Gilbank, Michelle et al v. Wood County DHS et al

Filing 138

Transmission of Notice of Appeal, Docket Sheet and Judgment to Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals re 135 Notice of Appeal (Attachments: # 1 12/15/2020 Order, # 2 12/10/2021 Order, # 3 Judgment, # 4 Docket Sheet) (kmd),(ps)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN

MICHELLE R. GILBANK,
Plaintiff,
v.
OPINION and ORDER
MARSHFIELD POLICE DEPARTMENT,
THERESA HEINZEN-JANZ, DEREK IVERSON,
MARY CHRISTENSEN, ANNE LACHAPELLE,
and MARY SOLHEIM,

20-cv-601-jdp

Defendants.
Pro se plaintiff Michelle R. Gilbank lost custody of her minor daughter for more than a
year after she was arrested for possession of methamphetamine. Gilbank filed this lawsuit
against the individuals involved in arresting her and placing her daughter in protective custody.
Gilbank contends that defendants violated her constitutional rights by falsifying evidence,
removing her daughter without probable cause to believe that she was in danger, and denying
Gilbank the opportunity to challenge the removal.
All parties have filed motions for summary judgment that are ready for decision. Dkt.
58 (Gilbank’s motion); Dkt. 75 (Wood County defendants’ motion): Dkt. 66 (Marshfield
defendants’ motion). Gilbank argues in her numerous briefs that defendants violated her rights
under the United States Constitution and Wisconsin law by taking various actions that
resulted in her losing custody of her daughter.
I understand Gilbank’s frustration with aspects of the state proceedings. But Gilbank’s
primary injury—loss of custody of her daughter—was the result of the state juvenile court
decision. For reasons explained in this opinion, this court does not have authority to review
state court decisions. Gilbank’s recourse is to appeal those decisions through the state court

system, and from there to the United States Supreme Court. The other injuries about which
Gilbank complains—the warrantless urine test, denial of counsel, and denial of due process—
were either already addressed by the state juvenile court or are not constitutional violations.
Accordingly, I must deny Gilbank’s motion for summary judgment and grant defendants’
motions.

UNDISPUTED FACTS
I find the following facts to be undisputed unless otherwise noted.
A. The parties
Michelle Gilbank is the mother of a minor daughter, T.E.H., who was born in 2014.
Plaintiff had sole custody and placement of T.E.H. until November 2017, when Ian Hoyle,
T.E.H.’s father, was granted supervised visitation rights. (Hoyle’s visits were supervised because
he has a prior conviction for first-degree sexual assault of a child.) Gilbank has a history of
mental illness, including post-traumatic stress disorder, and methamphetamine use.
During the relevant time, defendant Derek Iverson was a detective with Marshfield
Police Department in Marshfield, Wisconsin. The other defendants worked for Wood County
Human Services Department: Theresa Heinzen-Janz was an initial assessment social worker;
Anne LaChapelle was an initial response social worker supervisor; and Mary Solheim was the
deputy director of the Human Services.
B. Gilbank’s contact with Heinzen-Janz and Iverson
In February or March 2018, Gilbank and T.E.H. were living at a friend’s house. When
the house went into foreclosure, Gilbank and T.E.H. moved into Ian Hoyle’s apartment. T.E.H.
had her own room in Hoyle’s apartment, and Gilbank slept either in the apartment or the

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garage. Gilbank and Hoyle’s relationship was tense. Hoyle did not like Gilbank living at the
apartment, and Gilbank accused Hoyle of being an alcoholic with anger management problems.
Gilbank and T.E.H. were still living with Hoyle in June 2018, during a time of extremely
hot weather. On June 29, 2018, an anonymous caller contacted Wood County Human Services
and reported that she was worried about a woman and her child who appeared to be living in
Hoyle’s garage, which lacked air conditioning. Defendants Heinzen-Janz and Detective Iverson
went to Hoyle’s apartment and talked to Gilbank and T.E.H. Defendants noted that T.E.H.
had her own room in the apartment and that she appeared to be well-cared for and in good
health. But Gilbank told Heinzen-Janz that the apartment was not a good environment for
T.E.H., and that she needed help finding better housing, access to prescription medications,
and mental health care for herself. Heinzen-Janz told Gilbank that she would assist her, and
they scheduled a meeting for the following week.
In preparation for the follow-up meeting, Heinzen-Janz reviewed Gilbank’s history with
Wood County Human Services. Heinzen-Janz learned that Gilbank had had contact with
Human Services in the past. She also learned that Gilbank had a history of drug use, and that
she had a pending charge for methamphetamine possession from August 2017. Heinzen-Janz
and Detective Iverson also talked to Hoyle about Gilbank. Hoyle told them that he was
concerned about Gilbank’s drug use and that he wanted her to move out of his apartment.
Heinzen-Janz and Iverson met with Gilbank on July 3, 2018. Gilbank thought that
Heinzen-Janz had come to talk to her about housing options, and she was upset that Iverson
was present. Heinzen-Janz and Iverson asked Gilbank about her drug use. Gilbank admitted
that she had used methamphetamine in the past, but she stated that she had not used it in
approximately three weeks. Gilbank agreed to provide a urine sample.

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Gilbank’s urine sample was positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines. When
Heinzen-Janz and Iverson shared the urinalysis results with Gilbank, Gilbank denied using
drugs and insisted that the results were wrong. She told Heinzen-Janz and Iverson that she had
recently used Hoyle’s sinus inhaler, which might have caused a false positive. (Gilbank
continues to insist that the results were wrong, but her dispute is immaterial to the summary
judgment motions. In any case, Gilbank now admits that she smoked methamphetamine
“residue” on July 1, 2018, two days before providing the urine sample.) Despite Gilbank’s
positive urinalysis, neither Heinzen-Janz nor Iverson threatened or attempted to arrest Gilbank
or remove T.E.H. from Gilbank’s custody.
C. Gilbank’s arrest and loss of custody
Between July and August 2018, Gilbank contacted a health clinic for mental health
assistance, had found a lead on an apartment, and had obtained money for a security deposit
from a community organization. But on August 21, 2018, Gilbank was pulled over for driving
with a suspended license. The officer requested the assistance of K9 unit, which arrived and
alerted to the presence of a controlled substance. T.E.H. was in the vehicle with Gilbank at the
time, so Gilbank called Hoyle, who came with his mother and left with T.E.H. Officers searched
Gilbank’s vehicle and found 0.7 grams of methamphetamine, a glass pipe with white crystallike residue, and three clear plastic bags containing a white crystal-like residue. Gilbank was
then arrested for possession of methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.
Gilbank was taken to the police department, where she was interviewed by HeinzenJanz and Detective Iverson. (The parties submitted an audio and video recording of the
interview with the court.) Iverson read Gilbank her Miranda rights, and Gilbank told Iverson
that she did not want to answer questions without a lawyer present. Iverson responded that he

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would not talk to her about the items that had been found in her vehicle, but that he needed
to talk to her about her drug use as it related to T.E.H. Iverson stated that he thought that
Gilbank was still using methamphetamine because she was associating with known drug dealers
and users. Heinzen-Janz told Gilbank that she wanted to create a safety plan under which
T.E.H. could stay with Gilbank, but that Gilbank needed to cooperate. Gilbank responded that
she had never used methamphetamine around T.E.H., and she denied having a
methamphetamine problem. She stated that she was trying to be a better person, had made
some progress toward finding housing and health care, and that she needed help. Iverson
questioned Gilbank’s truthfulness, stating that drugs were found in the vehicle where T.E.H.
had been a passenger, that Gilbank had admitted to medicating with methamphetamine, and
that she had had a positive urine test for methamphetamine the previous month. Gilbank
eventually refused to talk any further. Heinzen-Janz told her that the county would be taking
temporary physical custody of T.E.H. and placing her with Hoyle, that a hearing would be held
in a day or two, and that Heinzen-Janz would call Gilbank to tell her the time and date of the
hearing. Gilbank was taken to the county jail.
Heinzen-Janz filed a request for temporary physical custody in Wood County Juvenile
Court the following day. The request stated that Gilbank had been arrested and taken into
custody for drug possession, that Gilbank had refused to cooperate with safety planning, and
that T.E.H. would be subjected to neglect due to Gilbank’s drug use. Heinzen-Janz also
submitted a petition for a child in need of protective services under Wis. Stat. § 48.13(10),
commonly referred to as a “CHIPS petition.” The CHIPS petition stated that Gilbank could
not care for T.E.H. because she continued to deny her drug use, had refused to cooperate with
Human Services, and was consistently intoxicated or under the influence of drugs. The CHIPS

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petition also stated that Gilbank had allowed individuals involved in selling and using drugs to
interact regularly with her children, and that she refused to acknowledge the risks to T.E.H.’s
safety. (Gilbank disputes the accuracy of Heinzen-Janz’s statements in the CHIPS petition,
noting that, among other things, she was not consistently under the influence, that she had not
been offered any help or a plan from Heinzen-Janz or the county, and that she did not permit
drug users or dealers to be around T.E.H.)
D. Court proceedings
1. Temporary physical custody hearing
A temporary physical custody hearing was scheduled for August 23, 2018. HeinzenJanz called the Wood County jail, and jail staff told her that they would notify Gilbank about
the hearing. But Gilbank had been released, so she did not receive notice of the hearing.
The hearing was held in juvenile court without Gilbank. A guardian ad litem that had
been appointed for T.E.H. was present, as was an assistant district attorney, Heinzen-Janz, and
Ian Hoyle. The guardian ad litem had not yet met or spoken to Gilbank or T.E.H., but he gave
the opinion that it was in the best interest of T.E.H. to be placed with Hoyle. The court
concluded that the information in the temporary custody request provided by Heinzen-Janz
established probable cause to find that Gilbank was neglecting T.E.H., or was unable to provide
adequate supervision and care of T.E.H. The court ordered that T.E.H. should be placed with
Hoyle until the next hearing. Heinzen-Janz and Iverson instructed Hoyle that if Gilbank came
to his house to see T.E.H., he should tell her that visits had to be arranged and supervised by
Human Services. They also told Hoyle to call the police if Gilbank refused to leave.
On August 24, 2018, Gilbank filed a motion to dismiss the temporary custody order.
She argued that the order was not necessary because she had already placed T.E.H. in the

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temporary custody of her father, Hoyle. She also argued that there was insufficient evidence to
support taking her child, and that various government actors had violated her constitutional
rights. She requested that the probable cause hearing be reopened because she had not received
notice of it. The court denied Gilbank’s motion.
2. CHIPS petition evidentiary hearings
An evidentiary hearing on the CHIPS petition was held on September 25, 2018.
Heinzen-Janz filed a report with the court that described, among other things, T.E.H.’s current
situation, Gilbank’s history, and Human Service’s recommendations regarding placement and
visitation. Heinzen-Janz recommended that T.E.H. remain in the care of her father, Hoyle,
based on Gilbank’s continued denial of her drug use and her lack of cooperation with the
Human Services.
Gilbank appeared at the hearing with an attorney. An assistant district attorney
presented evidence from Hoyle, Iverson, Heinzen-Janz, and the police officer who had arrested
Gilbank for possession of methamphetamine the previous month. Hoyle testified that the last
time he saw Gilbank use drugs was in January 2017, and that he and Gilbank had used drugs
together on that occasion, but that he suspected she might still use drugs. Hoyle also testified
that Gilbank was meeting all of T.E.H.’s needs, and that he did not have concerns about T.E.H.
being fed, clothed, housed, or well-nourished. Iverson testified that T.E.H. appeared to be
clean, well-fed, and well-cared for in his interactions with her. But Heinzen-Janz gave the
opinion that even though T.E.H. had been well-cared for, and that Gilbank had taken steps to
secure housing and mental health treatment, Gilbank’s ongoing methamphetamine use
presented an unsafe situation for T.E.H. Heinzen-Janz also stated that Gilbank had refused to
cooperate since her arrest, though she admitted that Gilbank had contacted Human Services

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immediately after her release to find out what she needed to do to obtain visitation with T.E.H.
Heinzen-Janz also conceded that Gilbank might have been reluctant to discuss drug use after
being arrested because law enforcement was present, she had been read her Miranda rights, and
she did not want to incriminate herself.
Gilbank’s attorney cross-examined the state’s witnesses, but she did not present any
evidence or call witnesses on Gilbank’s behalf. Her attorney argued that the state had failed to
meet its burden to show that T.E.H. was in danger or that Gilbank had neglected T.E.H. The
guardian ad litem gave the opinion that T.E.H. needed protective services, and that he did not
object to her placement with Hoyle. The court found that T.E.H. needed to be protected from
Gilbank’s drug use, and it ordered supervision of T.E.H. for a period not exceeding one year.
Another hearing on placement was set for October 29, 2018.
At the October 29 hearing, Gilbank’s attorney argued that T.E.H. should be placed with
Gilbank, and that Gilbank could comply with all of the court’s and Human Service’s
recommendations while retaining custody of T.E.H. Gilbank testified on her own behalf,
stating that she had not used methamphetamine since before August 2018, and that she
provided a more nurturing and attentive environment for T.E.H. than Hoyle did. A friend of
Gilbank’s testified that Gilbank had been living with her, in a house, for approximately three
weeks, that T.E.H. could live there and have her own room, that she had no concerns about
unannounced visits from Human Services, and that she had never used methamphetamines.
Gilbank also presented letters written by Hoyle, Scott Gilbank (her husband, from whom she
was separated), and her daughter, all of whom described Gilbank’s positive parenting.
Heinzen-Janz testified that T.E.H. should remain with Hoyle because Gilbank’s drug
use and lack of cooperation made reunification impossible. The court agreed with Heinzen-

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Janz, and it concluded that T.E.H. needed protection from Gilbank due to Gilbank’s
methamphetamine addiction. The court ordered that T.E.H. should remain with Hoyle for at
least a year. Gilbank later filed a pro se motion to dismiss the CHIPS petition, arguing that the
state had failed present evidence that T.E.H. had been neglected, that the court had refused to
permit Gilbank to present evidence, and that T.E.H. should be placed with Gilbank. The court
denied the motion.
3. CHIPS closure hearing and Gilbank’s appeal
On September 9, 2019, the Wood County Juvenile Court held a closure hearing on the
CHIPS petition. All of the involved parties, including Gilbank and Hoyle, agreed that the
CHIPS case should be closed because there was a separate case in family court addressing
custody and physical placement of T.E.H. The court agreed, and it entered an order closing the
CHIPS case.
On November 1, 2019, Gilbank filed a pro se appeal of the closure order. The Wisconsin
Court of Appeals dismissed Gilbank’s appeal in January 2020, noting that Gilbank had no
standing to appeal because she had approved of the closure order in the circuit court. In
addition, the CHIPS case no longer governed the custody and placement of T.E.H.
In March 2020, Gilbank regained sole custody of T.E.H.
E. Federal lawsuit
Gilbank filed this lawsuit in June 2020. In her complaint, Gilbank sued nearly everyone
involved in the investigation and legal proceedings regarding the removal of T.E.H. from
Gilbank’s custody, including police officers, social workers, and the presiding judges in juvenile
court. She raised numerous claims under the constitution and various statutory provisions. I
dismissed several of her claims in a previous order, Dkt. 41, including her claims against the

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state court judges, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Wood County Department of
Human Services. I also dismissed T.E.H. as a plaintiff.
During discovery and the briefing of the summary judgment motions, Gilbank withdrew
a number of claims, including her claims under HIPPA and the First Amendment, Sixth
Amendment, Seventh Amendment, and Eighth Amendment. Dkt. 115, ¶ 83 and Dkt. 118, at
2–3. Because Gilbank has withdrawn these claims, I need not discuss them further.
The remaining defendants are four Wood County social workers (Theresa HeinzenJanz, Mary Christensen, Ann LaChappelle, and Mary Solheim), the Marshfield Police
Department, and Marshfield police detective Derek Iverson. Gilbank’s claims against
Christensen, LaChappelle, and Soheim are largely based on their supervising and approving
Heinzen-Janz’s actions.

OPINION
Gilbank contends that the remaining defendants violated her constitutional rights by:
(1) taking a urine sample without a warrant; (2) failing to provide a lawyer to her during her
post-arrest interrogation; (3) temporarily placing T.E.H. with Hoyle without probable cause to
believe that T.E.H. was in danger; (4) pursuing the CHIPS petition based on false and
incomplete information about Gilbank and Hoyle; (5) failing to give Gilbank adequate notice
and an opportunity to be heard regarding T.E.H.’s placement; (6) evicting Gilbank from her
home at Hoyle’s house and rendering her homeless; (7) restricting the visitation that Gilbank
had with T.E.H.; and (8) violating numerous state statutes that govern protective custody.
I am sympathetic to Gilbank’s arguments. By all accounts, Gilbank and T.E.H. had a
strong bond, and T.E.H. was a happy and healthy child despite Gilbank’s ongoing struggle with

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methamphetamine. Gilbank was understandably devastated and angry when she lost custody
of her daughter. She had only recently reached out to defendants for help with housing and
mental health care, and she felt betrayed by the results of her efforts. To make matters worse,
the juvenile court’s order on the CHIPS petition essentially left Gilbank homeless, as it
prohibited her from living with T.E.H. at Hoyle’s apartment, where Gilbank had been staying
prior to her arrest.
But most of the injuries about which Gilbank now complains were the result of the
Wood County Juvenile Court’s orders in the CHIPS case. Over the course of multiple hearings,
the juvenile court considered Gilbank’s claims that T.E.H. was seized without probable cause
and was not in need of protection. The state court heard the arguments, weighed the evidence,
determined credibility, and found probable cause that T.E.H. was in need of protection. The
court considered and approved the requirements of the CHIPS petition regarding T.E.H.’s
placement and Gilbank’s visitation rights. The Rooker-Feldman doctrine prohibits this court
from reviewing those orders or to issue a decision that would undermine the validity of those
orders.
Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, lower federal courts lack jurisdiction over cases
brought by “state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered
before the district court proceedings commenced.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp.,
544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). See also Rooker v. Fid. Tr. Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415–16, (1923); District
of Columbia Ct. of App. v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 486 (1983); Golden v. Helen Sigman & Assoc.,
611 F.3d 356, 361–62 (7th Cir. 2010). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine also prohibits lower federal
courts from deciding matters “inextricably related to state court decisions.” EOR Energy LLC v.
Illinois Envtl. Prot. Agency, 913 F.3d 660, 664 (7th Cir. 2019).

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Gilbank argues that the juvenile court’s decisions were the result of fraud and
constitutional violations. She argues that defendants presented false evidence about her drug
use and alleged neglect of T.E.H. She accuses defendants of meeting secretly with Hoyle, of
using a warrantless urinalysis, and of pressuring her to talk about her drug use without an
attorney, all in an effort to remove T.E.H. from her custody. She also complains that
defendants and the juvenile court failed to follow state statutory requirements that would have
given Gilbank greater notice and additional opportunities to present evidence during the
CHIPS proceedings.
But Gilbank presents all of these arguments as a way to attack the juvenile court’s
decision to provide T.E.H. with protective services and place her with Hoyle. Because a finding
in Gilbank’s favor would contradict the state court’s orders, this court does not have
jurisdiction over her claims. See Bauer v. Koester, 951 F.3d 863, 866 (7th Cir. 2020) (lawsuit is
barred by Rooker-Feldman doctrine if “any finding in favor of the [plaintiff] would require [the
federal court] to contradict the state court’s orders”); Golden, 611 F.3d at 362 (federal court
lacked jurisdiction to hear claim based on injuries caused by state-court custody orders
unfavorable to plaintiff); Dillon v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 841 F. App’x 1003, 1004 (7th
Cir. 2021) (Rooker-Feldman barred claim “that serious constitutional violations produced the
state court’s adverse judgments”). Arguments like Gilbank’s must be pursued on appeal
through the state courts. Gilbank’s only federal remedy would be to seek review of the statecourt decisions in the United States Supreme Court.
Gilbank contends that some of her injuries occurred prior to, and exist independently
of, the state court’s custody decision. Specifically, she argues that, regardless of the state court’s
protection and custody decisions, she was injured by the following: (1) the warrantless

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urinalysis; (2) the interrogation without an attorney at the police station; and (3) the denial of
due process. If these injuries were actually independent of the state court’s decisions, Gilbank
might be able to recover for those injuries in federal court. See Iqbal v. Patel, 780 F.3d 728, 730
(7th Cir. 2015) (“[I]f a plaintiff contends that out-of-court events have caused injury that the
state judiciary failed to detect and repair, then a district court has jurisdiction—but only to the
extent of dealing with that injury.”). But even if I assumed that Gilbank suffered injuries that
were not caused by, or inextricably related to, the state court’s decisions, Gilbank has not
presented evidence to support any constitutional violations based on the above incidents.
First, Gilbank consented to the urinalysis. Although she says she felt pressured to
consent, she does not say that defendants threatened her, bribed her, or otherwise suggested
that she had no choice but to consent. Because she consented to the urinalysis, she cannot
sustain a constitutional claim against defendants based on an unlawful search or seizure. See
United States v. White, 781 F.3d 858, 860–61 (7th Cir. 2015) (Fourth Amendment protections
do not apply when person consents to the search).
Second, defendants’ questioning of Gilbank without an attorney did not violate her
Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The Fifth Amendment guarantees that no
person “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const.
Amend. V (emphasis added). The Fifth Amendment does not apply to state child protection
proceedings. See Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760, 769 (2003) (to assert viable § 1983 claim
based on violation of the right against self-incrimination, the incriminating statement at issue
must be used in a criminal case). Because Gilbank has not alleged that any statements that she
made during the interview with Heinzen-Janz and Iverson after her arrest were used against
her in a criminal proceeding, she has not stated a Fifth Amendment claim.

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Third, Gilbank’s due process arguments were either addressed and rejected by the state
court already, they lack merit, or they are based solely on state statutes that do not support a
federal constitutional claim. Gilbank argued in state juvenile court that she was denied
improper notice and that the probable cause hearing should be reopened. The state court
rejected her arguments. So Gilbank’s due process claims based on improper notice and
procedural flaws at the probable cause hearing are barred by the doctrine of issue preclusion,
which bars relitigation of issues that have been litigated and decided in a previous action. See
Aldrich v. Labor & Industry Review Commission, 2012 WI 53, ¶ 88, 341 Wis. 2d 36, 68, 814
N.W.2d 433, 449; Jensen v. Foley, 295 F.3d 745, 747 (7th Cir. 2002) (state court probable
cause finding in child endangerment proceedings precluded relitigation of the issue).
In addition, Gilbank’s due process arguments are not supported by evidence. The
undisputed facts show that Gilbank, with the assistance of counsel, was given multiple
opportunities to challenge the removal of T.E.H. from her custody. She was permitted to
present witnesses and other evidence, testify on her own behalf, and cross-examine the state’s
witnesses. Although Gilbank was unsatisfied with the results of the state court hearings, she
was provided process sufficient to satisfy federal constitutional standards.
Finally, Gilbank’s arguments that defendants and the state court failed to adhere strictly
to state statutory requirements for child protection hearings are not sufficient to state a federal
due process violation. See Wallace v. Tilley, 41 F.3d 296, 301 (7th Cir. 1994) (“The denial of
state procedures in and of itself does not create inadequate process under the federal
constitution.”); Osteen v. Henley, 13 F.3d 221, 225 (7th Cir. 1993) (“[A] violation of state law
. . . is not a denial of due process, even if the state law confers a procedural right.”).

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In sum, most of Gilbank’s claims are based on injuries that were either caused by the
state juvenile court’s decision or were considered and rejected already by a state court. This
court cannot provide Gilbank relief on those claims. Gilbank’s other claims lack any evidentiary
basis. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment.

ORDER
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiff Michelle Gilbank’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 58, is DENIED.
2. The motion for summary judgment filed by defendants Derek Iverson and
Marshfield Police Department, Dkt. 66, is GRANTED.
3. The motion for summary judgment filed by defendants Mary Christensen, Theresa
Heinzen-Janz, Anne La Chapelle, and Mary Solheim, Dkt. 75, is GRANTED.
4. The clerk of court is directed to enter judgment for defendants and close this case.

Entered December 10, 2021.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
________________________________________
JAMES D. PETERSON
District Judge

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