Harkins v. Palmer

Filing 10

FURTHER ORD Clerk shall ELECTRONICALLY SERVE the petition and signature page upon the Rs. ( E-Service performed 12/15/2010 concurrently with this Order ) FURTHER ORD Rs' answer/response to petition due 1/29/2011 . If an answer is filed P shall have 45 days from the date of service of the answer to file a reply. FURTHER ORD that henceforth P shall serve AG a copy of every document he submits for consideration by the Court, with a certificate of service. FURTHER ORD P's # 5 App lication to proceed in forma pauperis is DENIED. FURTHER ORD P's # 6 Motion for appointment of counsel is DENIED. Signed by Judge Edward C. Reed, Jr on 12/14/2010. ( Attachments: # 1 Petition (doc. #8), # 2 Signature Page (doc.#9) )(Copies have been distributed pursuant to the NEF - DRM)

-RAM Harkins v. Palmer

Doc. 10 Att. 1

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 6 of 52

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D i e tA ppe l rc a:

D i your iet i is eondiec a pe lhom t eco vitont t eNe a aSup e eCour? d as h s su rtp a h n ci o h v d rm t

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 7 of 52

St t c ne s l e e y gr und f rwlih yo cpi t g t esat c ur e nv c im a d/ rs nt ne j a e o iey v r o o lt . l p h t k t e e t o i tt m o e e e s Mneostt tt al Summarz bre y t ef c ss pperi gea : gr umd. Y ou m ay at el up t t o l iu im . ie is % a t u tn c o o l ow e t a page s atng gddii Kal olnd:lnd/ r s ppo tng f c : Yo m us r i I t i pe ii m lI xr ti to gr l o u r i a t. u t a x n h s tto l gr umd:f rr le t- tr l t t t i e pv tox.Any gr upds>e r ie i t i pe ii n willkey o o eif l eg e o h s o k i o t a s d . h s tto l i l bebar e f em bengltgpt i a s bR qle tatim . rd r i ii e n u ln tt

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Filed 06/21/10 Page 8 of 52

D i e tApp a : rc el

Di your iet i is eondie ta pe lfom t ec n itont t eNe a aSup e eCour? d as h s s u rc p a r h o v c i o h v d rm t

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I ye ,d d you r ie t i is e fsi a s h s su ? . Se ond Po tConv c i n: c s i to Ye s

D i yo r iet i is ei as c nd peiin f rpo tc n ito r le orsaepeiin f rh beu c m us d u as h s su n e o tto o s o v cin e if tt tto o a o?
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St t r nc s l e e y gr und f rwhi h you c a m t att e s a e c ur c nvi ton and/ rs nt nc i a e o i ey v r o o c l i h h t t o t o ci o e e es

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 9 of 52

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

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.

Di e tA ppeal rc :

D i you r i e t i is e on diec appe lfom t e conviton t t eN eva a Supr m eCour? d as hs su rt ar h ci o h d e t

Ye V No In ,x liwh n t ' s . f oepan y o:
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Fi s Pt tConvi ton: rt u ci D i you r i e tls is e i apetton f rpostconviton r leforst t pe ii n f rhabeascom us? d a s li s u n ii o ci ei a e tto o Y es No. I no,e pl i why not f x an :

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Di y urcieal vd mir h aig X Ye d o o ev re ie ay e rn ? s

xo In ,x li wh n t . r o epan y o:

Iysddyuri tiise X Ye f e,i o as hssu? s e
. Second Pos C onvi ton: t ci

No In ,xliwh nt . f oepa y o: n

D i you r ie t i i s e i a s ct d peii n f rpos convi ton r leforst t peii n f rhabeascom us d as h s su n e m tto o t c i ei a e tto o ? Ye s N o. Ifye ,e pl i why: s x an
da epetton tl d t ii i e / / .

I ye ,name ofcour: fs t

D i you r cei ean e i entar hea i g? d ev v d i y rn
C our? t Ye s

Yes

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No. I no,e pl i why not f x an :

I yes di you r iet i is e? f ,d as h s su y ' Ot er Proceedi gs h n:

Yes

No. I no,expl i why not f an :

H a eyou pur ue any ot e pr ce ur / r ces i an atem ptt have yotrconviton and/ r v sd h r o d ep o s n t o l ci o

sne c o etr e bae o ti is e(uc a a miitaierme is? e tn e v run d sd n hs su s h s d nsrtv e de)
e pli : x an

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No. I ye, fs

St t conciel ever ground f r whi h yeu cai t att est t courtconvi ton and/ r s nt ncei ae sy y o c l m h h ae ci o ee s

/ O

Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 11 of 52

unconstt tonal Sum m lri e bri ly t e f ct s ppor l g each ground. You m ay att ch up t t o iu i . z el h a s u tn a ow ext a pagess atng addii nalgroundsand/ r supportng f ct .Y ou m us raie i t i petton aI r tl to o i as t s n h s ii l groundsf r releft atrel t t t i convi ton. Any groundsnotraied i t i pe li n willkel o ih ae a ks ci s n h s tto li y
b' barred f om beng Itgat d i a s bs quentacton. e r i ii e n u e i

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 12 of 52

D i you r ie t i isue on diectappealf om t e c nvi ton t t e NevadaSupr m eCour? d as b s s r r h o ci o h e t

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. Second Pos Convi ton: t ci Ye s No. Ifyes expli why: , an

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D i you r i et i is e i a s cond petton f rpos convi ton r leforsat pe ii n f rha eascor us d as h s su n e ii o t ci ei t e tto o b p?

l ye ,name ofcour : fs t D i you r cei e an evi entar hemi g? d ev d iy n Cour? t Y es Yes N o. I no expl i why not f an :

da epetton fl d t ii ie

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I ye , i yo r iet i is e f s dd u as hs su ?
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Ye s

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H a e y u pur ue a y ot e pr c d r / r c s i a a t m ptt ha e y urc n iton a d or vo s d n l r o e u e p o e s n n te z o v o o v ci n /

sntn eo etre bae o ti is e(uc a a miitaiermede ) e e c v run d sd n hs su s h s d nsrtv e is?
expl i : an

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No. I ye, fs

St t c nc s l every gr und f rwhi h you cai t att e s at courtconvi ton and/ r s nt nce i a e o iey o o c lm h h t e ci oee s unc nsiutenal Sum m ari e bri fy t e f c ss pportng each ground. You m ay atach up t t o o tt i . z el h a t u i t ow

1 2-

Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 13 of 52

unc nsiutoRal Summa iebre t efcss pporige c gr und.Youma ata k upt t o o tt i . rz ië h a t u tn a : o y tc :w
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Di yo r iet i is eo die a pe lfo t ec nvitont t eNe a a S pr m eCour? d u a s h s su n r d p a rm h o ci o h v d u e t

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X Ye s

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No. Di y u a pe l o t eNe a aS pr m e d o p at h vd u e

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No. l no,expl i why not f an :

I y s ddy urietiise Y Ye f e, i o as hssu? s
. Se ond Pos Convi ton: c t ci Y es No. I yes expl i why: f , an

No. I n , x li wh n t f o e pan y o :

D i you r i et i is ei a s cond pe ii n f rpos c nv c i n r l fors a e pe ii n f rha ea c r us d a s h s su n e tto o t o i to e i e t t tto o b s o p ?

l ye ,n m eofc t' fsa out :

daepe ii n Sld t tto e

/

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Co r? ut Ye s

Ye s

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No. I no e pli wh n t f , x an y o : Ye s No. I no, x l i why n t' f e p an o:

I y s di you l ietlsis e f e, d ' s i su ? a i
. O t e Pr c e i g : h r o e da s

H a eyo p r u d a y o he pr c dm e p oc s i a a t m ptt ha e yo rc nviton an / r v u u s e n t r o e / r e s n n te o v u o ci do

sneo o etre l e o ti ise(u ha a miikaierme is? e tne v run d v d n hs su s c s d ns t e de) v
e pl i : x an

Ye s

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St t e ne s l e e y gr u d f rwhi h you c a m t a t e s at e urtc nvi ton apd/ r s nt nc i a e o iey v r o n o c li h t h t e o o ci o e e es

unc nsiutonal Summlra bre t efcqs pporige chgr und.Youma ata lup t t e o tt i . i if h a t u tn a o y tcl e w

l. ' i

Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 15 of 52

e t a pa e s a i g addii na g oundsand/ rs pp r i g f ct . ou m us r ie i t i pe ii n aI x r g s t tn to l r o u o tn a s Y t a s n b : tto l gr unds f r r le t a r h t t tlq c nvi ton. A l gr unds Rotr i e i t i petto wilIke y o o e i f h t e e o lk o c i lo r a s d n k s ii n l i l be bar e f o be ng ltga e i a s bx x ue l ae i n. r d r m i ii t d n u lt to

G RO IN D /7 J
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D i yo r iet i is eo die ta pe lfom t eco vitont t eNe a aSu r m eCou t d u as h s s u n r c p a r h n c i o h v d p e r?

Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 16 of 52

Ye s

No. l no e pl i wh n t f , x an y o :

. Fi s Pos C o v c i n) r t t n i to . D i y u r ie t i is ei a pe i o f rpos c nvi to r le o s a epe ii n f rh be sc r us d o a s h s su n tu n o t o c i n e i f r t t tto o' a a o p ?

f Ye s

No In,x liwh nt . foepan y o:
No. Di yo a pe l o t eNe a aS pr m e d u p at h v d u e

Iysn e for îe .n,- cv . e kvl> dtpti se 1l/ /!M. f e,= o cut zo c J vtt . s n a etn l : / aD Y e io d ôz t . l
D i y ur c iea e ie ta y h a ig? Y Yes d o e e v n v d n ir e rn

co r?V Ye ut s

No Ino e panwh n t . f ,x li y o:
No. l n ,e pli whyno : f o x nn t

I ye,ddyo rieti is e V Ye f s i u as hssu ? s
. Second PostConvi ton: ci Y es No. I yes,expl i why: f an

D i y u r iet i is ei as c nd pdii n f rpos o nvito r leforsa epe i on f rha e sc m us d o a s h s su n e e to o t o cin ei t t tf o b a o ?

I ye ,n m e ofc u t f sa o r: D i you m ç i e a e i e ta y he rng d ev n v d n ir a i ? Cour? t Ye s Ye s No. I no,e pl i wh no : f x an y t Ye s

da e pe ii n fl d t tto ie

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.

No. Di you a pe lt t eN e n n Su r m e d p a oh v d pe

l ye , i yo r iet i is e f s d d u as hs s u ?
* OtherFroceedi gs: n

N o. I no e p a n why not . f , x li :

H a eyou pu s e a y o le p o ed r / r c s i a a tm pt o h ve y urc nvi ton a d or v r u d n tl r r c u e p o e s n n te t a o o c i n /

snec o etre bsdo tiiu (uha amiirt ermeis? etne vr nd ae n hss esc s d nsai e de) u s tv
e pl i : x an

Ye V No Iys s . f e,

R EFO R E , ttone p a st a t ec u t l g a thi s c r le t whihhei pe ii r r y h t h o r wil r n m u h eif o c s

t tte i t i fdea mtto frwrtofba t so rusp rua to2:U. . .j225 byapes ni nild n b s e rl iin o i b a op us nt SC 4 ro n
sa e c sod . tt u t y

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 17 of 52

t a eof e s nwh wr t t i N m p ro o o: hs c mp an i n t litf l o lit f o P anir

t i n t r o Plito s g a ue f an i

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D E C L A R A H O N UN D ER PENA L '' O F PERJUR Y IY

Iundesa dt a af les tme tora mve t a yquetoni ti de lrtonwilsbeo met rtn h t as o e n n r o n si n hs caai l u j t o pe ate o p ruy.IDECLAQE UNDER PENALW OFPERJURY INDER THE LAW SOF n lis f ej r J
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Filed 06/21/10 Page 18 of 52 .

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 19 of 52

i pr sonm ent wi h t e poss biiy of par l nl r t ent years has bee mi th i lt oe u w y n sez ed i eacl t rm . v n ze H arrnq r i es t o pr m ar arm z ent on appeal Fi s , he li a s w iy m e . rt

argaes that a s at m ent m ade by D e i o durng a 911 t l phone cal pri r te rs i ee .l o to D eri o' deat w as t s i oni l R eref r ,l axki s c nt nds t at the ss h e tm a . oe l n o e h di t i' c urt err d by not exc udit t e s at m ent u der Craw f rd v. s r ct o e l xg h t e o W ashi zt nl becaus Deri o w as unavaiabl t t s iy at t i l and no e s l e o e tf ra H arll n di nothave a pr oroppo t niy t c oss evnm i e Der so. Sec nd, rn d i ru t o n i o
H ar rnn u guesthat t e di t i' c urterr d by f ii g t properl i e m' t li h src o t e n ln o yn c

t ej r o s l- e ens bas d o a par n dang rz h u y n efd f e e n p e t e.
W e frs c nc ude t at D er s ' st te ent w as a dyi g tt o l h i oe a m n

decl r t on and, as s c , tNe s at m ents adm i s on (1 z t vi l t aai uh te ' si 14 m oa e

H ar i s'Sl +h A m endm entH ght t co ont t on as defm ed i Crawf r . kn ' x oO ai n od
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r ght t c O ont t on,and t at except on w as notrepudi ted by t e Si k i oo ai h i a h vh Am endm ent. W e al o t ke t ls o po t niy t cl riy t e t stm oni l sa li p r u t o a f h e i n
nat re of st t m ent m ade duri g a 911 em erge c cal. l s do ng,w e u ae s n ny l n o i cond ude t at D eri o' s at m ent m ade (uri g t e 911 cal i h ss t e ln h ls nont s i oni l. N ext we c nc ude t at,al hough t e di t i' c urt er ed e tm a , ol h t h s r ct o r

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Case 3:10-cv-00372-ECR-RAM Document 1-1

Filed 06/21/10 Page 20 of 52

by gi i g an i pr per s l- ef ns i st c i n based on apparent znnger vn mo e fd e e n a to , t e er or w as hnm nl ss beyond a reas nabl doubt. Thus, w e nm rm h r e o e
H ar i s convi i n. kn' do FA CTS

H ar i q s e s n, * 1 , was fi nds wih De s ' s n v n ' tp o 03 re t h os o
B randon. l Augus 2003,Tyl t l phoned Brandom but Deri o answered. n t o ee s

D am' g t ei conversat on,D er s alegedl s lc t d Tyl t kilBrandon. ln h r i io l y o iie oo l A A er t ei c nversat on,Tyl t l li m ot er about D eri o' pm pos t on; hro i o o d ls h ss ii

ne t e i f r e t e poi e H o e e , ' l ' m o he i f r e Sus n ih r n o m d h lc . w v r W os t r n o m d a
D eh so, Brandon' m ot er and Der so' ex- i e,w ho s i s e w oul t ke s h i a wf ad h da care ofi ,but s e nl n di not i f rm t e polce. 'xl and hi m ot er nl n t hnd no h i Po s h s
t l H ar rnn aboutD eri o' sold tat on . od li ss i i M ont s l t r, H ar i R r n i t D er so at t e gr c r st r , h ae kn a n o i h o ey oe

and D er s gave H arki s an o en i vi at on t com e t D er so' house f r a io n p nti o o is o dri l . A r t d Thanks i i g,H ar i s s opped by D er s ' hous . W hie nr om gv n kn t i os e l

t l i g, D eri o asked H arh ns f r s m e pai pil , w hi h H ar i s had nkn e oo n ls c kn bec us ofbac surge y. H ar i s sai he w oul have t t i l abouti . ae k r kn d d o hn t A f w days l t r, on t e e eni g of Novem ber 30, 2003, e ae hvn H azki s had se er l f m iy m em ber at li house,and he was Hr nka F. 'u vaal s zs i' n M er di ner,H arki s wentt hi us alpoker gam e w her he drnnl m or n n osu e r e
. .

al ohol H ar i s ret / ned hom e atapproxi at l 1 1 0 a. .on D - m ber c . kn ze m ey 2 3 m 1, 2003. H e t en t ok s veral of hi prese pt on m edi at ons,i c udi g h o e s i ci nl n

Perc c t,m et adone,and N euro t n. Rat er t an goi g t s eep,H arki s oe h ni hh n ol n
' '

dec ded to t e som e pai pil t D eri o. i A n ls o s

-

3 l r i n i not t chnimly Tyl ' s epf t er, but H ar i s hel ed la k n s e el os t a h kn p rai e Tyl f r appro i at l t ent yea s. s oo x m ey w y z '

oe

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H ar i s parked hi van s vers bl c s aw ay fr m D er so' kn s e l ok o is house,alegedl becaus he di not w ant anyo e t be abl t snd hi . l y e d no eo m H e t en w m ed t Deri o' hous , knoc ed on t e door, and Der so l t h o ss e k h ie

H ardnsi . Tle t o diml sed Derio' r c ntdi or e,and Derio l mm e l n zw nn s s ee vc sv i e eas ngl angr . Deri o al o express d anger about 'yl because 'yl n iy y ss e Po ro
had tq lel abput D er e ' s lc tat on ofhi to kil Brandon. D er so t en -lr l i os o ii i m l ih

aleg dy s i t athe wo l hav t kilW l . Har i s s i he was d ne l e l ad h ud e o l o k n ad o
l s eni g = 4 began t l ave. Acc rdi g t H ar i s,D er so li hi ,and it n oe ono kn i zt m

t e t o f xeht wi h Deri o sl s i g at H ar i a wi h a Vnie. H ar i s h w oz , t s abn kn t f kn w as abl t get t e knie away f om Der s and t r w D er s out of t e eo h f r io ho io h w ay. H ar i n l A and wm ed t hi van. kn e os W hie w m l g t hi vaa H arli n dec ded t ret rn t t l t l nos rn i o u o ak o D er so bec use le c ul no l ave t e siuat o as i w as. H arkiz i a l od te h t in t xs ret i ved a l aded . 2 o lher revol er fr m hi vm put on a l t x gl ve, re o 3 mi v o s ae o and s aa ed bac t D er so' house. H ar ns t ought t e gt w oul be t ko is h h h m d enough t sc re Deri o i t Iot f low i g t r ugh w ih hi t reat t kil oa a u o l ol n h o t sh ol
T yl . On bi w ay t D er s ' hous ,H ar i s alegedl unl ade t e gua o s o i os e kn l y o dh

but r l aded i w ihout t i li g. A t D eri o' door,H nrki n alegedl li eo tt hn n ss nl y zd
t e gt underneat hi s te and t en H oc ed o t e doe r. D e i o 1 t h m h s li h k nh rs e

''

H ar i ni . ko n A c ot i g t H a G B, D er ao i m edi t l begu at an i g c dn o Z im a ey t kn hi . H arhi n t ought Deri o w as s abbi g l ' w ih a s r w dri er or an m nh s t n um t ce v
'

i e pi k. Ato e po t Der s alegedl s abbed Har i si t e nec . n e cc n G , io l yt kn n h k
'

'

t o f ught s m e m or . 'hen,acc rdi g t H arhi n he f l bac w ard and wo o er ouo n, el k fred one s ot f om li gt whie he w as f li g. W hen H ar i s got up, l hr zs m l n ln kn D eri o w as gone. H arki s l A t r ugh t e f ont door,dzo pi g li gt i s n e ho hr p n ls m n a t as can out i e t e house. An oo c r l t r di pat hed t t e s ene rh, sd h e ae s c oh c

oer

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f uud H arli n w al i g i t e nei hbor ood G :Zbl od s ni n on hi s i t o rn kn n h g h . o tn I s b r.
H ar i s w as t ansport d t W ashoe M edi alCent r where he w as t eat d kn r eo c e re f r m i or l cerat ons on hi nec ,abdom ew l A wri t and l A f r nem o na i s k e s, e oe none ofw hi h w er lf - hreat ni g w ounds c e ie t en . A l r bei g sho ,D e i o ran t hi ne ghbor W ayne W hi ton' u n t rs osi ts hous . W hi t n ealed 911. '' e di pat her gave W hi t n i st uc ons on e to l lh sc to n r h how t eqeo f r D er so whie w ai i g f r t e am bul zce. Then, t e oo i l tn o h al h

dipae er aa ed W hit n i De io knew who s othi . W hit n rel yed s k to f rs h m to a t e ques i n to D er so. A c or ng t W hi km ' fenl t st m ony, Der so h to i cm o t s ri e i i r s onded,M err s ot m e and he was pai t do i . D eri o di d s orty ep yh do t' ' sehl
t erenl r. h u

B ef re t i l H atli s fl d a m o i n i lm i e t prec ude o rn , ln ze to n i n o l
W hi t n fr m t s iyi g about D er s ' s at m e t i r s ons t the 911 to o e tf n i os t e n n e p e o

di pat her' ques i n. Conn- lf r H arki n argued t att e s at m entw as scs to o n h h te t st m oni l and, t eref r , s oul be exc uded under Crawf rd as a ei x h oe h d -l o vi l t on ofH ar i s'r ghtt coO ont h on. The St t c ntended t at as a oai kn i o a ae o h

s at m ent m ade dxri g a 911 e ergenc c l i was no t s i oni land, te xn m y ak t t e tm a t e ef re, w as adm i sbl under Cr w f rd. The St t al o argue4 t at hr o si e ao ae s h
D eri o' st t m ent w as a dyi g de l rah on,w hi h shoul be arm i t d as s s ae n ca c d l te

an exce ton t t e co f nnt ton r ght t de fz Sa t A m endm ent. p i o h n r ai i m , le r h The di t i t c urt deni d H ay i s'm ot on. ln doi g s , t e src o e kn i u oh di t i t court f t d t at t e st t m ent m eri ed a M gI degr e of src om h h ae t .L e tm z tw ort i ess and relabiiy, wli h t e c urt concl ded w as t e s hn i lt zc h o u h rat onal f r arm i tng dyi g dec ar t ons. '' e di t i t c urt al o i eo l ti n l ai lh s rc o s
i di at d t at t e 911 cal w aa m ade i an at e pt t save D e i o' lf . uee h h l n tm o r s s ie

T her f re,t e di t i t C H concl ded t at t der Cr w f r and t e rul eo h src ' O u hm a od h e on dyi g dec arat o- ,t e s atem ent w as adm i s bl . Cm m - lf r H ar i s n li ht si e o kn

5
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a a n o j ced dx ' g W hit n' t s i o y r ga di g t e s a e e t but g i be t mn t o s e tm n e r n h t t m n ,
t e d u r c c ur o e r l d t e o j d i m h iti t o t v r u e h b e o
A t t i l H arki s ass rt d a t eory of se f def nse, on whi h ra , n ee h l- e c

t e di t d C MA i s mx e t e j r . 'he j r f t d Har i s gm' y of h sh O n t d d h u y l u y om ' kn l t
frs - egree m m d er w i h t e us ofa & enem . t td th e D ISCU SSI N O

A dm i sbii' of Deri ' s at m ent made i r s onse t t e 911 n i lt v xs t e n eo oh
di oae eré cues i n s ' to H azli n cont nds t at t e di t i t COUZt err d by adm i t ng àn r e h h s rc ' e ti

D er so' st t m ent- c er y shot m e and he w as pai t do i o m ade i i s ae lr do tn

res ons to t e 911 di pat hers ques i n. W e concl de t at t e di t i t pe h sc' to u hh src c urt di not err f r t o reasons. Fi s , t e s at m ent w as a dyi g o d ow rt h t e u
dec arati n = d, t er f r , i i an exce t on t t e O nf nnt t on l o h eo e t s pi oh r ai pr t cton oe or ed by t e Si t A m endm ent. Second,t e s at m enti not oe i d h xh h te s tes i oni l and, t eref * , arm i i n of t e st t m ent ti no W ol te tm n h oe l - o h ae ld t a H ar rm- Si t Am endm ent conf m t t on ri ht. li ' x h w ai g A s w e have di m z sed i pri r cas s, t e U ji ed Stat a ss n o eh zt e Supr m e COH e i Cr w f rd c nc uded t at : f a hear ay s at m ent of az n ao ol hf i s te l

nnnvninbl don nrant i tes i oni l i nat r , t e s at m e t i le l s t tm n ' n ue h te n s
adm i si l onl i t e def ndant had pr or opport ni y t c oss exam e e s be y fh e i ut or -

t e decar ntc noe r i g (he s a e entl4 l r ac g t s c nduso , h l a o nn t tt m l neG Mo in
t e Courto ert r ed Ohi v.141*rt 5w ih regar t t s i oni lhears y/ h v un o 111 , t s d o e tm n a

'

'

Y a lanov. a e 1 2 Ne . . zt St t . 2 v Cr w f r .541U . . 68 . a od ' at ) S
5 48 U . .5 ( 9 0) 4 S 6 18 .
K raw f r .541U . .at68. od S

.1 8 P.d 477,4 1 ( 006 ( tng 33 8 2 )d i '
'

6
R 17 >A

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Si ce t e Supr m e Court dedded CrAwf rd. t i c urt has addr s ed a n, h e o bB o es

num ber of Crawf rd- e at d i sues. H er , w e address t o addi i nal o rl e s e w io

i : es ( ) whe he a dyi g de l r to i an ex pto t t e Si t su : 1 tr n ca a i n s oe in o h x h Am e d e t r g t t c O o t to , and ( ) whet e s at m en s m a e n m n i h o o n a in 2 hr t e t d
duvi g a 911 em ergenc eq1 aze testm oli l n y .l i ta . A s a dvm c decl r tom Deri o' s at m ent i an excepe n t t e ' aai ss t e s oh Dr t ct on e orded bv t e CoO ontat on Cl us oe i h i ae '' e di t i' c urt f und t at D er s ' s at m ent waa a dyi g lh s rc o t o h ios t e n
dec arat on. W e wil not di turb t i f di g absent an abuse of li l s hs m n

dic ei m T Unde NRS 51. 35,*a s at m e tmade by a de ar ntwhie s r to r 3 () t e n da l
belee g t at hi deat w ae i m i ent i no i adm i si l under t e i h s , h mn s tn s be h hearsay rul i t e dec ar nt i unnvninbl ae a w inessl The belef by efh la s le t i t e ded aranti hi i pendi g deat f ay be i f r ed f om ci m m m nc s h n sm n h' m n er r w e

s c as t e na ur o t e de l r nts wo nds o i j r /8 As we ha e uh h t e fh ca a ' u r nu y ' v st t d.fft e decar nts bj d i el aensesi pendi g deat wihoutany ae ' h l la ue vy m n ht
hope ofrec very,t en t ere i pres ntt e vi r ntrequi i e w hi h t e l w o h h e e h ba st cha dem ands t w ai e t e sol m ni y o an oat and t r c i e t e dec dents o vh e tf h o e ev h e ' t s i ony wi houtcr ss evnm l at on.e e tm t 'o nio W e oe nd ude t at t e di t i court cor ecty f l d Deri o' h h ard r l om ss

st tem ent t be a dyi g decl at on . n en Der so cam e t z m gh W hi t n' a o n ri i hx to s

B e Bihoov. a e 92 Ne .51 ,51 ,55 P. d 26 ,271( 976 . se s St t . v 0 7 42 6 1) 80 a 51 ,55 P. d a 2 1 (ii g Enni v.St t .91 Ne .5 0,53 1 . t 8 4 2 t 7 ctn s ae v3 9 P.d 11 ( 975 W lp n v.St t . Ne .32 .468 P. d. 6 ( 97 ) St t v. 2 4 1 : ln a e 86 v 0 2 34 1 0 ; m . Te t r 65 Ne .58 ,2 0 P.d 657 ( 948 ,o ev n ed o lano herzr undsbv e e. v 40 2 1 )v l z t o ExPnen W he lr 81Ne .4 5 406 P.d 713 ( 965 . ee . v 9, 2 1$ 9* . 51 , P. d at2 1 72. 1 at 8 554 2 7.

N - -- m m<
oe

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dx r,he i m edi t l as ed W hit n t cal 911 becam e he had been shot. m a ey k to o l
W hit n t s e ed t at Der s appeared t be i pai . W hen W hi t n to e t h io o n n to reh yed t e 911 di pat her: ques i n t D eri o of who shot hl ,D eri o h sc' to o s m s w as 1 1 on t e foor and he had t oubl spenli g. Ac ordi g t W iilon, yh r e rn c n o tt w hen D eri o s oke,* e w otl c m e iland he wotl go out At t e t m e sp h td o x td l hi D eri o m ade t e s at m ent at i sne, he appeared to W hit n t be s h te s to o

s ro sy ij r dandi s ro sdit e s He l s c ns i us e s s o n u r e iu l u u e n e iu s r s . o t o co n s o n f
t e am bul nce nv i ed. D er so di d appm vi atel an hoxr and a hnl h a rv i e m y z f
h t r. Baeed on t ese f ct ,w hen D er so st t d,u er y s ot m e aud he e h as i ae l r h

w as pai t do i ' he lkel beleved hi deat w as i m i ent. Theref r , do t' i y i s h mn oe
t e s at m e tq'nlles as a dyi g den nr h on. h t e n zi n la A dm i s on of D eh s ' dyi g dec arat on di not vi l t si os n li d oa e

H arki s Si t Am endm ent ri htt conl ontat on even t ough D e i o w as n ' xh g, o i h rs 'nnvaiabl as a w iness at U'aI and H arrnn di not have a ph or ' le t i li d oppo bx i y to cr s - vnm i e hi . 1 zanal zi g t e Conf ontat on Cl us , r nt o se nm. x yn h r i ae t e Supr m e Courti Craw f rd reled heaviy on t e r ght ofc O ontat on h e n o i l hi o i as i exi te G t c m m on l w ,adm i tng onl t os except ons eB ablshed t sda o a ti yh e i ti
at t e t m e G t e f undi g.l The Court st t d t at R here i s ant hi ho n on ae h t sc evi ence t at exce t ons w er i vo ed t adm i t a i oni l s at m ents d h pi en k o t e tm n te agai st t e accus d il a rr m i al c sell But t e Court no ed one n h ex ti n a l h t
possbl exc pt o rec gni ed at c m m on l w --dyi g dec arat ons: i e e in o z o a u li

lc raw f r .541 U . .at 54;see al o Peo l v.M ont rr s .101 P. d o od S s pe e oo 3

956,972 ( a1 2 04 ( d it' g d i g de l r tnn as e c pdo t Ri k C . 0 ) a m tm y n ca n i x e n o vh Am endm ent c nf m t to r g t ,c r .de i d. U . . .1 6 S.Ct 61 o w a in i h ) e t n e S 2 . ( 005 . 2)
l c r w f rd.541 U . .at56. la o S

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Tle one devi t o w e have f und i vo ves dyi g z a in o nl n dee nmat ons. '' e exi t nc o t a exce t on as a li Ih se e f h t pi gene al r l of cr m i nl hears y 1 w r nno be r ue in aam t di puted. A lhough m any dyi. dec ratons m ay s t x hi

no bet s i o i k t e ei aut o iy f r az nitng t e tm n a h r s h r t o l t i v
even t os t at c earl ar . W e need not dedde i h eh l y e n t i c s whet er t e Si tz Am endm ent hs ae b h xl i cor orat s a. e c pt o f r t s i oni l dyi g up e n x e in o e tm a n dec ar t ons. I t s exce t on m us be acc pt d l ai fM pi t ee

o hit r c lg o ndB i i #tàee e i .z n s o ia r u , t s . n r s l . !
B ased on t i c m m ent by t e Court and o t e hi t r of dyi g hs o h uh so y n dech r t ons, sever l st t court have adopt d t e vi w t at t e ai a ae s eh e h h
adm i si n ofdyi g dec a t ons,i c url g t ose t at ar t st m oni l does so n lm i n l ln h h eei a,

not vi h t t e Conf nt t on Cl use.: Xs t e Cnlê rni Supr m e Com ' o eh w ai a l k io a e t obs rved,G yi g dec arat ons w e e arm i sbl at com m on 1 w i f l ny e bn li r l ni e a n eo c s s,even w hen the def ndantw as notprese t att e t' e t e st t m ent ae e n hz m h ae w as t ken ll The c m m on 1 w pe- iled (y1 . dec arat ons so l ng as a * o a t 11 li o t e den nrant w as c ns ous of li dange at t e t' e of m nki g t e h l od ts r ha m nh
dec arat on.s A c or i g t t e Supr m e Courti 1895, l il c dn o h e . n

The prm az o j c o t e ( onf o t to i . be t f h C r n a in y Ch us ) was t pr ve t de o i o s o e pa t e o e n p sf n r x r e
e davis ...bei g us d agni n t e phs ner i t n e nt h o n

IJ =at5 n. ( t to so it d) Z. . 6 6 d a i n m te . #
1S ee. e. . M ont rr s .' 01 P. d at 972; Pm m l v. Gim ore. 828 3 z. e oo 1 3 e l

N . .d 293,30 - 3 ( . E2 2 0 m App.Ct 2 05 ;St t v.M ne i .6 5 N. . 578, . 0 ) ae n9 WM 5 5- 6X i n.2005 . 88 n ) lM o t r os .101 P. d a 9 2 ( ii g T.Pe ke Ev de c 64 ( d e . 4 n er o 3 t 7 ctn a , i ne 3d 1 08 . 8$ 1Se kk (ii g Kî e v. Re s n. 1 Ho . St Tr 1 24 25 X B. 5 e ( ctn n ao 6 w . . , 17 2 . 2:

9

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l e of a pe sonal exnm i at on and c ossiu r ni r exnm i ahon of t e wi nes i whi h t e ac used n h t sn ch c has an oppor uzi y, not onl of tes g t e t zt y e h recoled i n and s m ' g t e cons i nc o the lo in h ce e f w iness but o c m peli g %1 t s and f ce t t , fo ln ' ot m a o

f c wih t ejt. .... a e t h trv 1 6
'' e Confr ntah on Cl use,lke o her provi i ns i t e Bil of Ri ht ,i Ih o a i t so nh l gss

s b e t e c ptons .r c g i e l ng be o e t e adop i n o t e u j d o x e i , fe o n z d o ' fr h to f h

I l ns iuto a d no i t de ng a al wih is s iill A dyng c o tt im n t ne h t l t t p rt i i
decl rat on i one s c excepton t t e Co ont t on Cl use. aie uh i oh O ai a

l yi g de l r to s a e r r l m ade il t e 'n D c a a i n ) r a ey xh
pr s nc of t e acc s d; t e are m ade wi hout ee e h ue hy t
ak zy o port niy p ut f r exam i at on o ni or cr sa o-

evnm i aton, nor i t e wi nes broug t f c to ni sh ts h ae

f c wih t e j r ;ye f o tm e i m em o i lt e a e t h u y t rm i m vn h y
have been t ea ed as c m pet nt t e l ony,and no rt o e em one w oul have t e hardi ood at t s day to d h h M ques i n t ei arm i s biix l t o h r l n i lt 8 W e agree wi h t e B at s t at re ogni e dyi g dec arat ons as t h te h c z n li

an exce t on t t e S4 t Aa endm ent c ng ont ti n ri ht W i h t e pi oh 'Y v o ao g. th Suprem e Courts st t m ent t at t e Confr ntat on Cl use < s m ost ' ae h h o i a i nat raly read as a ref rence to t e r ghtof c ng ontat on at c m m on h w , ul e hi o i o

l a t x v. t d St t s.1 6 U . . ,242 ( 89 ) G to Unie a e 5 S 237 1 5.

1L. a 243 (W e a e bom d t i t r r t t e ( o e i zi n i t e 7d t ' r t o n e p e h Q n h to n h
lglt o t e 1 w as i e st d at the t m e i w as adopt d,not as reacG g il fh a tt e it e outf rnew guna ntes o t e rght oft etiamn,butas s cnri g t eve y o i f h i e h ltz ' e no r

i di i ua s c ashe G e dy pos e s d a a Brts s bj dv s c as li n vd l u h a s se s iih u e u h ls
anc s ors had i heried and def nde; R ne t e days of M agna Chne a. et n t e imh

M a y o is pr vii ns i t e na tr o a ( ll o Iqi ht ar s bj d t n f t o so n h tte f B i1 f l g s e u e o e c pto s.. .) x e in .'. ' IJ- at243 44. B. , / -

*

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adm iii g o l t - e c phons e t bls e att e tm e o t ef und zg l l n ny h xe oe a i h d h i f h o iz l g
i f low s t at bec us dyi g deel r tons w er rec gni ed at cm m on 1 w t ol h ae n nai eoz z a as an exoe pt on t t e ri ht of coO ontat on,t ey shoul c ntx e t be i oh g i h d o im o recogni ed as an exoe pt on. W e t er f r c nc ude that t e di t i' C UA z i h eoe o l h s rc O t di not er i adv l s g D e i o' dyi g dec r ton. d r u ne n rs s n h ai B ec use D eh so' s at m e t w as no te l oni l t e sta em ents a' ste n t e m a. h t ' aam l si n di z tvi l t Craw f rd n o d m oae o W e f r her take k i opport niy t addr ss wEet er ut hn ut o e h s at m ent m ade i t e cont xt o a 911 em ergenc c l are t s i oni l te s nh ef y al e tm a z der Crawf r . W e co d ude t atD er s ' at te ent was nott stm o i l m od n h i os a m e i nn and t er f r adm i si n of t e s at m ent di not vi l t Cr e ord. h eoe so h te d oa e a D er s ' e at m ent - er y a ot m e and le w as pai t do i n w as m ade i os t e -lr h l do ti rea onse t the 911 di patc ers queet on aski g i D eri o kne w ho n p o s h' i nf s w sho hi . l Crawf td.t e Supr m e Court di not s ee c ly adopt a t m= n o h e d p al

de m ii n o Y sâ o i u butt e Cour c ncude t ats m e m t m ent f to f tm n a h to l dh o e s
qualf as t st m oni lx der any de m ii nll Am ong s c s atem ents are iy ei am f to uh t

Gst t m e t t ke by po ie o c i t e c ur e o i t r o ato s ' lla e n s a n lc e m n h o s f n e r g i n /r
The Court concl ded t at these st t m ents R re . . . t stm oni l under u h ae a ei a

'

.

l raw f rd.541U . .at54. V o S O >'r pm w s s of thi opl i nv we ass m e w i l ut deci i g t at a o e a nn u tm dn h 911 di pat her i an agent of t e polce, and t e- f re, w e consi er t e sc sL h i ho dh di pat her' act t be act oft e polc . W e f rt erassum e t atW hit n s c s so sh ie uh h to ph yed no i t rveni g rol i r l yi g t Der so t e quest on as ed by t e ne n e u ea n o ih i k h 911 di pat he . '' e rec r i di ates t atW hit n was m e el a Gmdui s c r lh od n c h to ry t f r i f rm et o bem een t e 911 di pat her and Deri . o no in h Ac x
2 See Craw f rd.541 U . .at 52. l o S

'

11
%# l T M*

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e en a nnvr w s andar lD 'h e s anrn, l t at polce i t r ogatons v o t d l t lv h i ne r i produc t stm oni l s a em ents appled eaaiy # t e f ct of Craw f rd: eei n tt i l,h as o o
t e den nvant w as i polce c s ody.had been gi en a M i anda warni g, h l n i ut v r n

and had engaged i a t pe- ec r ed conversaton w ih polc . But t e n a r od i t ie M h
s andard i notal aya easiy appled. t s w l i l t e rec nt c s of D avi v.W asbi et n- and i s c m pani o nh e ae s no to o case,H am m on v.I di nn.t e Suprem e Co rtm ore spee c ly address d .nn h u al e t e di hot m y between t s i oni l and nont s i oni l B at m ent m ade h co e tm a e tm a t e s
dl ' g polce i t rrqgat onm ? '' e Courthel , mn i ne i . lh s d Se t m ent are nont stm oni l when m ade i t e e s ei a nh c utse ofpo i e i t rr gat o under e w m m s anc s o' lc n e o i n i te

o j c i e y i d c tng t a t e pn m a y pur os o b e tv l n i a i h t h ' r pef
t e i t r ogat on i i enabl polc ass st nc t h n er i so e ie ia eo m eetan ongoi g em ergenc . They are tes i oni l n tm a

when t e crc m s ane s o j ci ey G G CaO t at h i u t e b e tv l h
t ere i no such ongoi g em ergency,and t at t e h s n h h pri ar pur ose of t e i t rrogat on i t my p h ue i so eb abls or pr ve past event pot nti ly r l vant t ih o s e al ee t l t r en' i alpr sec t on. oae mn o ui M

zJ. 3. t k
M see D avi v.W as i e n .547 U . . s hn S . .126 S.Ct.2266,2278

( 006 (ii g Cr wf z -541U . . 5 n.) 2 ) ctn a o ' d S at 3 4 .
zse i. at s e ta l .1 6 S. . 2 7 . 2 Ct at 2 0 ' MJ at .1 6 S.Ct a 2273- 4. Fo t e pw os s o is o i i ns Z 2 .t 7 rh e f t p no t e Co r lm ied is hodi g t i t nw ato s See i aat- n. ,1 6 S. h u t i t t l n o ne in . d 12 2274 n. . '' e Courtwas.arefu t no e t at s at m ent mad. i . . 1 lh c lo t h t e a en C t at .
t e abs nce of an i ter ogat on c ul be c ns der d t st m oni l and t at h e nr i od oi e ei n h R ven when i t r ogatou ei s s i i i t e Gnnlanal si t e decarants e ner i t, t s n h y sh l ' s at m ent ,notthe i t rr gat r' ques i ns t att e Con- nt hon Ch us te s ne o o s to h h a e
.

r ti e ust ev l at ' L= m tr s o a u e d

oe

12

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'' e Coures applcat o of t i r l t t e f ct of D aW S and H am m on lh i in h s ue o h a s provi es f rt er i s ght i t t e di hot m y be w een testm o i l and d uh ni no h co t i na
nont si oni lst t m ents. e tm n ae D avi i vo ved a dom es i ri ur ance bet een M i hele snl tc l e b w el

M ccott y and her boyf i ndy Adr an D avi . Dur ng a 911 cal < t 'r re i a i lh
M cc ott y,t e 911 di pat he asc e >i ed that M ccott y' bo f i nd was rh s cr en r s y re

Sum pi ' on ( e) ag i o t e e we e no wea o s a t e a e e, t e j n h r am h r r p n t h cn h
boyfr end w as usi g li Sst , and le had not bee dn' ll g. 'he 911 i u za s z n n rn l ' di patc er t eh as ed M c ot r w hat her bo f i nd' nam e w as. s h h k c ty y re s M cc ot ry res onded t at i w as A dr an D avi and st ted,G e' vnnns ' i p h t i s a Hs n

now . The dipat her l m ed t at Davi had rl out t e door nlmr o sc e h s m h
li tug M CC OR U and t at he w as l avi g i a c z. At t at poi t,t e 911 lt i h e n n a' h hh di pat her t l M ccott y,G #O tm i g = 4 answ e m y ques i ns' 'he sc od r S .P n r to l ' i s at her t en gat er d m or i f rm at on about D avi and hi pur os pc h he e no i s s pe f r bei g atM cc ok ry' house. Polce om c r arr ved soon t er al er. o n ts i es i he r A t t i l t e s at l onl wi ness s w ere t e two polce oo cers r a , h t es y t e h i

w ho r s ondelt t e 9I1 c l. M c o ty wa ' n a l bl t t s . 'he ep toh al c t z s m v ia e o e e r t i l c ur alo admit d a r c r i g o t e 911 c l. Da i ob e t d t ra o t s te e o dn f h al v s j ce o
adm i s on of t e rec rdi g bas d on the Conf nnt t on Cl us , but t e si h on e r ai ae h

c ur cve r ld t e ob e to . The j r cm vi t d Da i o vil to o a o t r u e h jcin u y z ce v s f o a in f
dom es i no- ont c o der. ' he W asi ngt n Court of Appeal nm rm ed. tc c a' r t r do s

The Suprem e Court o W as i e nn alo nm vmedv c ndudi g t at t e f hn s o nh h porton of t e 911 c l i whih M ccotz i ene ed Davi was not i h al n c ty d s

2 ..a 4# t

.1 6 S.Ct a 2270 71 2 .t -.

*
o pz . xa >

13

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t s i oni l and l nt i ot e portozs wer t e l oni l t ei adm l si n e tm n : h f hr il e e tm n, h r so

w as har l ssbe ond a reasonabl doubtM me y e . I nnnl zi g t e t a i oni lnat r of M cc ot r ' s ate e t n y n h e tm a ue ty s t m n s t t e 911 di pae her,t e U zi ed Stat s Suprem e Court conduded t at oh s h tt e h

Ghe e c m s a c s o M c o tys i t r og ton ob e tve y i di a e is t u t n e f c tr ' u e r a i jc i l n c t t
pri ary pur pse w as t enabl polce as i t nce t m eet an ongoi g m p o e i sea o u

e e ge c z 'he Co r be a V tIt e g ne a pr po ii n t a a l as m r nr g r u t g n . h e r l o sto h t t e t I
t e izt ali t r gaton c ndud ed i a 911 ca li G rzi nriy not des gne h zi i n e m io n l a o ln l id

pvm nvl t fs a ls orpr vl l s m e pas f d ,but t de c i e c e t l iy o e t b ix o e' o ta o s rb = n
o cum s ances r q. vi g polc as i t nc lo The Court t en l oked at t edn ie s s a e ' h o

e veralf c s s r oundi g t e c rcum st nces o G e 911 pn1 . e at ur nhi a f .l Fi s , M cc ot r w as deac i k g events t t e 911 di pat her rt ty rb n oh sc

R s t e we e acm nlv ha oe i m r t e t an ' es rblng pas e e t f3 a h v r d l o n n a h r h d c i i l t v n m 'l
I com pari on,t e i t n w at on il Cm w f rd occ rred s veralho . nl r n s h ne iz o u e ms u

t e events depv i ed t ok pl ce.2 h zb o a3 Second, G ny reasonabl lB ener w o l rec gni e t at a e it ud oz h

M cco ty tl lke Syl i Cr wf r ) was f cng a o go ng em e g nc lo t r xn l ' va a o d ai n n i re y

214 a 8 .t -

.12 S. '.a 2271 72. 6 Gt t .12 S. .a 227 . 6 Ct t 7 .1 6 S. . 2276. 2 Ct at

DL. a dS t . 3J= at :. . . d

31 .( uotug Til v. r i i , U. .11 ,1 7 ( 9 9 . 14 q i - v Vi> n a 527 S 6 3 1 9 : l 35eej a 2q

1 4

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M cc ot r ' cat w as a z l f r hel agai s a phys calt reat as oppos d t tye l mlo p nt i h eo provi i g a re ortofa e i e abs nti m i entdazger. dn p rm emn lM

Thi d, whe vi w e o j c i e ys t e na ur o t e 91 r n e d b e tv l h te fh 1

dipa c e ' q e tons we e s c t a M c o e s r s o s s we e s t h rs u s i r uh h t c t ep n e r
G ecessary t be abl t res l e t e pr sent em ergency,rat er t nn si pl n o e o ov h e hh my

t l ne ( si .r - f r )whatha happe e i t epas lM Reg r i g t e o e n a n c aw o d d ndnh t a dn h
911 di pat hers ques i n t M ccott y ofher boyf i x ' nam e,t e Court sc' to o r re d s h c nd uded e en t at i f rm at on w as necessm t at end t t e em ergency o v h no i ot oh G o t at t e di pat hed ox cera m i ht know w het er t ey wotl be sh h sc g h h td
enc unt ri g a W ol ntf 1 n.3 o en e e o M6

Fourt , t e di er nc i t e l vel of f rm alt bet een hh Feenh e o iy w M cc ot r ' i t r w at o and Crawf rd' w as subst ntal G raw f rd w as i ys n e z in os m i.c o
res ondi g cnl l ,at t e s at on hous :t a ser es of quesdons,w ih t e p n my h ti eo i th

oo oe r-uter ogator tapi g and m nli g no es of he answers;M ccot r ' ir n n t r t ys fr nt c ans er w e e pr vi ed overt e phone, n an envi o= entthatw as ai w s r od h i r

no t a qui,o e e ( s f r as a y r as na l 911 o e a o c ul m a e t rn l r v n a a n e o be p r tr o d k
o t s f .3 u ) ae'7 '
Fr m t e above f c s,t e Court c nc uded t at t e pe m ar oh at h ol hh iy
pur ose of t e i t v ogat on w as t ass st i an ongoi g em ergenc . p h ne i o in n yo

PI i 31 .(ii g H ibe v.Si t Judi ulDi t Cour o Ne . H um b l t 8 * ctn il xh m s. t f v. od Ct .542 U . . v. S 177,1 6 ( 004 .-' ' 82 : ' '
31 .at 70
W 4. at
..

'

'

.I 6 S. .a 227 - 7. 2 Ct t 6 7

.1 6 S. .a 2277. 2 Ct t

'

1 5
Fjl ; : >A

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A ddi i naly,t e Courts at d t atM cc o t y G aa not ae i g as a wi nes ; to l h te h tr w n ts s e w aB nott stf i m W hat s e s i w as not' w eake s bs i ut f r lve h e lv n h ad a r u tt e o i

t si o / a : a .3 * o T ine s g e i t c ur t pwml i an e tm n t h 109 N w t s ' o s n o o t o nm .
em ergenc and s ek hel le y e p '' e Courtal o not d tz ta: i t r ogaton t atbegi af r t e lh s e la t n e r i h z noh
pur ose of det rm i i g t e need f r em er enc assi t nce c u r sul i p e nn h o gy sa a e tn

testm oni l s at m ent onc t at pur ose has been ac i ved.l For i n te s eh p he * exnm pl ,once t e 911 di pae er gat e el t e nec s m itor at on f om e h s hr h es zf m i r M ccott y t address t e em ergenc , M c ot r ' l t r res onses t t e ro h v c tye a e p oh
di pt her' ques i ns c ul be oe ns der d t s i oni e sc s to o d i e e tm c The Court r ached t e oppos t conc usi n, t at t e e h ie lo h h
' st t m ent at i sue w ere t s i oni l i D avi ' com pani n c s , ae s s e tm n, n ss o ae

H am m on. There,t e Cour eoncl ded t at s at m ents w ere t s i oni l h t u h te e tm a

w hen m ade t an o c r f r pur os s of M ki g an am davi nR'r a o oe o pe n tm dom es i - i l nce em ergency had ended. W l l t ll g st t m e t f om tc v o e . d e n rn ae ns r Am y H am m on,t e o c r i t r ogated her i a se ar t r om ,aw ay f o h o e n er n p ae o rm

31 ( uo i g Um'e St t sv. nadi 475 U. . .394 ( 986 . 9 1 q tn td a e -I . S 387 1:
4Ld 0=

41 . tg . . e do es 4 1 .C( ) e t e o er t r g i e t e id r a i n ne de t addr s 2 4 A R r h p a o a n d h z b m to t e e g nc o t e m o e t t e e e g nc appea s t ha e e de ( he h i e ' fh y m n ,h m re y r o v n dw n D avi dr ve awa fo t e pm m i e ) 'he o e at rt e t l M c o t y t so y rm h s s. l p r o h n od c tr o '
-

be qui t,and proc eded t pos a bat er of queshons. I coul readiy be e e o e ty t d l m ai # i ed t at, fr m t at po nt on. M ccot r ' s at m ents were nm n h o b i tys t e

t s i onl l no unlke t e't uc ur d po ie ques i ni / t at( zr d i e tm n , t i h s r t e lc to n h m r e n Crawf rr ) o .

16
99 Ik?k 2 5'J

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her hus ando H ers e o '' i m ore f rm al i t r gat on w as s m iar t b hk lh s o n em i il o t at i Crawf r . * o h dec arant w er ad i el se ar ted 1 om t e h n od Bt l s e vy p a h

def nrnnt-- o c rs f r bl prevent d H e s el F om partc pati g i t e el o e od y e rh ii n n h
i t e ogat on. Bot s at m ents delberat l recot t d, i r s onse t ne i h te i ey m e n ep o polce ques i ni g, how po ent aly d ' i al past event began and i to n t i l mm n s

pr gr - d. And bot too pl ce s m e t m e al er t e event des r % d oe h ka o i th s ci
w er o erle ev Converse y, i com pnm' g H am m o to D avi t e Court lu n n mh

not d t at t e dec ar nt i D avi m ade her stat m ent w hie i eh h la n s e s ln i m edi t danger and t at s e w as desv i i g e ent as t ey were m ae h h u bn v s h
lappe i g i ordert seek ai . l nn n o de

Toget er Crawf rd. D avz . and H am m on dem ons rat t at h, o ' s t eh
w hen det rm i i g w he her a s at m ent i t s i oni l i i nec ssm t e nn t te s e tm n, t s e o l ok at t e t t t oft e cm um st nc s s r o ndi g t e st t m ent. 'bi o h oG y hi a e u ru n h ae Ps cond usi n i r sec ed i ouz poa - raw f rd preoe dent on t e i sue ofw hat o se t u tc o hs
const t t s a t stm ozi lst t m ent iu e e i za a e .

.

ln Fl res v. St t . w e concl ded t at a st t m ent i o ae u h ae s
t s i oni l i i W w otl l ad an obk ctve w iness reasonabl t beleve e tm n f t - td e ae i t yo i

t at G e st tem ent woul be avai abl f r use at a l t r t i l'' W e t eh h a d l eo a e ra .Y ' h

a pled t i e b e tve wine s t s o i M edi a v. St t whe e we p i h s o j ci t s et n n ae r

u se i aat e; uL= d 'l . a l /x t s.

.1 6 S. .a 22 8. 2 Ct t 7

.1 6 S. %. 279. 2 G2

4 1 1 Ne . . . 1 0 P.d 11 0, 117 - 9 ( 005 ( uo g 62 v 2 3 7 87 2 ) q e Cr wf r . 5 1 U . . at 5 ( uo i g Br e f r Nato a Asu ito o a od 4 S 2 q tn if o i n l gv n i n f Cvm i alDe e s Ia ye' e a1 as Am i iCur a 3 )( m phas s a de i in f n e aw z t . s c ie ) e i d dn
Fl r s . oe ) '

17

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e nm i ed t e t se m o i l natur o st t m ent m ade by a rape v1 .m .7 xn h e l na e f ae s -1 4 I M edi n.w e concl ded t at t e vi tT ' s o t neous st t m ents t her n n u h h n in s p n a ae o nei hbor w ere nont s l oni l but t at s at m ent m ade to a f r ns c g e tm a h te s oe i nm se f r t e purpos of gat ed ng e i enc f r po- i l us i a l t r oh e h vd e o be e n ae
pr s cuhon were t skm o i lv oe e i n a. R ecent y, we addres ed i Pant no v. St t t e i s e of l s n m ae h su

T het er a e id- i i ' s at m ents t a parent regardi g a a vunl ' w h h l vd m s t e o n e assaul cons i ut t s i oni l hearsay under ...Crawf rdle t tt e e tm n o We c nc uded t a. t e e%ld' s at m ents t her f t er w er nont stm oni l ol ht h ls t e o ah e ei n

i ven t e cr um a anc s a r o ndi g t e f t e ' que to i g o hi h ic t e u e u n h a h rs s in n f s
daughte . H e w as V qui i g G # t e heal h,aaf t , and wem bei g of rO rn ,h O t ey n
t e n 4d, not gat er ng evi e ee f r purpos s oflt gat o zK h h' ' l' hi dn o e ii i z .' B ase on U ni ed St t s Supr m e Courtand N evada preeedent d t ae e addressi g t e i sue of w het er a hears y st t m ent i t s i onç l i i nhs h a ae s e tm n , t s abt dant y c ear t at t e i qui y requi es exnm i at on o t e t t lt of m ll h hnr r ni f h o a iy

t e c re m st nc s surr undi g t e m nli g of t e s at m ent W e have h iu ae o nh rn h te .

be t wih a g ner l r l : whe he t e s a em e t wo l unde t e gm t e a ue t r h tt n ui rh
d r lns znces o i s m nki g, O ead ax obi ctve wi ness reasonabl t m v ej ft n z ei t yo

*12 Ne . .1 1P. d 1 ( 006 . 72 v 3 3 52 )
VseeLk at .131 P.d at20. ( 3 4 122 N e .at .138 P. d at 479. '' e opi i n al o addr ss d t e 9 v 3 lh no s ee h

c ns iudo alt o NRS 51385.L=