall command of the United Liberator Army of Peru. The Royal Army was defeated in what became known as the Battle of Ayacucho. The Spanish ViceRoy, Don Jose de la Serna, was injured and taken prisoner. 8. On December 9, 1824, General de Canterac and General de Sucre executed the

Capitulation of Ayacucho. The Capitulation provided in Article 1 that "[t]he territory that the Spanish troops garrisoned in Peru, shall be surrendered to the arms of the liberator army . . . [and] the garrisons that are found in the whole territory and other forces and objects belonging to the Spanish government shall also be handed over." The Capitulation thus surrendered "the whole territory" and within it the "objects belonging to the Spanish government." (Article 1). The defeated Royal Army was granted safe passage to embark on ships for Spain, on condition that its members not take up arms again in the conflict (Article 2) or the option to enter the service of the army of Peru. (Article 3). 9. The Capitulation of Ayacucho also provided that no retribution would be taken

against those in the territory who had supported the Royalist cause. (Article 4). 10. The Capitulation did not provide for any transfer or other change in control,

ownership or any other rights with respect to objects or property outside the territory at the time of the Capitulation. The Capitulation also did not confer any rights to property of any kind that had left the territory prior thereto. A copy of the original Capitulation document and a translation of the full text into English are attached, as Annexes 2 and 3. 11. On August 14, 1879, the Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Peru executed a

peace and friendship treaty under which Spain granted formal recognition to the Republic of Peru and diplomatic relations between the two nations were normalized. The 1879 Treaty -3-

ANNEX 1 TO EXHIBIT A (Martínez Shaw Declaration)

BRIEF CURRICULUM VITAE OF CARLOS MARTINEZ SHAW (Seville, 1945) Tenured Academic at the Royal Academy of History Professor of Modern History (National Distance Education University (UNED, Madrid). Director of CUXAM at the UNED. Commissioner of the Vice-Chancellor before educational authorities of Catalonia. General Director of the Centers of the UNED in the Northeastern Zone (Catalonia and Balearic Islands). Graduate in History (University of Seville, 1967), PhD in History (University of Barcelona, 1973), Professor of Modern History since 1983 at the Universities of Santander, Barcelona, and UNED (Madrid). Affiliated with the University of Barcelona for 27 years, where he was Vice-Rector (1982-1986) on the team of Vice-Chancellor Antoni Badia Margarit. Presided over the Pierre Vilar Center of Studies in Modern History for a decade (1984-1994) Visiting Professor at the School of Higher Studies in Paris (France), University of Toulouse-Le Mirail (France), University of Study of Cagliari (Italy), University of Study of Sassari (Italy), National University of Mar del Plata (Argentina), Catholic University of Quito (Ecuador) and National University of Salta (Argentina). Editor of UNESCO's History of Humanity. Has been and continues to be principal researcher of various R&D Research Projects: Fishing in Catalonia in the 18th Century (University of Barcelona, 1980-1983) The external market of Catalonia in the 18th Century (UB, 1987-1989) The Spanish fleet in the 18th Century (UB, 1989-1993) America and the Spanish economy, 1659-1828 (UNED, 1995-1999) Spain in international maritime commerce, 1648-1828 (UNED, 2000-2003/20042007) As well as Joint Projects with Portugal: Limits and representations of imperial borders in the era of the union of the two Crowns: the case of missions (20042007) Commissioner, along with Marina Alfonso Mola, of various exhibitions: Schittering van Spanje, 1598-1648. Van Cervantes tot Velazquez (Amsterdam, 1998); Arte y Saber. La cultura en tiempos de Felipe III y Felipe IV (Valladolid, 1999), Esplendores de Espanha. De El Greco a Velázquez (Río de Janeiro, 2000), El galeón de Manila (Seville, 2000, Mexico DF, 2001), Oriente en Palacio. Tesoros de arte asiático en las colecciones reales españolas (Madrid, 2003) y La fascinaciò de l'Orient. Tresors asiàtics de les coleccions reials espanyoles (Barcelona, 2003). His publications include the following books: El cantón sevillano (Seville, 1972) Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias (Barcelona, 1981)

La emigración española a América, 1492-1824 (Oviedo, 1993) La Historia Moderna de Asia (Madrid, 1996) El Siglo de las Luces. Las bases intelectuales del reformismo (Madrid, 1996) Historia de España (Madrid, 1998) Europa y los Nuevos Mundos (Madrid, 1999) La Ilustración (Madrid, 2001) Felipe V (Madrid, 2001) He has edited: Spanish Pacific, from Magellan to Malaspina (Brisbane, 1988) Séville, XVIe siècle (Paris, 1993) El Derecho y el Mar en la España Moderna (Granada, 1995) Historia Moderna, Historia en Construcción (Lerida, 1999) Schitering van Spanje, 1598-1648 (Amsterdam, 1998) Arte y Saber. La cultura española en tiempos de Felipe III y Felipe IV (Madrid, 1999) History of Humanity. Volume V. From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Paris-London-New York, 1999) Esplendores de Espanha. De el Greco a Veláquez (Río de Janeiro, 2000) El Galeón de Manila (Madrid, 2000) Oriente en Palacio. Tesoros de arte asiático en las colecciones reales españolas (Madrid, 2003). El sistema atlántico español (siglos XVII-XIX), (Madrid, 2005) Cristóbal Colón (Valladolid, 2006) La ruta española a China (Madrid, 2007) España en el comercio marítimo internacional (ss. XVII-XIX). Quince estudios (Madrid, 2009) His primary topics of research (maritime economy, American emigration, illustration in the Hispanic world, Spanish Pacific ...) have been collected in almost two hundred articles and book chapters. He has advised 30 defended PhD theses. Director of the journals Revista de Estudios Taurinos (Real Maestranza de Sevilla) and Andalucía en su historia (Centro de Estudios Andaluces). Member of the scientific advisory board of the journals Hispania (Madrid), Pedralbes (Barcelona), L'Avenç (Barcelona), Drassana (Barcelona), Revista de Historia Social (Madrid), Espacio, Tiempo y Forma (Madrid), Cuadernos de Historia Moderna (Madrid), Revista de Historia Moderna (Alicante), Tiempos de América (Castellón), Brocar (Logroño), La Aventura de la Historia (Madrid), Historiar (Barcelona), Vegueta (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Secuencia (México DF) and Cuadernos de Historia de España (Buenos Aires). Won "Menendez Pelayo" Prize of the Institute for Catalan Studies and the Cross for the Order of Alfonso X the Wise for Academic Merit.

Adjunct Academic of the National Academy of History (Argentina) and the Royal Hispano-American Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (Cadiz). Critic of Asian literature in El Pais (Madrid) and El Periodico de Catalunya (Barcelona). Cinematographic Adviser for Colon (Ridley Scott) and Juana la Loca (Vicente Aranda).

Spanish Original

BREVE CURRICULUM VITAE DE CARLOS MARTÍNEZ SHAW (Sevilla, 1945) Académico de número de la Real Academia de la Historia. Catedrático de Historia Moderna (UNED, Madrid). Director del CUXAM de la UNED. Comisionado del Rector ante las autoridades educativas de Cataluña. Director General de los Centros de la UNED en la Zona Nordeste (Cataluña y Baleares). Licenciado en Historia (Universidad de Sevilla, 1967), Doctor en Historia (Universidad de Barcelona, 1973), Catedrático de Historia Moderna desde 1983 en las Universidades de Santander, Barcelona y U.N.E.D. (Madrid). Durante 27 años vinculado a la Universidad de Barcelona, donde fue Vicerrector (1982-1986) en el equipo del rector Antoni Badia Margarit. Presidió el Centro de Estudios de Historia Moderna Pierre Vilar durante una década (1984-1994). Profesor visitante en la Ecole des Hautes Etudes de París (Francia), Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail (Francia), Università degli Studi di Cagliari (Italia), Università degli Studi di Sassari (Italia), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (Argentina), Universidad Católica de Quito (Ecuador) y Universidad Nacional de Salta (Argentina). Redactor de la History of Humanity de la UNESCO. Ha sido y es investigador principal de varios Proyectos de Investigación I+D: La pesca en Cataluña en el siglo XVIII (Universidad de Barcelona, 1980-1983) El mercado exterior de Cataluña en el siglo XVIII (UB, 1987-1989) La flota española en el siglo XVIII (UB, 1989-1993) América y la economía española, 1659-1828 (UNED, 1995-1999) España en el comercio marítimo internacional, 1648-1828 (UNED, 2000-2003 /2004-2007) Así como de la Acción Integrada con Portugal: Límites y representaciones de las fronteras imperiales en la época de la unión de las dos Coronas: el caso de las misiones (2004-2007) Comisario, junto con Marina Alfonso Mola, de varias exposiciones: Schittering van Spanje, 1598-1648. Van Cervantes tot Velazquez (Amsterdam, 1998); Arte y Saber. La cultura en tiempos de Felipe III y Felipe IV (Valladolid, 1999), Esplendores de Espanha. De El Greco a Velázquez (Río de Janeiro, 2000), El galeón de Manila (Sevilla, 2000, México DF, 2001), Oriente en Palacio. Tesoros de arte asiático en las colecciones reales españolas (Madrid, 2003) y La fascinaciò de l'Orient. Tresors asiàtics de les coleccions reials espanyoles (Barcelona, 2003). Entre sus publicaciones cabe destacar los siguientes libros: El cantón sevillano (Sevilla, 1972) Cataluña en la Carrera de Indias (Barcelona, 1981)

La emigración española a América, 1492-1824 (Oviedo, 1993) La Historia Moderna de Asia (Madrid, 1996) El Siglo de las Luces. Las bases intelectuales del reformismo (Madrid, 1996) Historia de España (Madrid, 1998) Europa y los Nuevos Mundos (Madrid, 1999) La Ilustración (Madrid, 2001) Felipe V (Madrid, 2001) Ha editado: Spanish Pacific, from Magellan to Malaspina (Brisbane, 1988) Séville, XVIe siècle (París, 1993) El Derecho y el Mar en la España Moderna (Granada, 1995) Historia Moderna, Historia en Construcción (Lérida, 1999) Schitering van Spanje, 1598-1648 (Amsterdam, 1998) Arte y Saber. La cultura española en tiempos de Felipe III y Felipe IV (Madrid, 1999) History of Humanity. Volume V. From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Paris-London-Nerw York, 1999) Esplendores de Espanha. De el Greco a Veláquez (Río de Janeiro, 2000) El Galeón de Manila (Madrid, 2000) Oriente en Palacio. Tesoros asiáticos en las colecciones reales españolas (Madrid, 2003) El sistema atlántico español (siglos XVII-XIX), (Madrid, 2005) Cristóbal Colón (Valladolid, 2006) La ruta española a China (Madrid, 2007) España en el comercio marítimo internacional (ss. XVII-XIX). Quince estudios (Madrid, 2009) Sus principales líneas de investigación (economía marítima, emigración americana, Ilustración en el mundo hispánico, Pacífico español ...) se han recogido en casi dos centenares de artículos y capítulos de libros. Ha dirigido 30 tesis doctorales ya presentadas. Director de las revistas Revista de Estudios Taurinos (Real Maestranza de Sevilla) y Andalucía en su historia (Centro de Estudios Andaluces). Miembro del consejo científico de las revistas Hispania (Madrid), Pedralbes (Barcelona), L'Avenç (Barcelona), Drassana (Barcelona), Revista de Historia Social (Madrid), Espacio, Tiempo y Forma (Madrid), Cuadernos de Historia Moderna (Madrid), Revista de Historia Moderna (Alicante), Tiempos de América (Castellón), Brocar (Logroño), La Aventura de la Historia (Madrid), Historiar (Barcelona), Vegueta (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria), Secuencia (México DF) y Cuadernos de Historia de España (Buenos Aires). Premio `Menéndez Pelayo' del Institut de'Estudis Catalans y Cruz de la Orden de Alfonso X el Sabio al Mérito Académico.

Académico Correspondiente de la Academia Nacional de la Historia (Argentina) y de la Real Academia Hispano Americana de Ciencias, Artes y Letras (Cádiz). Crítico de literatura asiática en El País (Madrid) y El Periódico de Catalunya (Barcelona). Asesor cinematográfico de Colón (Ridley Scott) y Juana la Loca (Vicente Aranda).

ANNEX 2 TO EXHIBIT A (Martínez Shaw Declaration)

Capitulation of Ayacucho [1824] "Don José de Canterac, general lieutenant of the royal armies of His Catholic Majesty, in charge of the high command of Peru due to his most excellent sir viceroy don Jose de La Serna having been hurt and imprisoned in the battle of this day, having heard the generals and leaders that reunited after that, the Spanish army, fulfilling in all senses how much was demanded of the reputation of their arms and the bloody day of Ayacucho and in the whole war of Peru, has had to cede the territory to the independent troops; and owing to reconcile in a time of honor to the remains of these forces, with the reduction of the wrongs of the country, I have believed it to be appropriate to propose and adjust with the general of the division of the Republic of Colombia, Antonio José de Sucre, commander in chief of the united liberator army of Peru, the conditions that are contained in the following articles: "1st The territory that the Spanish troops garrisoned in Peru, shall be surrendered to the arms of the liberator army up to Desaguadero, with the parks, workshops, and all the existing military warehouses. "Conceded, and the troop's baggage and horses, the garrisons that are found in the whole territory and other forces and objects belonging to the Spanish government shall also be handed over. "2nd Every individual of the Spanish army shall be able to freely return to their country, and it shall be the account of the State of Peru which will finance the passage, granting him in the meantime the due consideration and helping him with at least half of the pay that corresponds to his position monthly, while he remains in the territory. "2nd Conceded; but the government of Peru shall only abandon half the pay while it provides transport. Those that depart to Spain shall not be able to take up arms against America while the war of independence lasts, and no individual shall be able to go to any point of America that is occupied by Spanish arms. "3rd Any individual of those that make up the Spanish army, shall be admitted to that of Peru, in his proper position, if he so desires. "3rd Conceded. "4th No person shall be inconvenienced for their previous opinions, even when he has rendered services signaled to be in favor of the cause of the king, nor those known for pasts; in this concept, they shall have rights to all of the articles in this treaty. "4th Conceded; if their conduct does not disturb public order, and conforms to the laws.

"5th Any inhabitant of Peru, whether he be European or American, clergyman or merchant, landowner or employee, that would like to move to another country, shall be able to verify it by virtue of this agreement, bringing with him his family and properties, the State lending him a share until his departure; if he chooses to live in the country, he will be considered like the Peruvians. "5th Conceded; with respect to the inhabitants of the country that is being surrendered and under the conditions of the previous article. "6th" The State of Peru shall equally respect the properties of the Spanish individuals who are outside the territory, of which they shall be free to dispose of before the end of three years, being considered on the same terms [the properties] of the Americans who do not want to move to the Peninsula, and who have interests belong to them there. "6th Conceded like the previous article, if the conduct of these individuals were in no way hostile to the cause of the liberty and independence of America, since in the contrary case, the government of Peru will labor freely and with discretion. "7th The term of one year shall be given so that anyone interested may use article 5, and no more rights shall be demanded of them other than the customary [rights] of extraction, being free of all rights the properties of the individuals of the Army. "7th Conceded. "8th The State of Peru shall recognize the debt contracted until today by the treasury of the Spanish government in the territory. "8th The Congress of Peru shall decide about this article that which is best for the interests of the republic. "9th All the employees shall remain confirmed in their respective destinations, if they want to continue in them, and if one or any do not, or would prefer to move to another country, they shall be included in articles 2 and 5. "9th The employees that the government wants to confirm, according to their behavior, will continue in their destinations. "10. Every individual of the army or employee that prefers to separate himself from the service, and to stay in the country, shall be able to verify it, and in this case their persons will be sacredly respected. "10. Conceded "11. The fortress of Callao shall be surrendered to the united liberator army, and its garrison shall be included in the articles of this treaty.

"11. Conceded; but the fortress of Callao, with all of its beings and existences, shall be surrendered at the will of His Excellency the Liberator within twenty days. "12. Leaders of the Spanish and united liberator army shall be sent to the united provinces so that the ones receive and the others surrender the records, warehouses, existences and the troops of the garrisons. "12 Conceded; encompassing the same formalities in the surrender of Callao. The provinces shall be wholly surrendered to the independent leaders in fifteen days, and all of the furthest villages within the present month. "13. The Spanish war and merchant ships shall be permitted to restock provisions in the ports of Peru, for a term of six months after the notification of this agreement, to make themselves fit and leave from the Pacific Ocean. "13. Conceded; but warships shall only be employed in their preparation to leave, without committing any hostility, nor in their departure from the Pacific; being obligated to leave from all the seas of America, not being able to touch down in Chiloé, nor in any port in America occupied by the Spaniards. "14. The Spanish war and merchant ships shall be given passport, so that they can leave from the Pacific to the ports of Europe. "14. Conceded; according to the previous article. "15. All the imprisoned leaders and officers in the battle of this day, shall of course be free, and the same for those [imprisoned] in prior actions by one or the other army. "15. Conceded; and those hurt shall be helped on account of the treasury of Peru until, completely recovered, they have their person at their disposal. "16. The generals, leaders and officers shall conserve the use of their uniforms and swords; and they shall be able to have with them in their service the assistants corresponding to their ranks, and the servants they may have. "16. Conceded; but while they remain in the territory they shall be subject to the laws of the country. "17. The individuals of the army, insofar as they resolve their future destination in virtue of this agreement, shall be permitted to gather their families and interests and move to the point they choose, full passports being facilitated to them, so that their persons will not be embarrassed by any independent State until they arrive at their destination. "17. Conceded.

"18. Any doubt that may arise about any one of the articles of the present treaty, shall be interpreted in favor of the individuals of the Spanish army. "18. Conceded; this stipulation rests upon the good faith of the signatories. And being concluded and ratified, as these agreements are in fact approved and ratified, four exemplars shall be created, of which two shall remain in the power of each of the signatory parties for the use that they choose. Given, signed by our hands in the field of Ayacucho, December 9, 1824. José Canterac ­ Antonio José de Sucre.

Spanish Original

ANNEX 3 TO EXHIBIT A (Martínez Shaw Declaration)

168

CONSOLIDATED TREATY SERIES

The Republic of Peru, on the one hand, and His Majesty Alphonso XII, constitutional king of Spain, on the hand; Considering that the dissensions that took place between their governments and their subjects are, on both sides, completely forgotten, and strongly desiring the reestablishment of amicable relations which should always unite peoples who are brothers by origin and interests, have named as their respective plenipotentiaries, to know: His Excellence the general Luis La Puerta, vice-president of the Republic of Peru, given responsibility by the supreme command: Mister Jean-Marie de Goyeneche et Gamio, knight of the order of Saint-Jaques, great Dignitary of the Rose of Brazil, Envoy extraordinaire and Minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of Peru beside the government of the French Republic; - and His Majesty the King of Spain: Mister Marie Roca de Togores, marquis of Molins, viscount of Roamora, Grand of Spain, knight of the shield order of the Golden Fleece, Great Royal Cross and distinguished order of Charles III, knight professional of the order of His Pious Saintliness IX, of the Rose of Brazil, etc., etc., his chamberlain and ambassador beside the President of the French Republic; Who, after having recognized and exchanged their powers and having found them in good and due form, have resolved what follows: First article. -- Starting with the date of ratification of the present treaty, there will be a complete forgetting of the past and a solid and inviolable peace between the Republic of Peru and His Majesty the King of Spain. Art. 2. -- The governments of Peru and of Spain will name without any delay their diplomatic representatives as well as their Consular agents. Art. 3. -- The contracting parties above engage themselves to conclude the new treaties that will establish and will regulate the commercial and navigation relations, the reciprocal rights of subjects of the two countries, the consular attributes, the conditions of nationality, the literary property and the extradition of criminals. Art. 4. -- Until the conclusion of these new international treaties, the governments of Peru and of Spain will observe, in their relations and those of their respective subjects, both in civil matters and in commercial and navigation affairs, the regime of the most favored nation in all relations. Art. 5. -- The present treaty will be ratified and the ratifications will be exchanged in Paris by the representatives of Peru and of Spain, within three months. In the faith of which, we, the respective plenipotentiaries of the Republic of Peru and of His Majesty the King of Spain, have signed it in duplicate and affixed our own seals in Paris, the fourteenth of August eighteen hundred-seventy-nine. Jean M. de Goyeneche Marquis de Molins

French Original