United States of America v. Spectrum Brands, Inc.

Filing 242

Transmission of Notice of Appeal, Orders, Judgment and Docket Sheet to Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals re: 240 Notice of Appeal, (Attachments: # 1 Order No.: 196, # 2 Order No.: 234, # 3 Judgment, # 4 Docket Sheet) (lak)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff,

OPINION and ORDER

v.
15-cv-371-wmc
SPECTRUM BRANDS, INC.,
Defendant.

In an earlier opinion and order, this court granted partial summary judgment on
plaintiff United States of America’s claim that defendant Spectrum Brands, Inc., failed to
report timely to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (the “Commission” or
“CPSC”) information that carafes distributed as part of its Black & Decker SpaceMaker
line of coffeemakers were suddenly cracking, separating and breaking at the handle in
violation of Section 15(b) of the Consumer Product Safety Act (the “Act” or “CPSA”),
15 U.S.C. § 2064(b)(3). The court then held an evidentiary hearing to determine the
appropriate amount of civil penalties and injunctive relief, if any, for that violation, as
well as for Spectrum’s related sale and distribution of those coffeemakers after their recall
in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 2068(a)(2)(B). In advance of that hearing, the court also
invited the parties to file briefs on those subjects.

Based on the undisputed facts

described in the court’s summary judgment opinion and order (dkt. #196), as well as the
parties’ list of joint stipulated facts filed before the hearing (dkt. #224), deposition
designations and designated expert reports, and additional evidence admitted at the

hearing, the court will now impose a substantial civil penalty and permanent injunctive
relief as set forth below.1

OPINION
I.

Civil Penalties
A.

Penalty Range

As a preliminary matter, the parties disagree about possible civil penalties that
may be imposed for violations of the CPSA. In its current version, the Act provides for a
“civil penalty not to exceed $100,000” for each violation of § 2068, including violations
of the requirement in § 2064(b) to report “information which reasonably supports the
conclusion that [a] product . . . contains a defect which could create a substantial product
hazard” and the prohibition in § 2068(a)(2)(B) against selling recalled products.2 15
U.S.C. § 2069(a)(1). The penalty cannot exceed $15,000,000, however, for “any related
series of violations.”

15 U.S.C. § 2069(a)(1).

Defendant does not dispute that its

belated reporting and its sale of recalled products constitute two, distinct “related series
of violations” under § 2069.
Given that there is no dispute that defendant sold tens of thousands more
coffeemakers than would be required to reach this maximum penalty amount, see United
The parties agree that the appropriate amount of civil penalties and, of course, injunctive relief,
are to be determined by the court, not a jury. See Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412, 426-27
(1987).
1

As the court explained in its summary judgment decision, the requirement in § 2069(a)(1) that
a violation be committed “knowingly” presents a low bar, which is easily met in this case. See
United States v. Spectrum Brands, No. 15-cv-371-wmc, 2016 WL 6835371, at *21 (W.D. Wis.
Nov. 17, 2016) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 2069(d)). For a detailed account of defendant’s underlying
misconduct, the court refers the reader to that decision.
2

2

States v. Mirama Enterprises, Inc., 387 F.3d 983, 987 (9th Cir. 2004) (“a company
commits a separate offense for every potentially dangerous unit it fails to report”), the
government asserts that the applicable maximum penalty is $30.30 million, or $15.15
million for each series of defendant’s § 2068 violations, after applying statutorilyprescribed inflation adjustments on the maximum penalty. 76 Fed. Reg. 71554-02, 2011
WL 5592923 (Nov. 18, 2011) (adjusted amounts effective January 1, 2012).

In

contrast, defendant argues that the maximum penalty for its reporting violation is not
$15,150,000, but rather $1,825,000.3 This $1.825 million maximum is derived from the
$1.25 million amount provided by § 2069(a)(1) (again adjusted for inflation) before it
was amended by the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (“CPSIA”),
Pub. L. No. 110-314, 122 Stat. 3016 (2008).4
At its core, defendant’s argument that the pre-CPSIA amounts should apply to its
reporting conduct is a thinly recast version of its unsuccessful argument at summary
judgment that the government’s lawsuit is time-barred. Defendant maintains that even
though Spectrum did not finally report until April 2012, the substantially lower, preCPSIA penalty caps should still apply because the government contended that
Spectrum’s reporting obligation arose as early as May 2009, three months before the
amended penalty amounts went into effect in August 2009. More specifically, defendant
In so arguing, defendant effectively concedes that its series of violations of § 2068(a)(2)(B) for
selling coffeemakers after they had already been recalled is subject to a maximum civil penalty of
$15.15 million. (See Def.’s Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 27 (“[T]he maximum civil penalty for both
violations at issue here is $16,975,000 ($1.825 million for the reporting violation plus $15.15
million for the post-recall sale violation).”).)
3

The CPSIA raised the per-violation maximum from $5,000 to $100,000 and the total maximum
from $1.25 million to $15 million. Id.
4

3

emphasizes that “Congress did not indicate any intent that the new penalty cap for
CPSA violations should apply retroactively,” citing a handful of cases for the purported
proposition that amended penalties or damages amounts can neither be applied to
conduct that took place before those amendments became effective, nor to conduct that
“straddled” the old and new amounts, unless Congress expresses a contrary intent. (Def.’s
Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 7-10.)
As the government correctly points out, however, the cases defendant cites are
wholly inapposite since defendant’s argument is premised on an egregious misreading of
the court’s summary judgment opinion. Contrary to defendant’s assertion, the court did
not “agree[] that Spectrum’s obligation to file a Section 15(b) report arose in May 2009.”
(Def.’s Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 7.) Far from it, the court acknowledged in its summary
judgment opinion that both plaintiff and defendant were likely “entitled to a jury trial on
the limited issue of determining the specific date Spectrum’s reporting obligation arose.”
United States v. Spectrum Brands, No. 15-cv-371-wmc, 2016 WL 6835371, at *21 n.23
(W.D. Wis. Nov. 17, 2016).
Given that neither party was likely to “want to undertake the expense of trying
that single, narrow issue to a jury” as part of a separate liability trial, the court instead
offered to account for the parties’ arguments regarding the date the reporting obligation
arose during the civil penalty phase of the case. Id. Having failed to seek a jury trial on
the issue of when its obligation to report first arose, the court finds defendant’s argument
now for the earliest possible date to be transparently self-serving.

Indeed, the court

remains strongly disinclined, for reasons first explained in its summary judgment opinion,
4

to endorse the “perverse situation where Spectrum would insist its duty to report was
non-existent, but if it existed should be found to have dated back to the date the CPSC
asserts.”5 Id. at *18 n.18. Moreover, even if Spectrum were obligated to report before
the amended penalties became effective, it failed to actually report (and thus did not end
its illegal conduct) until long after the new penalties applied.6 Regardless, the court here
has little trouble considering only Spectrum’s violations, which continued long after the
CPSIA took effect. Accordingly, the court agrees with plaintiff that the maximum civil
penalty that can be assessed against defendant is $30.30 million.

B.

Application of factors

Although offered as guidance to the Commission, the court will consider the
statutory factors Congress set forth by the CPSA to arrive at an appropriate civil penalty
for defendant’s violations:
In determining the amount of any penalty to be sought upon
commencing an action seeking to assess a penalty for a
violation of section 2068(a) of this title, the Commission
shall consider the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity
of the violation, including the nature of the product defect,
Of course, after failing to seek a liability ruling, plaintiff has also waived any right to monetary
penalties for a separate series of violations under 15 U.S.C. § 2064(b)(4) for failing to report
information that the carafe handles may create “an unreasonable risk of serious injury.” As
explained in its summary judgment decision, the court did not need to address this claim, having
found defendant liable under § 2064(b)(3) as a matter of law for failing to report that the carafes
may “contain[] a defect which could create a substantial product hazard.” See Spectrum Brands,
2016 WL 6835371, at *21 n.24.]
5

In this way, defendant’s argument to avoid heightened penalties for its prospective violations of
the Act is the mirror image of a statute applied “retrospectively,” as in Landgraf v. USI Film
Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994), where the Supreme Court analyzed “whether the new provision
attaches new legal consequences to events completed before its enactment.” Id. at 269-70
(emphasis added).
6

5

the severity of the risk of injury, the occurrence or absence of
injury, the number of defective products distributed, the
appropriateness of such penalty in relation to the size of the
business of the person charged, including how to mitigate
undue adverse economic impacts on small businesses, and
such other factors as appropriate.
15 U.S.C. § 2069(b); see also United States v. Shelton Wholesale, Inc., 34 F. Supp. 2d 1147,
1165-66 (W.D.Mo. 1999) (applying similar statutory factors directed toward the CPSC
for determining an appropriate fine for violations of the Federal Hazardous Substances
Act (“FHSA”)).
The court further looks for guidance to the regulations adopted under the CPSA,
in particular that “[t]he policies behind, and purposes of, civil penalties include the
following: [d]eterring violations; providing just punishment; promoting respect for the
law; promoting full compliance with the law; reflecting the seriousness of the violation;
and protecting the public.” 16 C.F.R. § 1119.1.

Similarly, the court considers four

specific, “other factors” identified in the CPSA regulations: (1) “Safety/compliance
program and/or system relating to a violation”; (2) “History of noncompliance”; (3)
“Economic gain from noncompliance”; and (4) “Failure to respond in a timely and
complete fashion to the Commission’s requests for information or remedial action.” 7 16

These factors closely track those that courts typically consider in imposing discretionary, civil
penalties under analogous federal statutes, including: (1) the good or bad faith of the defendant;
(2) the injury to the public; (3) the defendant’s ability to pay; (4) the desire to eliminate the
benefit derived from the violations; and (5) the necessity of vindicating the authority of the
responsible federal agency. See, e.g., United States v. Danube Carpet Mills, Inc., 737 F.2d 988, 993
(11th Cir. 1984) (civil penalties under the Federal Trade Commission Act for violation of a
consent decree reached after FTC investigation revealed nonconformance with standards set forth
by the Flammable Fabrics Act); United States v. J.B. Williams Co., 498 F.2d 414, 438 (2d Cir.
1974) (civil penalties under the Federal Trade Commission Act for violation of a cease and desist
order regarding improper advertising). Because these factors largely overlap the specific factors
under the CPSA and its regulations in considering civil penalties, however, the court does not see
7

6

C.F.R. § 1119.4. With this as framework, the court applies these factors to Spectrum’s
reporting and recall violations below.
a.

Reporting violation

As to the first of the § 2069(b) factors -- the nature of the product defect -- the
record here establishes that the carafe handles were defective, particularly given the
dozens of reports of broken handles received directly from customers and similar modes
of failure identified by defendant’s engineers in two of the broken carafes returned by
customers.8 As defendant rightly points out, however, the severity of any defect remains
unclear, as plaintiff failed to establish the extent to which broken handles separated
completely from the carafe, rather than partially, leaving uncertain the risk of a
catastrophic failure with multiple shards of sharp glass and most or all of the hot coffee
being spilled on a consumer. That said, defendant was in the best position to investigate
additional details about reported handle failures through its call center employees, and it,
therefore, shares some of the responsibility for those missing facts. Ultimately, the court
finds this factor weighs in favor of defendant, although not to a large degree.
The second and third factors under § 2069(b) -- the severity of the risk of injury
and the occurrence or absence of injury -- weigh more strongly in defendant’s favor. As
to evidence of injury, defendant correctly points out that plaintiff introduced no

any need to address these factors separately.
Applica incorporated a design change for the handles and began selling the redesigned carafes in
May 2009. As the court noted in its summary judgment opinion, Spectrum assumed all of
Applica’s assets and liabilities when the two companies merged in 2014, and so the parties treat
Spectrum and Applica as the same entity for the purposes of this lawsuit, as will this court.
Spectrum Brands, 2016 WL 6835371, at *2.
8

7

admissible evidence regarding any injuries that a customer actually sustained by virtue of
a failed handle (as opposed to those self-reported by customers), and even the reported
instances of broken carafes reflect relatively infrequent, minor injuries.

Applica and

Spectrum distributed approximately 159,000 coffeemakers between July 2008 and April
2012, the month Spectrum reported. (Joint Stipulated Facts (dkt. #224) ¶ 6.) Between
November 2008 and April 2012, Spectrum received approximately 1600 reports of
broken carafe handles.

(Id. at ¶ 38.)

Of those reports, approximately 66 noted a

resulting burn and three others noted cuts from broken carafe glass. (Id. at ¶ 39.) Out of
those 69 reports of injuries, one indicated receipt of medical attention, and another
expressed an intention to seek treatment. (Id. at ¶ 40 (citing Decl. of Christopher J.
Paparo (dkt. #57) at ¶ 11).)

Although defendant’s failure to report timely was not

justified by the fact that there were few reports of severe injuries for the reasons
explained in the court’s summary judgment opinion,9 it does weigh in defendant’s favor
with respect to determining an appropriate civil penalty.
The number of defective coffeemakers distributed before they were recalled -- the
fourth § 2069(b) factor -- is unclear for at least three reasons. First, even after Applica
began selling the redesigned carafes in May 2009, defendant continued selling the old
carafes through December of that year, when its inventory was finally depleted. (Id. at ¶
35-36.)

Second, when Spectrum finally reported, it recalled both the pre- and post-

redesigned carafes, even though its engineers had not identified similar modes of failure
As the court already acknowledged in this case, injuries from hot coffee obviously have the
potential to be severe, particularly for children and the elderly. (See Ex. 120 (Expert Report of Dr.
John P. Abraham).)
9

8

with respect to the redesigned carafe handles. Third, there are no facts in the record
distinguishing between reports of failures of the original and the redesigned carafes.
Accordingly, neither party can establish whether the attempted fix worked, and if it did,
how many of the total carafes distributed were not defective. Still, given that defendant
sold approximately 145,849 units before January 1, 2010, and only approximately
14,000 after that date (id. at ¶ 6), the fourth of the § 2069(b) factors would appear to
weigh slightly in favor of the defendant.
The last specific § 2069(b) factor -- “the appropriateness of such penalty in
relation to the size of the business” -- is largely neutral. As stipulated by the parties,
Spectrum is a large, global company with approximately 15,000 employees in 53
countries that had net sales of $5 billion in fiscal year 2016 (id. at ¶ 3), and as the
government noted at the civil penalty hearing, a total shareholder equity value of $1.8
billion (2/21/17 Hr’g Tr. (dkt. #232) at 66:9-12; Ex. 133 at 40). On the other hand, it
appears that Spectrum sold the coffeemakers at a fairly modest profit margin.10

By agreement of the parties, the court admitted into evidence exhibit 124, “Spectrum’s Fourth
Supplemental Response to United States of America’s First Set of Interrogatories,” in which
defendant asserted that “Spectrum’s profit from sales of the Coffeemakers was approximately
$1,481,850.” Neither party provided any context about how that figure was measured, including
Spectrum’s fixed and marginal costs incurred to make each coffeemaker, but taking its “profit
from sales of the Coffeemakers” figure at face value, Spectrum would have earned a gross margin
of approximately $9.30 for each of the 159,000 coffeemakers it sold, which defendant’s counsel
stated were sold at retail “for about $75.” (2/21/17 Hr’g Tr. (dkt. #232) at 97:12-13.) Thus,
while presented in a less than reliable form, the only figures available would at least suggest that
the coffeemakers were a not a high-margin product. Of course, each sale of Spectrum’s defective
product on its shelfs was a windfall, unless caught or forced to reimburse that amount.
10

9

Accordingly, this factor does not weigh heavily in either direction with respect to
imposing a substantial civil penalty.11
As for the four “other” factors set forth in the CPSA regulations, the second and
fourth factors -- whether defendant has a history of failing to comply with the CPSA and
whether defendant responded appropriately to CPSC’s correspondence, respectively

--

do not militate toward imposing a substantial penalty, since the government has offered
no evidence with respect to either. In contrast, the first of the “other” factors, which
relates to any safety or CPSA compliance program would appear to weigh strongly
against defendant. As defendant’s counsel acknowledged at the civil penalty hearing,
although Applica and Spectrum had in place “pre-market safety systems” and “postmarket surveillance,” those safety compliance programs “failed” to flag for consideration
the defect here, much less prompt Spectrum to report to CSPC timely that the
information it was accumulating on failed coffeemakers, and more specifically, the
dangerous trend emerging from the sale of the defective carafes over time. (2/21/17 Hr’g
Tr. (dkt. #232) at 98:1-5.)
As the government emphasized at the civil penalty hearing and defendant’s
counsel also conceded, one of the most significant problems in Spectrum’s program,
Defendant insists with respect to this factor that “[t]he clear thrust of both the statute and the
interpretive regulation is that a company’s size should generally be considered in mitigation of a
large fine.” (Def.’s Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 17 (emphasis in original).) However, the regulation
explains that the factor “reflects the relationship between the size of a business and the policies
behind, and purposes of, a penalty,” which includes deterrence. 16 C.F.R. § 1119.4(a)(7)(i); see
also Shelton Wholesale, Inc., 34 F. Supp. 2d 1166 (noting that “Shelton Wholesale reaped very large
profits and should have the ability to pay a large fine” for FHSA violations, including “the
appropriateness of such penalty in relation to the size of the business or person charged”). In any
event, defendant does not (and indeed cannot credibly) assert that it lacks the ability to pay a
substantial civil penalty, and for that reason, the court views this factor as largely neutral.
11

10

which certainly contributed to defendant’s failure to report timely, was a disconnect
between the information being gathered about the potentially defective carafe handles by
Applica and Spectrum’s engineers versus the information being gathered by individuals
receiving actual consumer complaints.

(See id. at 90:22-91:4.)

Although defendant

demonstrated adequately that its engineers applied stringent safety standards in
designing, testing and manufacturing the carafes,12 defendant’s post-sale safety
compliance programs were not robust enough to raise red flags that the failing carafes
presented a safety issue, rather than a “quality,” issue on the street requiring notification
to the CPSC. (See id. at 79:16-80:6.)
The last “other” factor -- whether the firm benefited economically by failing to
comply with the CPSA -- also weighs against defendant here. On summary judgment, the
court found:
(1) was aware of 60 reports of broken handles and four burns; (2) identified
a similar cause of the breakages in two separately returned carafes; and (3)
implemented design changes in an attempt to remedy the handle issue. See
16 C.F.R. § 1115.12 (in deciding whether to report under section 15(b), a
firm should evaluate information including “engineering, quality control, or
production data” and “safety related production or design change(s)”).
Even if a reasonable jury were to find that the defendant could still have
doubts as to the pervasiveness of the defects or the risk of injury, no
reasonable jury would find that any of defendant’s doubts were justified by
June 30, 2010, when defendant was aware of some 714 failures and thirty
five injuries, including one requiring medical attention. That additional
information unquestionably triggered defendant’s obligation to report.
(Dkt. #196 at 47.)

Though these coffeemakers may not have been high-margin

products, they sold at retail for approximately $75. Since well over 100,000 carafes were
sold between May 2007 and January 2010, and then another 4,000 after January 2010,
12

Defendant’s motion to proffer additional testimony (dkt. #230) is granted.

11

defendant cannot dispute that it enjoyed a substantial economic gain by selling off its
inventory before belatedly reporting their serous defect. And the gravity of those sales
escalated over time as the complaints and injury reports mounted.
Despite the court asking the parties for a more detailed breakdown concerning
sales over time, the best the government could muster is Ex. 113-A, which roughly
indicates that: (1) the number of complaints in six-month increments between January
1, 2009, and April 2, 2012; and (2) 145,000 units were sold before January 1, 2010, and
14,000 thereafter.13

While the burden of proof is on the government, Spectrum is not without fault for failing to
offer any more detail despite the court’s repeated requests, presumably because that detail would
not be helpful in light of the court’s earlier findings on summary judgment. Regardless, the court
is left to fashion an appropriate penalty on this limited information.
13

12

(Hearing Ex. 113-A at 2.)
Reflecting the principle that defendant’s failure to report became more egregious
as time went on and complaints mounted, the court will increase the penalty for every
new complaint received during six-month increments, using a starting point of $10 per
complaint received on or before June 30, 2009, representing the rough profit on the sale
of those defective products; then $75, representing the product’s purchase price; and
doubling the penalty for each 6-month period thereafter until Spectrum finally fulfilled
its reporting obligation.14
Period
Jan-June/2009
July-Dec/2009
Jan-June/2010
July-Dec/2010
Jan-June/2011
July-Dec/2011
Jan-April/2011

Units Sold
80
255
379
365
227
212
102

Penalty per unit
$10.00
$75.00
$150.00
$300.00
$600.00
$1,200.00
$2,400.00

Total
$800.00
$19,125.00
$56,850.00
$109,500.00
$136,200.00
$254,400.00
$244,800.00
$821,675.00

A $821,675 penalty is well below the ballpark of Mirama, which to the court’s
knowledge is still the only other CPSA failure-to-report case litigated to this point. In
Mirama, the court imposed a $300,000 penalty, which was 20% of the $1.5 million
penalty cap that was in place at the time. As the parties pointed out, Mirama involved a
much more serious defect -- “exploding” juicers -- although the government points out
that Mirama could only afford to pay a $500,000 penalty, and only half of that amount
While the court would have preferred to tether its penalty to units sold as the reporting
obligations mounted, that data was not provided. Since each of the six month increase represents
an available way to measure Spectrum’s increasingly egregious failure to report, increasing the
magnitude of the penalty in those increments seems appropriate.
14

13

upfront. Here, in comparison, $821,675 is approximately 5.4% of $15.15m maximum.
Regardless, having considered all of the above factors, the court finds this an appropriate
a civil penalty for defendant’s failure to report timely in violation of 15 U.S.C. §
2068(a)(4).
b.

Post-recall sale violation

After Spectrum reported the information regarding the coffeemakers to CPSC on
April 3, 2012, and requested an expedited recall through CPSC’s “fast-track” program,
CPSC issued a press release announcing the recall around June 1, 2012. (Joint Stipulated
Facts (dkt. #224) ¶¶ 44, 49.) Despite those actions, and despite Spectrum putting into
place on March 23, 2012, an internal “Notice of Product Hold” designed to stop any
further sale or distribution of the coffeemakers, it sold or otherwise distributed a total of
641 recalled coffeemakers in 25 different shipments between June 2012 and June 2013,
when it discovered those inadvertent sales. (Id. at ¶¶ 65, 70-71.)
For the most part, the court’s analysis of the factors as applied to defendant’s
reporting violation applies equally to its post-recall sales violation, with the exception of
one of the “other” factors.

With respect to Spectrum’s safety compliance program,

however, the primary measure it had in place to prevent the sale of recalled products -placing the existing inventory of coffeemakers on “hold” in its SAP inventory
management program (id. at ¶¶ 56, 57) -- was grossly inadequate for a variety of reasons:
(1) Spectrum could have used the SAP “exclusion list” to prevent the shipment of a
particular SKU, but failed to implement that function (id. at ¶ 58); (2) Spectrum revised
the hold to permit shipment of additional coffeemakers from China (id. at ¶¶ 60, 63); (3)
14

when Spectrum discovered in June 2012 that a new shipment of recalled coffeemakers
from China was in “unrestricted inventory,” it merely quarantined those coffeemakers
without taking the obvious, additional step of reviewing its transaction history to
discover if some had already been sold, even though such an electronic search would have
only taken “[a] couple of minutes” (id. at ¶¶ 66-68); (4) even then, Spectrum still did not
place a hold on another shipment of coffeemakers received in July 2012 (id. at ¶¶ 69-70);
and (5) Spectrum did not place physical “do not ship” labels on the coffeemakers until
June 2013, when it finally realized that hundreds of the recalled coffeemakers had already
been sold (id. at ¶¶ 71-72).

Although not fitting neatly into any of the specifically-

enumerated factors, the fact that Spectrum promptly contacted retailers and customers
after discovering that it had sold recalled coffeemakers, as well as immediately reported
the violation to the CPSC (see Joint Proposed Facts (dkt. #224) at ¶¶ 72-74) entitles
Spectrum to some credit in determining an appropriate civil penalty amount. See 15
U.S.C. § 2069(b) (directing CPSC to apply “such other factors as appropriate”).
Still, as a result of this litany of missteps -- any one of which would have caught
many, if not all, of these wrongful sales, or at least have undone them sooner -- Spectrum
sold or distributed:

167 recalled coffeemakers from a May 2012 China shipment

between June 1, 2012, and June 18, 2012; and an additional 474 from a July 2012
shipment. (Id. at ¶¶ 65, 70.) Indeed, among the problems that Eugene Mortenson,
Spectrum’s Senior Director of Consumer and Customer Services, identified as specific
causes of Spectrum’s sale of the recalled coffeemakers as part of its internal investigation
were:

a lack of “defined procedures for executing the recall from an operations
15

standpoint”; “no pro-active material oversight on recalled product”; and “no automation
to prevent outbound shipments.”15 (Id. at ¶¶ 76-77 (citing Ex. 62).) Given Spectrum’s
size and sophistication, these varied and obvious defects in its post-recall compliance
system make a substantial civil penalty for the sales of recalled product justified.
The egregious nature of these post-recall sales call for a higher, more punitive per
violation amount, particularly for the batch of sales from the second shipment, which
occurred after Spectrum had discovered the second shipment that the coffeemakers from
the first shipment had been erroneously received into available inventory, occurring in
July 2012. Therefore, the court begins with a penalty of $1,000 for each of the 167
recalled coffeemakers Spectrum sold from the first shipment and $2,000 for each of the
474 sold from the second, reflecting that the sales from the second shipment were even
more egregious than the first. Accordingly, the court finds appropriate a civil penalty in
the amount of $1,115,000 for defendant’s sale of recalled products in violation of 15
U.S.C. § 2068(a)(2)(B).

II.

Permanent Injunction
The goverment also seeks a permanent injunction, generally requiring Spectrum

to: (1) implement or overhaul its CPSA compliance programs; and (2) certify that
individuals responsible for Spectrum’s CPSA compliance have been trained and made
aware of the court’s summary judgment opinion in this case. The CPSA grants district

The other two entries in Mortenson’s “where did things go wrong” presentation were “product
shipped from China” and “customers continued to order after recall notification.” (Ex. 62.)
15

16

courts the jurisdiction to “[r]estrain any violation of [15 U.S.C. § 2068].”16 15 U.S.C. §
2071(a)(1). To obtain permanent injunctive relief, plaintiff must show a “reasonable
likelihood of future violations in the absence of injunctive relief.” United States v. Toys
“R” Us, Inc., 754 F. Supp. 1050, 1058 (D.N.J. 1991) (addressing proposed injunction
against distribution of allegedly banned hazardous products in violation of the CPSA); see
also SEC v. Yang, 795 F.3d 674, 681 (7th Cir. 2015). In assessing the likelihood of future
violations in light of the totality of the circumstances, courts generally consider factors
including: (1) the degree of scienter involved on the part of the defendant; (2) the
isolated or recurrent nature of the infraction; (3) the defendant’s recognition of the
wrongful nature of its conduct; (4) the sincerity of the defendant’s assurances against
future violations; (5) the defendant’s voluntary cessation of challenged practices; (6) the
genuineness of the defendant’s efforts to conform with the law; (7) the defendant’s
progress towards improvement; and (8) the defendant’s compliance with any
recommendations made by the government. See Toys “R” Us, 754 F. Supp. at 1058-59.
The initial two factors have generally been addressed above, and the court does
not view either as bearing strongly on the likelihood that defendant will commit similar
violations of the CPSA in the future. The eighth factor does not apply either, since to
the court’s knowledge, the government has presented no specific set of recommendations
for Spectrum to adopt to avoid a repeat of this misconduct. As a result, the parties’
arguments largely center around the remaining factors.

For the same reasons the court already rejected them at summary judgment, the court again
rejects defendant’s arguments that “the CSPA does not provide for prospective injunctions.”
(Def.’s Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 28.)
16

17

As a starting point, the court disagrees with the government that defendant’s
counsel’s vigorous (and at times, arguably overly-vigorous) denial of its client’s culpability
in this litigation should weigh against Spectrum with respect to its credibility and
willingness to make reasonable efforts to avoid future CPSA violations going forward, at
least to any appreciable degree. Thus, the third and fourth factors are largely neutral,
particularly since the government articulates no other specific reason to doubt the
genuineness of Spectrum’s acknowledgment of its CPSA violations and professed desire
to avoid future violations, as well as the obvious impetus that an even larger monetary
penalty should provide.
At the same time, with respect to the sixth factor, plaintiff’s criticisms with the
report of defendant’s expert, Alan Schoem, a former compliance director at CPSC and
now a compliance program consultant, are well-taken. Although Schoem purports to
provide expert opinion as to the robustness of Spectrum’s policies and procedures for
determining whether it has an obligation to report information to CPSC, he prepared his
report by reviewing Spectrum’s documents and having “discussions” with Nigel Stamp,
Spectrum’s Senior Director of Global Quality for Home Products, rather than conducting
an independent review or audit of Spectrum’s practices as actually implemented. (Ex.
714 at 17.) As already discussed, the evidence in this case showed that one of the biggest
problems contributing to Spectrum’s failure to appreciate its obligation to report
information about the failing carafes to CPSC was a breakdown in communication
among

individuals

responsible

for

evaluating

consumer

complaints

and

those

knowledgeable about the carafes’ engineering deficiencies, as well as a lack of
18

communication with and among Spectrum’s senior management. Also, as already noted,
a failure to implement simple solutions to prevent the inbound and outbound shipment
of recalled products, poor communication and several missed opportunities to ensure that
the inventory process was working properly were direct causes of Spectrum’s post-recall
violations.
With respect to the problems leading to the reporting violation, Schoem’s report
does identify several procedures Spectrum utilizes to compile, evaluate and escalate
information that may require reporting to CPSC, among which are: (1) using “key words”
for its call center to identify potential risks; (2) immediately escalating reports
mentioning injury to the call center; (3) addressing reports at weekly “Quality Issue”
meetings in Spectrum’s Home Global Quality Division; (4) permitting “quality engineers
and product safety managers” to make a “Request for Corrective Action,” which can be
used to make various changes to a product; (5) permitting a product to be placed on a
“hold” in the manufacturing and distribution processes; and (6) providing for
information regarding potential safety issues to be escalated from the Home Global
Quality Division to the Vice President of Global Operations and the legal department.
(Id. at 17-21.) Schoem does not address, however, whether these same procedures were
in place during the years Spectrum failed to report mounting reports of failed carafes and
resulting injuries.

More importantly, Schoem’s report does not discuss the extent to

which individuals responsible for CPSA compliance receive training on that subject or
whether the procedures he identifies are written, disseminated and enforced, aside from
the policy regarding requests for corrective action.
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Given in particular that there is no dispute that Leslie Campbell, Applica’s Vice
President of Engineering, and Stamp, Spectrum’s Senior Director of Global Quality for
Home Products, could not recall taking part in meaningful discussions about the reported
problems with the carafes before 2012, even though Applica senior management became
aware of a potential “issue” regarding the carafe handles as early as April 4, 2009 (Joint
Proposed Facts (dkt. #224) at ¶¶ 30-31, 41-42), there remain substantial questions
about the efforts Spectrum has taken to identify and improve the failed practices and
systems that led directly to its reporting violation.17
Similar questions present themselves with respect to Spectrum’s efforts to address
its sale of recalled products.

As the government points out, Spectrum’s 30(b)(6)

representative, Bryan Mihlbauer, testified at his deposition that the company took action
to correct its post-recall inventory processes in two ways: (1) utilizing the “exclusion list”
function in its inventory management software; and (2) physically tagging recalled
products with “do not ship” labels. (Pl.’s Opening Br. (dkt. #202) at 30 (citing Dep. of
Bryan Mihlbauer (dkt. #65) at 153-55).) In response to questions from defendant’s
counsel at the civil penalty hearing, Mihlbauer testified that Spectrum “changed its
policies” after its sale of the recalled coffeemakers and “implement[ed] the

Defendant’s attempt to downplay the importance of “in-house training” because its
“professionals actively participate in industry associations and groups and routinely attend
conferences relevant to their job functions” is unpersuasive. (Def.’s Opp’n Br. (dkt. #207) at 35.)
This is especially true considering that Schoem acknowledged at his deposition that training could
consist merely of “providing new employees with a manual that explains their duties and
responsibilities and directing them to their supervisors if they have questions,” which he stated
“would be equivalent to what CPSC compliance officers apparently receive.” (Id.) Defendant’s
argument regarding “in-house training” also does not address Spectrum’s apparent lack of
formalization of its “on-the-job training” for those professionals or of the other “processes utilized
by Spectrum.” (Id.)
17

20

recommendations that arose out of [its] investigation into the issue.” (2/21/17 Hr’g Tr.
(dkt. #232) at 39:24-40:3.)

After a follow-up question, Mihlbauer clarified that in

addition to using the exclusion list, Spectrum took a “big” step with regard to
“notification downstream” and now also uses capability “above and beyond the exclusion
list” to prevent the sale of recalled products in “multiple ways.” (Id. at 40:5-17.) Again,
however, defendant does not identify any meaningful, independent audit of its CPSA
requirements, document adoption or recommendations, if any, formalized these revised
procedures, or train individuals responsible for insuring that recalled products are not
sold, all of which are important.18
As a result, questions that remain regarding the extent to which Spectrum has
undertaken a meaningful independent audit of its CPSA reporting and recall obligations,
and addressed the deficiencies in its systems and programs that led to its violation of
these obligations. While Spectrum appears to have made some efforts to prevent similar
violations from occurring in the future, the seriousness of its offensives to date require
that the systems that it has in place to comply with the CPSA should by now be rigorous
and well-defined. Thus, the sixth and seventh injunctive relief factors do not weigh in
defendant’s favor.

Accordingly, the court finds that plaintiff has made an adequate

showing of the need for permanent injunctive relief to address Spectrum’s auditing,
compliance and training regarding compliance with the CPSA’s reporting requirement
and post-recall sale prohibition going forward.

As to the latter, one of the specific suggestions for “changes that should be made” after
Mortenson’s internal investigation advisory out of Spectrum’s continued sales of the recalled
coffeemakers was to “develop and agree on roles, responsibilities and expected actions.” (Ex. 62.)
18

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ORDER
IT IS ORDERED that:
1) The parties’ joint stipulation regarding exhibits (dkt. #216) is ACCEPTED.
2) Defendant Spectrum Brands Inc.’s motion to proffer additional testimony
(dkt. #230) is GRANTED.
3) Defendant is directed to pay civil penalties to plaintiff, the United States of
America, in the amount of $1,936,675.00 on or before October 30, 2017.
This amount represents a civil penalty owed to the United States pursuant to
15 U.S.C. § 2069 and is not compensation for actual pecuniary loss and,
therefore, is not subject to discharge under the Bankruptcy Code pursuant to
11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(7).
4) No interest shall accrue on the ordered payment if timely made. In the event
of any default in payment, the entire unpaid amount shall constitute a debt
due and immediately owing to plaintiff and post-judgment interest shall be
assessed from the date of this order until payment is made as set forth in 28
U.S.C. § 1961.
5) A Permanent Injunction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 is
ENTERED under the following terms and conditions:
A. Defendant shall maintain sufficient systems, programs, and internal
controls to ensure compliance with the CPSA and the regulations enforced
by the CPSC including, without limitation, the section 15(b) reporting
requirement under 15 U.S.C. §§ 2064)b)(3)-(4) and the prohibition of the
sale of recalled products under 15 U.S.C. § 2068(a)(2)(B).
B. Defendant shall, within 14 days of the date of this order, disseminate
copies of both this order and the summary judgment order (dkt. #196) by
personal service or certified mail to each of its directors, officers,
management-level employees, and in-house attorneys involved in the sale,
offering for sale, manufacture, distribution in commerce, or importation
into the United States of “consumer products” as defined in the CPSA, 15
U.S.C. § 2052(a)(5) (collectively, “Associated Persons”).
C. Defendant must implement appropriate improvements to its compliance
programs as required under this subsection A above within 6 months after
the date of this order. At that time, defendant shall file with this court a
notice indicating that improvements have been implemented to avoid a
repetition of the violations discussed in this opinion and order.
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D. This court will retain jurisdiction of this action for the purposes of
construing, enforcing, or modifying this order and granting such additional
relief as may be necessary or appropriate.
E. The United States may seek reasonable costs and attorney’s fees upon
succeeding in a suit to enforce this order.
6) The clerk of court is directed to enter judgment and close this case.

Entered this 29th day of September, 2017.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
________________________________________
WILLIAM M. CONLEY
District Judge

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