Shirley Brown v. Michael Chapman, et al

Filing

OPINION and JUDGMENT filed : The district court s decision to allow plaintiff to amend her complaint and its application of the deliberate-indifference standard are AFFIRMED, and the reminder of the appeal is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction. Decision for publication. Karen Nelson Moore (AUTHORING), Eric L. Clay, and Ronald Lee Gilman, Circuit Judges.

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 16a0043p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________

SHIRLEY BROWN, Individually and as Administratrix ┐
│
of the Estate of Rodney Brown,
Plaintiff-Appellee, │
│
│
>
v.
│
│
MICHAEL CHAPMAN, et al.,
│
Defendants, │
│
│
RICHARD RUSNAK; JOHN SATTLER; JAMES MERRITT; │
CITY OF CLEVELAND,
│
Defendants-Appellants. │
┘

No. 15-3158

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 1:11-cv-01370—Lesley Wells, District Judge.
Argued: December 4, 2015
Decided and Filed: February 19, 2016
Before: MOORE, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: John P. Bacevice, Jr., CITY OF CLEVELAND, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants.
Alphonse A. Gerhardstein, GERHARDSTEIN & BRANCH, CO, LPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: John P. Bacevice, Jr., CITY OF CLEVELAND, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellants. Alphonse A. Gerhardstein, GERHARDSTEIN & BRANCH, CO, LPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio, for Appellee.

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_________________
OPINION
_________________
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Rodney Brown died after police officers
tasered him, physically subdued him, and placed him in a patrol car. His mother, Shirley Brown,
filed a lawsuit against the police officers and the City of Cleveland, alleging excessive force and
various state-law claims. She also accused the officers of being deliberately indifferent to his
safety. Defendants moved for summary judgment. In addition to disputing their liability, they
asked the district court not to treat plaintiff’s accusation of deliberate indifference as a properly
pleaded legal claim. The district court denied their request, and granted in part and denied in
part the remainder of their motion.
Richard Rusnak, John Sattler, James Merritt, and the City of Cleveland appeal the district
court’s recognition of plaintiff’s deliberate-indifference claim and the district court’s denial of
summary judgment on that claim. We AFFIRM in part and DISMISS in part because we have
limited jurisdiction over appeals from denials of summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
On December 31, 2010, at 8:45 P.M., police officers Michael Chapman and Belal Ilain
signaled for Rodney Brown to pull over. R. 27-15 (Synopsis at 1) (Page ID #927). The officers
claim that they saw Brown driving without headlights on, id., though eyewitnesses dispute this,
R. 33-8 (Ellston Decl. ¶ 4) (Page ID #1144); R. 33-9 (Vaughn Decl. ¶ 4) (Page ID #1146).
The officers walked up to Brown’s vehicle and asked for his license and registration. R.
25-2 (Chapman Dep. at 13) (Page ID #150); R. 25-3 (Ilain Dep. at 10) (Page ID #286). Before
Brown could retrieve the documents, the officers ordered him out of the car, unsettled by his
slow speech. R. 25-3 (Ilain Dep. at 10‒13) (Page ID #286‒89); see also R. 27-15 (Synopsis at 1)
(Page ID #927). Brown complied, and the officers told him to walk to the back of the vehicle.
R. 25-2 (Chapman Dep. at 14) (Page ID #151). While the officers were patting him down,

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Chapman hit Brown in the back of his neck and pushed Brown onto the vehicle. R. 33-8 (Ellston
Decl. ¶¶ 7‒8) (Page ID #1144); R. 33-9 (Vaughn Decl. ¶ 7) (Page ID #1146). Brown wrestled
free of the officers’ grip. R. 25-2 (Chapman Dep. at 14‒15) (Page ID #151‒52); R. 25-3 (Ilain
Dep. at 14) (Page ID #290). The officers claim that Brown was resisting arrest, see R. 25-2
(Chapman Dep. at 15) (Page ID #152); R. 25-3 (Ilain Dep. at 14) (Page ID #290), but
eyewitnesses say that Brown was simply trying to protect himself, see R. 33-8 (Ellston Decl. ¶ 8)
(Page ID #1144); R.33-9 (Vaughn Decl. ¶ 8) (Page ID #1146). Chapman then turned toward
Brown and discharged his taser at Brown’s chest. R. 25-2 (Chapman Dep. at 15) (Page ID
#152); R. 25-17 (Chapman Taser Information) (Page ID #851). Brown ran, and the two officers
followed. R. 27-15 (Synopsis at 1) (Page ID #927).
Chapman and Ilain caught up to Brown and wrestled him to the ground, tasering him to
subdue him. Id. at 1‒2 (Page ID #927‒28); see also R. 25-17 (Chapman Taser Information)
(Page ID #851): R. 25-18 (Ilain Taser Information) (Page ID #852). Ilain requested backup, and
additional officers arrived soon after. R. 25-1 (Radio Event Chronology) (Page ID #130); R. 2715 (Synopsis at 2) (Page ID #928). The officers notified dispatch that they had successfully
handcuffed Brown at 8:52 P.M., seven minutes after Chapman and Ilain first pulled Brown over.
R. 4 (Tr. of Dispatch Audio at 2) (Page ID #13).
Immediately after they handcuffed him, Brown told the officers he was having trouble
breathing:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:
VOICE:

Okay. Male’s in custody. Slow it down. Slow it down. Male’s in
custody at 20:52.
All right. Radio any car in the area of 3038 East 125 downstairs.
Over here.
Be careful.
I can’t breathe.
So? Who gives a fuck.
Not here. Be careful.
(inaudible).
I can’t breathe, man.
You got his (inaudible) on him?
(inaudible).

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Id. at 2‒3 (Page ID #13‒14). Rusnak, Merritt, Erik Melendez (the officer who responded to
Brown’s statement with “So? Who gives a fuck”), and a fourth officer escorted Brown to
Rusnak and Merritt’s patrol car. R. 25-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 23‒24) (Page ID #573‒74); see also R.
25-5 (Melendez Dep. at 37) (Page ID #464). Brown went limp before he reached it, and the
officers had to go around to the other side of the car and drag Brown onto the back seat. R. 2715 (Synopsis at 2) (Page ID #928); R. 25-7 (Merritt Dep. at 13) (Page ID #525). Once Brown
was inside, the officers closed the patrol car’s doors. R. 25-7 (Merritt Dep. at 13) (Page ID
#525).
Rusnak used his radio to request EMS at 8:55 P.M., and told the dispatcher that officers
had tasered Brown but that he was conscious and breathing. R. 28-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 32‒34)
(Page ID #582‒84). In his deposition, Rusnak explained that this was department policy, and
that he did not request EMS in response to any physical symptoms Brown exhibited. Id. at 32
(Page ID #582). EMS was not notified until 9:00 P.M. R. 25-1 (Radio Event Chronology at 2)
(Page ID #131).
Rusnak and Merritt stayed by their patrol car for the remainder of the night, where they
watched Brown’s condition deteriorate. R. 25-7 (Merritt Dep. at 15‒18) (Page ID #527‒30); R.
25-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 34‒36) (Page ID #584‒86). At one point, Merritt heard Brown say he was
having trouble breathing, so Merritt rolled down the back windows halfway. R. 25-7 (Merritt
Dep. at 14) (Page ID #526). Rusnak shined his flashlight into Brown’s eyes, and Brown’s pupils
did not constrict.1 R. 25-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 29) (Page ID #579). Rusnak also asked Brown
questions in an attempt to engage him, but Brown gave unintelligible answers. Id. at 29‒30
(Page ID #579‒80). Sattler, a sergeant, testified that when he arrived he saw Brown sitting in the
back of the patrol car, slumped over and unresponsive. R. 25-15 (Sattler Dep. at 12‒13) (Page
ID #830‒31).
EMS arrived at 9:07 P.M., seven minutes after they were notified and twelve minutes
after Rusnak first requested medical aid over the radio. R. 27-14 (EMS Report at 1) (Page ID
#923). EMS found Brown “propped up” on the curb, leaning against the leg of one of the
1

Rusnak’s actual testimony is that Brown’s eyes “would not dilate” when Rusnak flashed a light at them;
what Rusnak likely meant is that they would not constrict. See R. 25-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 29) (Page ID #579).

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officers. R. 25-12 (Fletcher Dep. at 19‒20) (Page ID #757‒58). Brown had no pulse, and EMS
was unable to resuscitate him. R. 27-14 (EMS Report at 1) (Page ID #923).
B. Procedural Background
Brown’s mother filed a complaint against named and unnamed officers, alleging
excessive force, assault and battery, and wrongful death. R. 1 (Compl. ¶¶ 25‒27) (Page ID #4‒
5). She also stated that the officers did not have probable cause to stop Brown’s vehicle and that
they were deliberately indifferent to Brown’s safety, though she did not formally plead either
claim. Id. ¶¶ 16, 21, 22 (Page ID #3‒4). She amended her complaint once, identifying some of
the unnamed officers and adding the City of Cleveland as a defendant. R. 15 (First Am. Compl.
at 1‒2) (Page ID #58‒59).
Defendants filed a joint motion for summary judgment on all claims. R. 25 (Defs. Mot.
for Summ. J.) (Page ID #92). The officers asserted that they were entitled to qualified immunity,
and the City asserted that plaintiff could not establish municipal liability. Id. at 1 (Page ID #97).
Defendants also asked the district court not to treat plaintiff’s accusation of deliberate
indifference as a properly pleaded legal claim (though they did not make the same request with
respect to her accusation that the officers did not have probable cause to stop Brown). Id. at 12‒
13, 19‒22 (Page ID #108‒09, 115‒18). Still, because they thought plaintiff would likely pursue
it, defendants responded to the merits of plaintiff’s deliberate-indifference accusation. Id. at 20‒
22 (Page ID #116‒18). In their reply brief, defendants took a harder line, asking the district
court to “dismiss” the claim because recognizing it would unfairly prejudice them. R. 35 (Reply
Br. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. at 15) (Page ID #1168).
The district court allowed plaintiff to proceed with her deliberate-indifference claim (as
well as with her probable-cause claim). R. 38 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 18‒19 n.3) (Page ID #1238‒39).
The district court then granted in part and denied in part defendants’ motion for summary
judgment. As is relevant here, the district court denied summary judgment to Rusnak, Merritt,
Sattler, and the City of Cleveland on plaintiff’s deliberate-indifference claim. Id. at 27‒29 (Page
ID #1247‒49). The district court granted summary judgment to Melendez, however, concluding
that he could not have known that Brown was struggling to breathe. Id. at 23‒24 (Page ID

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#1243‒44). Rusnak, Merritt, Sattler, and the City timely appealed. R. 41 (Defs. Notice of
Appeal) (Page ID #1256). Plaintiff also appealed, but her arguments are considered in a separate
opinion in No. 15-3506.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Rule 15(a) Amendment
We review a district court’s decision to allow an amendment of a pleading for an abuse of
discretion.2 Dillon v. Cobra Power Corp., 560 F.3d 591, 597 (6th Cir. 2009). In this context, an
abuse of discretion occurs when a district court “fails to state the basis for its [decision] or fails
to consider the competing interests of the parties and likelihood of prejudice to the opponent.”
Moore v. City of Paducah, 790 F.2d 557, 559 (6th Cir. 1986).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2) states that if a party can no longer amend its
pleading as a matter of course, it “may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written
consent or the court’s leave.” Because Rule 15(a)(2) directs courts to “freely give leave when
justice so requires,” the rule embodies a “liberal amendment policy.” Morse v. McWhorter, 290
F.3d 795, 800 (6th Cir. 2002). Despite this policy, denial may be appropriate when there is
“undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure
deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue
of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182
(1962).
Defendants argue that because plaintiff did not plead a deliberate-indifference claim in
either her initial complaint or her amended complaint, they were unfairly prejudiced by the
district court’s decision to allow the amendment. Defs. Br. at 9‒10. The record, however, does
not support their argument. Although she did not formally plead a deliberate-indifference claim,
plaintiff accused the officers of deliberate indifference in the “facts” section of both her initial
and her amended complaint, stating that the officers “acted . . . with deliberate indifference to the

2

We also review a district court’s decision denying an amendment for an abuse of discretion, except when
the district court’s decision is based on a conclusion that the amendment would be futile, in which case we review
the denial de novo. Williams v. City of Cleveland, 771 F.3d 945, 949 (6th Cir. 2014).

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rights and safety of Mr. Brown when they interacted with him on December 31, 2010, including,
but not limited to, their stop of his vehicle and their use of force against him.” R. 1 (Compl.
¶ 22) (Page ID #4); R. 15 (First Am. Compl. ¶ 22) (Page ID #61‒62). This appears to have put
defendants on notice: in their motion for summary judgment, defendants acknowledged that
plaintiff would likely argue that the officers were deliberately indifferent to Brown’s medical
needs. R. 25 (Defs. Mot. for Summ. J. at 19‒20) (Page ID #115‒16).
The district court noted as much in its opinion. In allowing plaintiff to proceed with her
claim, it stated: “Here, the defendants, fully anticipating that the plaintiff was seeking relief on
this ground despite the absence of a formal claim, filed a motion for summary judgment that
included arguments as to why qualified immunity protected them from a deliberate indifference
claim.” R. 38 (Dist. Ct. Op. at 18 n.3) (Page ID #1238). The district court then allowed the
amendment, noting that Rule 15(a)(2) directs courts to freely give leave “when justice so
requires” and that plaintiff had a “potentially meritorious claim.” Id. at 18‒19 n.3 (Page ID
#1238‒39). Defendants have not shown that the district court failed to state the basis for its
decision or that it failed to consider the parties’ competing interests or the likelihood of
prejudice—in particular the unfair prejudice that defendants claim. Thus, they have not shown
that the district court’s decision was an abuse of discretion.3
B. Qualified Immunity
1. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
28 U.S.C. § 1291 grants circuit courts jurisdiction over “appeals from all final decisions
of the district courts.” This includes jurisdiction over collateral orders—orders that “finally
determine claims of right separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action” that are
“too important to be denied review.” Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546
(1949); see also Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467‒68 (1978). An order denying
qualified immunity is a collateral order because it is conclusive, separable from the merits of the
action and, as the purpose of qualified immunity is to provide officers with “immunity from suit
3

Because we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing plaintiff to proceed
with her deliberate-indifference claim, we deny plaintiff’s motion to take judicial notice as moot. See 6th Cir. Dkt.
No. 25.

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rather than a mere defense to liability,” is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final
judgment. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526‒529 (1985).
This jurisdiction, however, is limited: circuit courts can review a denial of qualified
immunity only “to the extent that it turns on an issue of law”—the appeal cannot be from a
district court’s determination that there is a genuine dispute of material fact. Id. at 530; see also
Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 319–20 (1995); See v. City of Elyria, 502 F.3d 484, 490 (6th Cir.
2007). This is because circuit courts typically do not have jurisdiction over appeals from denials
of summary judgment; these appeals must normally wait until the final disposition of the case.
See Harrison v. Ash, 539 F.3d 510, 521 (6th Cir. 2008). Thus, this limitation ensures that circuit
courts’ consideration of appeals of adverse summary-judgment decisions based on denials of
qualified immunity remains confined to the denials of qualified immunity and does not bleed
over into a review of district courts’ evaluation of genuine disputes of material fact. The effect
of this limitation is that the defendant appealing a denial of qualified immunity must concede the
plaintiff’s facts. See Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319–20; Moldowan v. City of Warren, 578 F.3d 351,
370 (6th Cir. 2009).

We review a district court’s denial of summary judgment based on

qualified-immunity grounds de novo. Quigley v. Tuong Vinh Thai, 707 F.3d 675, 679 (6th Cir.
2013).
2. Deliberate-Indifference Claim
a. Standard of Culpability
Defendants argue that the district court applied the wrong standard of culpability to
plaintiff’s deliberate-indifference claim. Because this argument presents a purely legal issue, we
have jurisdiction to consider it. See Mitchell, 472 U.S. at 530; Austin v. Redford Twp. Police
Dep’t, 690 F.3d 490, 495 (6th Cir. 2012).
The deliberate-indifference standard is typically applied when a pretrial detainee alleges
he was denied access to adequate medical care. Estate of Owensby v. City of Cincinnati,
414 F.3d 596, 602 (6th Cir. 2005). The standard requires the detainee show that “the defendants
knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of serious harm to [the pretrial detainee’s] health and
safety.” Id. at 603 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). This standard “is

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sensibly employed only when actual deliberation is practical.” Cty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523
U.S. 833, 851 (1998).

“[W]hen unforeseen circumstances demand an officer’s instant

judgment,” such as in a high-speed vehicle chase, “even precipitate recklessness fails to inch
close enough to harmful purpose.” Id. at 853. Under these circumstances, a violation requires a
showing of malice and “intent to harm.” Id. at 854. Thus, the “critical question in determining
the appropriate standard of culpability is whether the circumstances allowed the state actors time
to fully consider the potential consequences of their conduct.” Ewolski v. City of Brunswick, 287
F.3d 492, 510 (6th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Defendants insist that the officers did not have enough time to appreciate the gravity of
the situation—an assertion which largely rests on their argument that the district court considered
the wrong time period. According to defendants, the district court should have considered only
the officers’ actions after Brown stopped breathing as opposed to after Brown became subdued, a
period they insist was “at most a minute or a minute and a half.” Defs. Br. at 12 (emphasis
removed); see also R. 25-8 (Rusnak Dep. at 40) (Page ID #590). It is defendants, however, who
have identified the wrong time period.

Because the determining factor is “whether the

circumstances allowed the state actors time to fully consider the potential consequences of their
conduct,” Ewolski, 287 F.3d at 510 (internal quotation marks omitted), the time period should
begin with the point at which the officers could consider taking action, see Jones v. City of
Cincinnati, 521 F.3d 555, 560 (6th Cir. 2008) (considering the “time between taking Jones into
custody and the time he stopped breathing”); Estate of Owensby, 414 F.3d at 603 (evaluating
“the time Owensby was taken into custody and the time medical care was provided”). Here, the
relevant time period begins with when the officers first knew Brown was having trouble
breathing, not when he stopped breathing.
Plaintiff has offered evidence that the officers knew Brown was having trouble breathing
early on in the night, and because defendants appeal from a denial of qualified immunity, they
must concede the most favorable view of plaintiff’s facts. See Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319–20;
Berryman v. Rieger, 150 F.3d 561, 562 (6th Cir. 1998). The dispatch audio recorded Brown
telling officers he could not breathe almost immediately after he was placed in handcuffs. R. 4
(Tr. of Dispatch Audio at 2‒3) (Page ID #13‒14). The officers even may have been aware that

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Brown was having trouble breathing a minute or two earlier. Melendez, who responded to
Brown’s first complaint that he could not breathe with “So? Who gives a fuck,” testified that
Brown was making grunting noises while the officers were trying to handcuff him. R. 25-5
(Melendez Dep. at 33‒34, 37) (Page ID #460‒61, 464). But because the officers may not have
been able to help Brown while they were trying to handcuff him, we will assume that the earliest
the officers could have taken steps to get Brown assistance was immediately after he was
handcuffed, when he first said “I can’t breathe.” This was at 8:52 P.M. R. 4 (Tr. of Dispatch
Audio at 2) (Page ID #13). EMS arrived at 9:07 P.M. R. 27-14 (EMS Report at 1) (Page ID
#923). We conclude that fifteen minutes is more than enough time for the officers to appreciate
the consequences of their actions, and that therefore the district court properly applied the
traditional deliberate-indifference standard as opposed to the heightened malice standard.
b. Application of Sixth Circuit Precedent
Defendants also argue that the district court’s conclusion that “[u]nder Sixth Circuit case
law, simply calling EMS may not have been enough” was error. Defs. Br. at 13 (relying on
Jones, 521 F.3d at 560). Defendants do not dispute the district court’s statement of what Sixth
Circuit precedent requires, however. Rather, they dispute the district court’s application of the
precedent to this case.
Defendants argue that the district court’s “analysis ignores the actions Merritt, Rusnak,
and Sattler . . . undertook to aid Brown in addition to calling EMS.” Id. As defendants explain,
the officers rolled down the backseat windows to get Brown more air, engaged him by asking
him questions, checked his pupils, and removed his handcuffs before EMS came. Id. at 13‒14.
But as defendants acknowledge, the district court noted these facts in its opinion; it simply did
not think that they precluded an application of Jones. See id. at 13. Thus defendants’ argument,
at base, is that the district court erred in its reading and evaluation of the facts. We do not have
jurisdiction over such an argument. A circuit court’s jurisdiction over denials of qualified
immunity “does not extend to appeals that merely quibble with the district court’s reading of the
factual record, as opposed to appeals that challenge the legal premises of the district court’s
decision,” including “what the relevant constitutional provision requires, whether plaintiff’s
record-supported allegations violate that constitutional guarantee and whether that constitutional

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right was clearly established at the time of the underlying incident.” Leary v. Livingston Cty.,
528 F.3d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 2008). Thus, we dismiss the remainder of defendants’ appeal of the
district court’s denial of qualified immunity because it disputes the district court’s application of
Sixth Circuit precedent by raising only factual arguments.
C. Municipal Liability
Finally, the City of Cleveland argues that the district court erred by denying it summary
judgment on plaintiff’s deliberate-indifference claim, reasoning that because the officers cannot
be held liable, the City cannot be held liable either. Defs. Br. at 14‒15. We do not have
jurisdiction over this appeal.
Unlike a denial of summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds, a denial of
summary judgment on municipal-liability grounds does not fall under the collateral-order
doctrine.

Although the doctrine’s first two requirements would be satisfied—the denial is

conclusive and review of it would not affect any other issue in the case—the City would not be
able to satisfy the third requirement because this court could review the question of municipal
liability after the district court rendered a final judgment. See Cohen, 337 U.S. at 546; see also
Coopers & Lybrand, 437 U.S. at 467‒68.
Nor can we exercise pendent appellate jurisdiction over the City’s appeal.

On an

interlocutory appeal, when a municipality’s right to summary judgment is “inextricably
intertwined” with a qualified-immunity analysis, a court may exercise pendent appellate
jurisdiction over the municipality’s appeal. Mattox v. City of Forest Park, 183 F.3d 515, 523‒24
(6th Cir. 1999); see also Swint v. Chambers Cty. Comm’n, 514 U.S. 35, 50‒51 (1995). “[A]
pendent appellate claim [is] inextricably intertwined with a properly reviewable claim on
collateral appeal only if the pendent claim is coterminous with, or subsumed in, the claim before
the court on interlocutory appeal”—in other words “when the appellate resolution of the
collateral appeal necessarily resolves the pendent claim as well.” Mattox, 183 F.3d at 524
(quoting Moore v. City of Wynnewood, 57 F.3d 924, 930 (10th Cir. 1995)). Plaintiff’s claim
against the officers turns on whether they knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of serious
harm to Brown’s health and safety; plaintiff’s claim against the City is based on a theory of

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ratification by failure to investigate. Although the two overlap, plaintiff’s claim against the
officers does not necessarily resolve her claim against the City. Indeed, a finding that the
officers are entitled to qualified immunity would not foreclose a finding that the City was liable
here.

If, for example, “the [City] ratified [the officers’] misconduct which, though

unconstitutional, was not in violation of clearly-established law,” a court could find the officers
immune but the City liable. Baker v. Union Twp., 587 F. App’x 229, 237 (6th Cir. 2014).
Accordingly, we conclude that the City’s right to summary judgment is not “inextricably
intertwined” here with the qualified-immunity analysis and therefore dismiss the City of
Cleveland’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to allow plaintiff
to amend her complaint, AFFIRM the district court’s application of the deliberate-indifference
standard, and DISMISS the remainder of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.