AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS et al v. PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.

Filing 118

MOTION for Summary Judgment and Permanent Injunction by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC., NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, INC. (Attachments: #1 Memorandum in Support, #2 Statement of Facts, #3 Declaration of Dennis Berry and Exhibits, #4 Declaration of Steven Cramer and Exhibits, #5 Declaration of James Golinveaux, #6 Declaration of Randy Jennings and Exhibit, #7 Declaration of Thomas O'Brien, Jr. and Exhibits, #8 Declaration of James Pauley and Exhibits, #9 Declaration of Kevin Reinertson, #10 Declaration of Stephanie Reiniche and Exhibits, #11 Declaration of James Thomas, #12 Declaration of Jordana Rubel and Exhibits - Part 1, #13 Declaration of Jordana Rubel and Exhibits - Part 2, #14 Declaration of Jordana Rubel and Exhibits - Part 3, #15 Declaration of Jordana Rubel and Exhibits - Part 4, #16 Declaration of Jordana Rubel and Exhibits - Part 5, #17 Text of Proposed Order and Injunction)(Fee, J.). Added MOTION for Permanent Injunction on 11/20/2015 (znmw).

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EXHIBIT 1 EXHIBIT 2 EXHIBIT 3 EXHIBIT 4 EXHIBIT 5 Form and Style for ASTM Standards January 2015 FORM AND STYLE FOR ASTM STANDARDS Form of ASTM Test Methods Form of ASTM Speciﬁcations Form of Other Types of ASTM Standards Use of the Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering System Terminology in ASTM Standards Caveats and Other Legal Aspects in Standards—Special Instructions Standards Style Manual Use of SI Units in ASTM Standards Annex A ASTM INTERNATIONAL 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 © BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONTENTS Page Preface ................................................................................................................................................ v Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... vi Deﬁnitions ........................................................................................................................................ vii Part A. Form of ASTM Test Methods............................................................................................ A-1 Part B. Form of ASTM Speciﬁcations........................................................................................... B-1 Part C. Form of Other Types of ASTM Standards ........................................................................ C-1 Part D. Use of the Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering System............................................................ D-1 Part E. Terminology in ASTM Standards ...................................................................................... E-1 Part F. Caveats and Other Legal Aspects in Standards—Special Instructions .............................. F-1 Part G. Standards Style Manual..................................................................................................... G-1 Part H. Use of SI Units in ASTM Standards................................................................................. H-1 Annex A. SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE .................................................................... Annex A-1 Summary of Changes .......................................................................................................... Changes-1 Index......................................................................................................................................... Index-1 PREFACE ASTM International (hereafter referred to as ASTM International or ASTM), founded in 1898, is a scientiﬁc and technical organization formed for “the development of standards on characteristics and performance of materials, products, systems, and services; and the promotion of related knowledge.” It is the world’s largest source of voluntary consensus standards. The purpose of this manual is to promote uniformity of form and style in ASTM standards. Such uniformity is desirable because it helps the user to ﬁnd what is needed more easily and to understand what is read more quickly. Such uniformity in a manuscript is necessary if it is to be published by ASTM International. Deviations from ASTM style may mean wasted time on the part of authors, reviewers, editors, and eventually the reader of the standard. This means costly time and resources are lost by everyone involved. Section 10.7 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees requires that the current edition of this manual be followed in the writing of standards. When conditions preclude compliance with this manual, a committee may request an exemption from the Committee on Standards (COS). Responsibility for the Form and Style for ASTM Standards is vested in the Board of Directors. Revisions to this manual may be recommended by the Board of Directors, by the Committee on Standards, or by a technical committee or its Executive Subcommittee. The Committee on Standards acts upon recommendations for changes and reviews all requests from technical committees for exceptions to the Form and Style for ASTM Standards. Recommended changes to this manual in technical substance and format shall be referred to the Committee on Standards, which, at a regular meeting, shall rule on the merits of the recommendation. A circular letter ballot will be issued to the technical committees and the responses will be addressed by COS. The COS recommendation shall be sent to the Board of Directors. Changes adopted by the Board of Directors shall be announced to the members and shall become effective on the date determined by the Board of Directors. Suggestions for editorial revision of this manual should be addressed to the Staff Coordinator—Form and Style Manual, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. v INTRODUCTION This manual is the basic textbook for anyone writing an ASTM standard. A study of Parts A, B, C, or E will show the proper form for the principal types of standards including a detailed explanation of how to write each section, from the title to the appendixes. Within Parts A, B, C, and E, the ﬁrst section lists the preferred sequence of headings and indicates whether these sections are mandatory. The headings identiﬁed as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development, in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, speciﬁc hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards shall be followed. Included at appropriate places are examples and standard wording. Also included are examples of correctly written complete manuscripts of various types of standards. Where standards are referenced throughout the text of this manual, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, and refer to the standard’s Document Summary page. For easy reference purposes, each paragraph in an ASTM standard shall be numbered. The modiﬁed decimal numbering system adopted is explained in Part D. Part E gives instructions for preparing standard deﬁnitions and a format for specialized terminology standards. Special instruction concerning patents, use of trademarks, open-end agreements, ﬁre standards, and other legal issues are given in Part F. Part G is a detailed Style Manual that includes among other things information on abbreviations, spellings, literature references, and preparation of illustrations. ASTM policy is that SI units be included in all standards. Part H is included to aid the standards writer to incorporate these units correctly. It is the technical committee’s decision whether SI or other units are the preferred unit of measurement used in the committee’s document. When SI and non-SI units of measurement are contained in a document, the order in which they appear is determined by that committee. For additional information about ASTM procedures, or available publications such as the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees and Officer Handbook, contact ASTM Technical Committee Operations, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 (Telephone: 610-832-9673). vi DEFINITION The following deﬁnitions apply to the use of the content of this manual and clarify which sections or formats, or both, are mandatory when presenting ASTM documents: 1. “Shall” is used to indicate that a provision is mandatory. 2. “Should” is used to indicate that a provision is not mandatory but is recommended as good practice. 3. “May” is used to indicate that a provision is optional. 4. “Will” is used to express futurity, but never to indicate any degree of requirement. Deﬁnitions for standard, classiﬁcation, guide, practice, speciﬁcation, terminology, and test method are quoted below from the current Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees: standard, n— as used in ASTM International, a document that has been developed and established within the consensus principles of the Society and that meets the approval requirements of ASTM procedures and regulations. DISCUSSION—The term “standard” serves in ASTM International as a nominative adjective in the title of documents, such as test methods or speciﬁcations, to connote speciﬁed consensus and approval. The various types of standard documents are based on the needs and usages as prescribed by the technical committees of the Society. classiﬁcation, n— a systematic arrangement or division of materials, products, systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use. guide, n— a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a speciﬁc course of action. DISCUSSION—A guide increases the awareness of information and approaches in a given subject area. practice, n— a deﬁnitive set of instructions for performing one or more speciﬁc operations that does not produce a test result. DISCUSSION—Examples of practices include, but are not limited to: application, assessment, cleaning, collection, decontamination, inspection, installation, preparation, sampling, screening, and training. speciﬁcation, n— an explicit set of requirements to be satisﬁed by a material, product, system, or service. DISCUSSION—Examples of speciﬁcations include, but are not limited to, requirements for; physical, mechanical, or chemical properties, and safety, quality, or performance criteria. A speciﬁcation identiﬁes the test methods for determining whether each of the requirements is satisﬁed. terminology standard, n— a document comprising deﬁnitions of terms; explanations of symbols, abbreviations, or acronyms. test method, n— a deﬁnitive procedure that produces a test result. DISCUSSION—Examples of test methods include, but are not limited to: identiﬁcation, measurement, and evaluation of one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties. A precision and bias statement shall be reported at the end of a test method. (Refer to Section A21 on Precision and Bias.) approval date, n— the date assigned by ASTM International through the Committee on Standards, which indicates that a new standard, revision or reapproval has successfully completed the balloting and appeals process in accordance with the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. publication date, n— the month/year that an approved standard is made publicly available in either electronic or hardcopy form. vii PART A FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS INTRODUCTION An ASTM test method, as deﬁned on p. vii, typically includes a concise description of an orderly procedure for determining a property or constituent of a material, an assembly of materials, or a product. The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias. An ASTM test method should represent a consensus as to the best currently available test procedure for the use intended. It should be supported by experience and adequate data obtained from cooperative tests. In order to be the “best currently available,” test methods need periodic review to determine whether revisions are desirable as the result of technological advances in manufacturing, testing, and use requirements. ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the buying and selling of materials according to speciﬁcations and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the speciﬁcation. These test methods cover the determination of fundamental properties of materials such as density, absolute viscosity, softening point, and ﬂash point. They may include a variety of different laboratory procedures such as chemical and spectrochemical analyses, mechanical and electrical tests, weathering tests, visual examination, ﬁre tests, performance characteristics, sampling, nondestructive tests, and radiation exposure tests. In some standards, optional test methods are included. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. This gives the user of the test method an idea of the nature of the sample to be prepared and analyzed and information regarding the nature of the data obtained by using the method. The requirement of precision and bias statements does not mean that numerical statements are required. It means that the spread of resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available) shall be addressed. Some test methods have no numerical expression of precision or bias (for example, pass/fail tests, spot tests.) In these cases, precision and bias shall be addressed and the reasons for not including relevant data explained. Test methods are sometimes prepared for use in research rather than in the buying and selling of materials. Other test methods cover process control, screening, and ﬁeld tests. Although these latter test methods may not always be as precise as referee test methods, they are sufficiently precise for the intended use and usually require less time. Field tests allow testing at the site, thus eliminating transportation of specimens to and from the laboratory. Special instructions with respect to the legal aspects are included in Part F and shall be followed in writing any standard. These include such matters as contractual items, caveat statements, patents, and ﬁre standards. Assistance on the development of ﬁre standards is available from Committee E05. The policies contained in Part F are approved by and are under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Board of Directors. When a standard is being developed, the costs associated with its development and subsequent use generally should be considered. The prime objective should be the optimum use of resources to achieve satisfactory deﬁnition of the product or service. However, it should be noted that when the standard relates to the safety of persons, cost considerations are likely to become much less important than when attributes of materials or products are involved. Some standards, such as deﬁnitions, impose no cost on the user; others that include numerous and extensive requirements can entail signiﬁcant expense to users of the standard. The requirements to be included should, therefore, be those that are technically relevant and yield beneﬁts commensurate with the cost of their determination. A-1 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS Cost effectiveness statements or rationale may be included within a standard if appropriate, usually in an appendix. test methods, repetition of appropriate headings may be desirable. A1.3 Subject headings in boldface type shall precede each section to orient the reader. Text divisions shall be subdivided in accordance with the Use of the Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering System guide in Part D of this publication. A1.4 For convenience in application and when economy in printing may result, test methods may include a series of procedures for determining the same or different properties of a given material. In such test methods, include at the beginning of the standard individual sections describing those features that are common to all of the separate test methods. Identify different methods within the standard by capital letters, starting with A; i.e., Test Method A, Test Method B, etc. A1.5 Examples of test methods for single determination: A1. Subject Headings of Text A1.1 The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM test methods. Headings are those most generally used but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identiﬁed as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development, in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, speciﬁc hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards shall be followed. † † † † † † † Title (mandatory) Designation (mandatory) Introduction Scope (mandatory) Referenced Documents Terminology Summary of Test Method Signiﬁcance and Use (mandatory) Interferences Apparatus Reagents and Materials Hazards (mandatory when applicable) Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units Preparation of Apparatus Calibration and Standardization Conditioning Procedure (mandatory) Calculation or Interpretation of Results Report Precision and Bias (mandatory) Measurement Uncertainty Keywords (mandatory) Annexes and Appendixes References Summary of Changes B331 Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction C693 Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy A1.6 Examples of test methods covering a series of test methods: D1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics F38 Test Methods for Creep Relaxation of a Gasket Material A1.7 In deciding whether to describe similar test methods as portions of a single standard or as separate test methods, the following criterion may be found useful: When the descriptions of the apparatus and procedure are similar and a signiﬁcant economy in printing can be accomplished by combining, and if, because of clearly understood distinctions in applicability, no confusion can rise as to which test method should be used, then it is desirable to treat the test methods as parts of a single standard. If confusion could arise, the test methods should be published separately. If one test method is preferred as a referee method, it should be so designated, in which case † The headings marked with a dagger (†) should appear only once in test methods that contain two or more test methods. A1.2 Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place, depending on their relation to the sections listed in A1.1. When a standard includes several A-2 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS the other test methods should be designated as optional or nonreferee. When test methods are published separately, a worthwhile saving can be accomplished by making cross-references from one test method to another for the apparatus and detailed description of the procedure. A3.1.2 A sequential number following the letter designation (for example, Speciﬁcation C150). A3.2 Year Date: (for example, Speciﬁcation C150-01). A3.2.1 After the designation, a hyphen is followed by the last two numbers of the year of acceptance or of last revision. If the standard is revised again during the same year, this is indicated by adding an “a” for the second revision, “b” for the third revision, etc. A3.2.2 The parenthetical phrase “(Reapproved 20___)” to designate the year of last preapproval of a standard, if applicable. A3.2.3 For editorial changes that do not change the year designation, a note is inserted before the text to indicate the location and date of the change and a superscript epsilon ( ) is added after the year designation. The epsilon designations and corresponding notes are numbered chronologically and are deleted upon occasion of the next revision or reapproval. A3.3 The designation numbers of standards that have been discontinued are not reassigned. A3.4 SI Standards (see Part H and Section G24.) A2. Title (Mandatory) A2.1 The title should be concise but complete enough to identify the nature of the test, the material to which is it applicable, and to distinguish it from other similar titles. Titles of analogous standards should be identical, except for the distinctive feature(s) of each standard. Titles are used frequently in lists, tables of contents, indexes, tabulating card systems, etc., and therefore should be brief but inclusive. Select words that easily lend themselves to indexing. The essential features of a title are the particular property or constituent being determined, the material to which the test method is applicable, and when pertinent, the technique or instrumentation. If the test method is designated to determine a number of constituents or properties, use a general title, omitting the names of speciﬁc constituents or properties. When a standard includes a number of individual test methods for different constituents or properties, the title need indicate only the general nature of the tests and the material to which it is applicable. A4. Introduction A4.1 A separate section covering general introductory or informational material is not generally used in ASTM test methods. Occasionally, a test method is of such a nature that it requires an explanatory statement for proper understanding by the user. In such instances an introduction should be included immediately after the title of the test method but without a section number. A4.2 Examples of test methods that include introductions are as follows: A3. Designation and Year Date A3.1 Designation (mandatory)— The ASTM designation, assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval, consists of the following sequential parts: A3.1.1 A letter designation denoting in general the classiﬁcation according to material, product, system or service. D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading A—Ferrous metals and products B—Nonferrous metals and products C—Cementitious, ceramic, concrete, and masonry materials D—Miscellaneous materials and products E—Miscellaneous subjects F—End-use materials and products G—Corrosion, deterioration, weathering, durability, and degradation of materials and products A5. Scope (Mandatory) A5.1 Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the test method. State if the method is quantitative or qualitative, and any known limitations. Concisely state the property or constituent that is being determined and the A-3 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS used language should be deﬁned within a standard or the terminology standard should be referenced. (See Part E on Terminology.) A7.1.2 To avoid redundant deﬁnitions, check the committee terminology standard, terminology sections within committee technical standards, and the ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology. A7.2 Terminology Within a Standard— This section may include paragraphs on deﬁnitions, deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard, symbols, abbreviations, acronyms, discussions, or a combination thereof. A7.2.1 Deﬁnitions— Write a deﬁnition in the dictionary-deﬁnition form and assign a section number, term, part of speech, deﬁnition, and, when applicable, a delimiting phrase. Italicize the term, part of speech, and delimiting phrase. Do not capitalize the term or any other components of the deﬁnition except for proper nouns, acronyms, or any other words capitalized in normal usage (see Section E4). List the terms in alphabetical order. Example follows: materials that can be analyzed. State the range of concentrations/values determined. A5.2 Include, where applicable, the analytical technique, for example, gas chromatography, and whether the test is performed in the laboratory, ﬁeld, or on-line. A5.3 Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions. A5.4 Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as the caveats on safety hazards (see F2.1) and ﬁre hazards (see F2.2). A5.5 For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement: The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and ﬁgures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. A6. Referenced Documents A6.1 List in alphanumeric sequence the designation and complete title of the following documents referenced within the standard; ASTM standards and adjuncts; and standards and codes of other organizations. For references to all other documents, including ASTM STPs, use the format indicated in Section G21. A6.2 Provide footnotes to this section to indicate the sources of these documents. When ASTM standards are referenced later in the text, use only the type of standard (that is, speciﬁcation, test method, practice, classiﬁcation, guide, terminology, etc.) and the designation letter and number (for example, Test Method D1310). A6.3 Do not include the year date when designating referenced documents unless there is a technical reason for requiring a particular revision. A6.4 When listing referenced adjuncts, provide a brief description in this section, and a footnote of the availability. (For more speciﬁc information on adjuncts, refer to Section A28). 3. Terminology—(Always use as the main heading.) 3.1 Deﬁnitions: 3.1.1 color blindness, n—total or partial inability to differentiate certain hues. 3.1.2 transmittance, n—of light, that fraction of the incident light of a given wavelength which is not reﬂected or absorbed, but passes through a substance. A7.2.2 Discussions— When more detail of the concept being deﬁned is desirable, supplementary information should be added as a separate numbered paragraph labeled “Discussion” immediately following the deﬁnition. Use the term “Discussion” instead of “Note” (see E5.8). Example follows: 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Extraneous leakage is the sum of all leakage other than that intended to be measured by the test. E283 A7.2.3 Deﬁnition(s) of Term(s) Speciﬁc to This Standard— This is a term that is speciﬁc to the standard in which it is used and that has no application out of that context. Write a deﬁnition of term speciﬁc to a standard in the dictionarydeﬁnition form and include a section number, A7. Terminology A7.1 Every standard should include a section on terminology. A7.1.1 All signiﬁcant terms that may have a meaning more specialized than the commonly A-4 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS A9. Signiﬁcance and Use (Mandatory) A9.1 Include in this section information that explains the relevance and meaning of the test. State the practical uses for the test and how it is typically employed. Avoid repetition of information included in the Scope (see Section A5). Include statements to provide the user with comprehensive understanding of the following: A9.1.1 The meaning of the test as related to the manufacture and end use of the material, A9.1.2 The suitability of the test for speciﬁcation acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, development and research, and A9.1.3 The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test method that may affect the usefulness of the results. A9.2 Include any discretion needed in the interpretation of the results of the test. A9.3 Include, where applicable, comparisons of the test to other similar procedures. term, part of speech, deﬁnition, and, when applicable, a delimiting phrase. Italicize the term, part of speech, and delimiting phrase. Do not capitalize the term or any other components of the deﬁnition except for proper nouns, acronyms, or other words capitalized in normal usage (see Section E4). List the terms in alphabetical order. Example follows: 3.1 Deﬁnition of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: 3.1.1 batch sampling, n—sampling over some time period in such a way as to produce a single test sample for analysis. D4175 A7.2.4 Symbols— In a standard with numerous equations containing identical quantity symbols, symbols may be listed alphabetically and unnumbered in this section instead of under each equation; also italicize the symbol and do not capitalize the deﬁnition. (See also Section E6.) Example follows: 3.1 Symbols: A = cross-sectional area of specimen B = normal induction A10. Interferences A10.1 If the successful application of the test method requires the inclusion of explanatory statements on interference effects, include such information here; otherwise, omit this section. List brieﬂy the constituents or properties that are likely to cause interference and the amounts that are known to interfere. In some cases this information is obtainable only by observation during the performance of the test. If the presence of an interfering factor affects the precision or bias of the test results and compensations are made in the calculations (Section A19), this should be explained in this section and noted in the appropriate section. In some cases, interferences may be a major factor in judging test results and explanations of their effects may become lengthy. Lengthy explanations may be placed in an annex to the standard. A7.2.5 Referencing Terminology Standard— If the terminology applicable to the standard is included in a terminology standard, cite the applicable terminology standard. Example follows: 3.1 Deﬁnitions: 3.1.1 For deﬁnitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1129. A8. Summary of Test Method A8.1 Include here a brief outline of the test method, describing in the passive voice its essential features without the details that are a necessary part of the complete statement of procedure. If desired, a brief statement of the principle of the test method may be given; this is particularly desirable in the case of chemical methods and should appear as the ﬁrst paragraph. In chemical methods state the type of procedure, such as colorimetric, electrometric, and volumetric, and describe the source of color, major chemical reaction including pertinent chemical equations, etc. A11. Apparatus A11.1 In this section, include a brief description of the essential features of the apparatus and equipment required for the test, and, where they clarify or supplement the text, schematic drawings or photographs. Cover in separate A-5 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS made to them in the other standard, mentioning under “Apparatus” only such modiﬁcations as may apply in each particular case. text divisions the important features and requirements for the apparatus. Do not list common laboratory apparatus, such as ﬂasks and beakers, but include any especially modiﬁed forms or unusual sizes of common apparatus that are required or that may require special preparation. A11.2 Trademarks shall not be used unless a speciﬁc manufacturer’s product is required for a well-deﬁned reason (see Section F3 for regulations regarding patents in ASTM standards). In such cases an explanatory footnote shall be included giving supplementary information regarding such apparatus or material. The footnote shall state that this apparatus or material “has been found satisfactory for this purpose.” When special types of glassware are required, such as heat-resistant and chemical-resistant, state the signiﬁcant characteristic desired rather than a trademark. For example, use “borosilicate glass” rather than “Pyrex” or “Kimax.” Specify ﬁlter paper by describing the signiﬁcant characteristic such as porosity, rate of ﬁltering, and ash content, or by reference to ASTM Speciﬁcation E832, for Laboratory Filter Papers A11.5 When the same apparatus is used in several standards, the detailed speciﬁcations should be covered by a separate ASTM standard. Examples of such standards are: E1 Speciﬁcation for ASTM Thermometers E133 Speciﬁcation for Distillation Equipment A11.6 It is the responsibility of the sponsoring committee to assure itself that suitable apparatus is available (see Section F4). A11.6.1 If the apparatus is special or not readily available, detailed rules for referencing sources of supply shall be followed (see Section F4). A11.6.2 If the apparatus has to be built, blueprints, plans, etc., should be cited in a footnote in this section as available through ASTM International Headquarters as adjunct material to the standard. NOTE A1—Policies have been adopted by the Board of Directors that are applicable to standards involving patented apparatus, materials, and processes. These policies are described in the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. Before submitting to subcommittee or main committee ballot any draft test method that requires a speciﬁc manufacturer’s product, consult the Staff Manager of your committee as to necessary conformance with the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. A12. Reagents and Materials A12.1 When more than one procedure is included in one standard, list the reagents and materials required for each procedure as a separate section under each subdivision. A12.2 It is recommended that, where applicable, the following be included as secondary sections “.1” and “.2” of this section: A11.3 Detailed manufacturing requirements for apparatus, unless quite brief, should preferably be placed in an annex to the test method (see A24.3), retaining in the text only a brief outline with schematic drawings or illustrations where necessary. The purpose of this outline is to provide information regarding the essential features of the apparatus, to enable the user to assemble the equipment and understand its use in the test method. A11.4 When essentially the same apparatus is used for more than one standard and the description of the apparatus requirements is lengthy, it is recommended that the complete speciﬁcations for the apparatus be included in an annex to one standard and merely a reference be 6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents conform to the speciﬁcations of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where such speciﬁcations are available.1 Other grades may be used, provided it is ﬁrst ascertained that the reagent is of sufﬁciently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination. 6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as deﬁned by Type ___ of Speciﬁcation D1193. NOTE A2—The identifying number (for example 6.1 and 6.2 as above) used in recommended texts are for illustrative purposes. A-6 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS 1 footnote such as “This reagent is used for standardization purposes only.” A12.5 Specify the reagent concentration in applicable terms, as follows: Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Speciﬁcations, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD. Concentrated acids and bases ... density, unless mass percent is more generally used or required Dilute acids and bases ... volume ratio, X + Y (X volumes of reagent added to Y volumes of water) Nonstandardized solutions ... grams of reagent as weighed out per litre of solution Standardized solutions ... normality, expressed decimally; or the equivalent of 1 mL of solution in terms of grams of a given element expressed as “1 mL + xxx g of ...” A12.2.1 If a different grade of water is required, add a second sentence as follows: “Water conforming to the following speciﬁcations is required” (list the speciﬁc properties, kinds of ion freedom, etc.) A12.2.2 In standards covering two or more chemical methods these statements on purity should be made in a separate section entitled “Purity of Reagents.” A12.3 List the reagents alphabetically in separate divisions. Give the name of the reagent ﬁrst, followed by any descriptive terms (see A12.7). State the desired concentration if signiﬁcant; then follow with instructions for preparation and standardization (if required), using the imperative mood and concise descriptions. Spell out the full name of the reagent, and immediately after the ﬁrst mention of the name include within parentheses the exact chemical formula of the reagent showing any water of crystallization, etc. Exception to this may be made in the case of organic, organometallic, or complex inorganic compounds by omitting the chemical formula. Subsequent references to compounds shall be by formula only where they can be clearly speciﬁed by this means, as in the case of most inorganic compounds. As exceptions, always spell out the word “water” and the names of substances in their elementary state; for example, use lead, not Pb; oxygen, not O2. If the reagent is to be used as purchased, and not diluted, dissolved, or puriﬁed, state the chemical formula as given by the manufacturer. A12.4 Do not use trademarks unless a speciﬁc manufacturer’s product is required for a well-deﬁned reason. (See Section F4.) In this case, use a superior reference number to refer to a footnote giving the required information, incorporating the phrase “has been found satisfactory for this purpose.” Where particular reagents are required only for standardization or calibration, identify them by reference to an appropriate A12.6 Wherever possible, use the same concentrations of reagents and methods of standardization as used in other similar ASTM test methods. A12.7 Examples of reagent descriptions are as follows: A12.7.1 Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3). A12.7.2 Sodium Chloride Solution (100 g/L)—Dissolve 100 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water and dilute to 1 L. A12.7.3 Potassium Hydroxide, Methanol Solution (33 g/L)—Dissolve 33 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in methanol and dilute to 1 L with methanol. A12.7.4 Barium Chloride Solution (100 g BaCl2/L)—Dissolve 117.3 g of barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2 · 2H2O) in water and dilute to 1 L. A13. Hazards A13.1 Safety Hazards— Paragraph F2.1 speciﬁes the generic safety hazards caveat and the types of standards in which it shall be used. Other statements on safety are subject to the following policies. A13.1.1 Warning Statement— A warning statement identiﬁes a speciﬁc hazard and provides information for avoiding or minimizing a particular hazard. When there are hazards to personnel, such as explosion, ﬁre toxicity, or radiation, or technical hazards, such as damage to equipment, a warning statement shall be placed at the appropriate point in the text beginning with “Warning” in boldface type followed by a A-7 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS A14.5 Where an existing sampling method (other than ASTM) is cited in a test method, guidelines should be given as to the use of the sampling scheme and precautions if needed. If explanatory documents regarding sampling are available, these should be cited in this section. A14.6 A test unit is a unit or portion of a material that is sufficient to obtain a test result(s) for the property or properties to be measured. A test specimen is a test unit or portion of a test unit upon which a single or multiple observation is to be made. A test result refers to the value obtained for a given property from one test unit. A test unit may be a subunit of a primary (ﬁrst stage) sampling unit or it may be a subunit of a composite of primary sampling units or of increments from these primary sampling units. A test result may be a single observation or a combination of a number of observations when two or more test specimens are measured for each test unit. (For additional information see Section G23.) A14.7 The size of the test unit for chemical analysis usually is given in the “Procedure” section, but if signiﬁcant in connection with pretreatment or preparation, it should be included here. When a test specimen is speciﬁed by mass, indicate the degree of precision desired. A14.8 Include detailed requirements as to the size and number of test specimens to be used for both physical and chemical tests. Where a test specimen or test unit of a particular shape is required, the essential dimensions shall be speciﬁed, including tolerance. A drawing showing the details of the specimen or test unit may be included. description of the hazard, or a reference to a description of the hazard within the body of the standard (refer to A13.1.2). A13.1.2 Remedial Statements— A remedial statement provides recommendations for treating a situation resulting from an unsuccessfully controlled hazard associated with the use of a standard. Such remedial statements shall not be included in standards, but reference may be made in a note to authoritative sources where reliable information about remedial measures can be obtained such as the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) where applicable. A14. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units A14.1 Under this heading give necessary special directions, in the imperative mood, for physically obtaining sample test units. If a test result is deﬁned as a combination of the observations made on different test specimens, particularly describe how these specimens are to be selected. Give necessary special directions for storage of specimens, for preservation of specimens, and for special preparation of specimens for the test. A14.2 Statistical aspects of sampling for a speciﬁc purpose, for example, in determining conformance of the mean properties of a lot to speciﬁcations, should be referenced or discussed in an appendix. These statistical aspects might include stratiﬁcation, selection of primary and secondary sampling units, the number of such units to be selected, in the case of bulk material the number of increments combined to form a composite sample, the number of composites to be formed, the method of subsampling a composite, and the number of tests made on a subsample. A14.3 If the method of sampling is described in an existing ASTM test method or ASTM speciﬁcation, refer to that test method or speciﬁcation by designation. A14.4 If the method of sampling is detailed in a readily available publication other than an existing ASTM standard, refer to the publication in a footnote, arranging the information in accordance with the suggestions presented in the Standards Style Manual, Part G, of this publication. A15. Preparation of Apparatus A15.1 Use this section only when detailed instructions are required for the initial assembly, conditioning, or preparation of the apparatus (see also A24.3.6). A16. Calibration and Standardization A16.1 Apparatus— Give detailed instructions, in the imperative mood, for calibration and adjustment of the apparatus necessary for the use of the test method. A-8 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS A18.2 In chemical methods, specify the size of test specimen and indicate the degree of precision desired in the weighing. Consider the specimen size and its accuracy of weighing in connection with the ultimate use of the method. If the formula for a reagent has been given previously in accordance with the instructions given in A12.3, refer to the reagent by chemical formula only or name, whichever is less confusing. Otherwise, spell out the name of the reagent. The procedure shall provide for any operations necessary to obtain any correction data that may be needed. A16.2 Reference Standards and Blanks— Give detailed instructions for the standardization and use of reference standards and blanks used in the test method. Describe any standard samples used to assure uniformity of the test technique, and standard specimens or photographic standards. A16.3 Calibration Curves and Tables— Give detailed instructions for the preparation and use of calibration curves or tables, in accordance with the suggestions presented in the Standards Style Manual, Part G, of this publication. Include in the instructions for curve or table preparation items such as calibration, solutions, reference standards, blanks, color development, photometry, and construction. A19. Calculation or Interpretation of Results A19.1 Calculation— State the directions in the imperative mood for calculating the results of test including any equations and any required signiﬁcant ﬁgures (see also Section G16 and ASTM Practice E29 for Using Signiﬁcant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Speciﬁcations.) Spell out names in the text but use letter symbols in the equations to designate individual values. Use numerical values for any constants. Describe the letter symbol immediately under the equation (unless a section on symbols is included; see A7.2.4). Avoid the use of combined factors in chemical methods. Indicate the reference point on which the calculations are based, such as on the sample as received and dry basis, and the units in which the results are reported. If necessary for clarity, a typical calculation should be included in an explanatory note. A19.1.1 An example of a typical equation is: A17. Conditioning A17.1 Specify, in the imperative mood, the conditioning atmosphere to be used and the time of exposure to the atmosphere, as well as the atmosphere required during the test, where necessary. State whether the conditioning requirements apply to laboratory samples as well as individual specimens. Indicate any requirements for preconditioning. Where applicable, refer to ASTM Terminology E41, Terms Relating to Conditioning, and to ASTM Practice E171/E171M, for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging. A18. Procedure (Mandatory) A18.1 Include in proper sequence detailed directions for performing the test. Describe the procedure in the imperative mood, present tense; for example: “Heat the test specimen ...” rather than “The test specimen shall be heated ...” State the number of samples to be taken, and also state the number of specimens to be tested from each sample. Describe in detail the successive steps of the procedure, grouping related operations into logical divisions. Subheadings may be used if they will help the organization of the material. Make the text of the procedure concise, to the point, and easily understandable. When alternative procedures are given, state their relative status; that is, which is the preferred or referee procedure. Aluminum, % = (A 3B) 30.0587 C 3100 where: A = grams of aluminum oxyquinolate found in the aliquot used, B = grams of aluminum oxyquinolate found in the blank, and C = grams of sample represented in the aliquot used. A19.2 Interpretation of Results— Use this heading in place of “Calculation” when the results of the test are expressed in descriptive form, relative terms, or abstract values. List and A-9 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS allows potential users of the test method to assess in general terms its usefulness in proposed applications. A statement on precision is not intended to contain values that can be duplicated in every user’s laboratory. Instead the statement provides guidelines as to the kind of variability that can be expected between test results when the test method is used in one or more reasonably competent laboratories. A21.2.2 Precision shall be estimated in accordance with the interlaboratory test program prescribed in Practice E691, Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method, or by an interlaboratory test program that yields equivalent information, for example, a standard practice developed by an ASTM technical committee. The data and details of the interlaboratory study to determine precision shall be ﬁled as a research report at ASTM International Headquarters. The precision statement shall include reference to the research report in a Note. A21.2.3 Every test method shall contain: (1) a statement regarding the precision of test results obtained in the same laboratory under speciﬁcally deﬁned conditions of within-laboratory variability (repeatability conditions); and (2) a statement regarding the precision of test results obtained in different laboratories (reproducibility conditions). A21.2.4 The repeatability conditions deﬁned in Terminology E456 shall be used; namely, within-laboratory conditions under which test results are obtained with the same test method in the same laboratory by the same operator with the same equipment in the shortest practicable period of time using test specimens taken at random from a single quantity of homogenous material. If some other within-laboratory variability is also determined (such as for longer times or different operators within a laboratory), the particular conditions shall be reported in detail, and the precision designated “intermediate precision” (see Terminology E456). If the committee formerly called this repeatability, add “(formerly called repeatability).” A21.2.5 The statement regarding betweenlaboratory variability shall pertain to test results obtained with the same method on random test deﬁne the descriptive terms or classiﬁcations used. The results of a test may be interpreted or expressed in terms of a rating scale. There is fairly wide agreement on ﬁve-step scales for many values or rankings of merit, with 5-good, 3-middle, 1-bad. In general, a higher score for more of a desirable property is the more satisfactory arrangement. This eliminates confusion arising from No. 1 in rank for the most of a quantity, without regard to the relative desirability. A19.2.1 Examples of test methods that include rating systems are: D130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test D3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester Method A20. Report A20.1 State in this section the detailed information required in reporting the results of the test. When two or more procedures are described in a test method, the report shall indicate which procedure was used. When the test method permits variation in operating or other conditions, incorporate in the report a statement as to the particular conditions used in the test. As an aid in the calculation and uniform recording of test results a standard report form or work sheet may be used, and if desirable a facsimile of the form may be included in the test method. Introduce the section as follows: “Report the following information:” A21. Precision and Bias (Mandatory) A21.1 Deﬁnitions and Additional Information: A21.1.1 For precise deﬁnitions of statistical terms, refer to ASTM Terminology E456, Relating to Quality and Statistics. A21.1.2 For more information on calculation methods relating to the use of statistical procedures, refer to ASTM Practices E177 and E691. A21.2 Statement of Precision (Mandatory): A21.2.1 Precision is the closeness of agreement between test results obtained under prescribed conditions. A statement on precision A-10 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS A21.4.2 If precision or bias, or both, varies with the test level, the variation shall be described in the statement. A21.4.3 When revising or reapproving a test method, ensure that the information reported in the Precision and Bias section and the supporting data are still valid. If there has been a change to the test method that could affect precision, a new interlaboratory study should be conducted. units from the same lot of homogeneous material in different laboratories with different operators using different equipment (reproducibility conditions). A21.2.6 The precision statement shall include the repeatability standard deviation and reproducibility standard deviation; and shall include the 95 % repeatability limit and the 95 % reproducibility limit for the largest expected differences between two test results. The latter are numerically equal to 2.8 times the respective standard deviation for data that are known to be normally distributed, and approximately so for most other data encountered in ASTM committee work. Use a statement such as the following: A21.5 Exceptions: A21.5.1 If the responsible committee decides that an interlaboratory study for a new test method should be delayed, a temporary statement shall be included which addresses only repeatability based on the results from a single operator. A repeatability limit is not included. This temporary precision statement is permitted for ﬁve years, use a statement such as the following: Precision 1—The repeatability standard deviation has been determined to be (insert repeatability value) and the 95 % repeatability limit is (insert value). The reproducibility standard deviation has been determined to be (insert reproducibility value) and the 95 % reproducibility limit (insert value). 1 Supporting data have been ﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: (insert report number). Contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. Precision 1—The repeatability standard deviation from a single operator has been determined to be (insert repeatability value or values for different average property values). 1 An interlaboratory study of this test method is being conducted and a complete precision statement is expected to be available on or before (insert year). A21.3 Statement on Bias (Mandatory): A21.3.1 Bias is a systematic error that contributes to the difference between the mean of a large number of test results and an accepted reference value. A discussion on bias may be found in statistical documents, such as Practices E177 and C670. A21.3.2 The bias statement shall describe the bias and methods employed to provide corrected test results. If the bias is not known but the direction or bounds on the bias, or both, can be estimated, these shall be reported in the bias statement. A21.5.2 If it is not feasible to determine the reproducibility, as directed in A21.2, within ﬁve years of the ﬁrst approval of the standard, use a statement such as the following: Precision 1—The repeatability standard deviation from a single operator has been determined to be (insert the average test values and corresponding repeatability values). 1 The reproducibility of this test method is not provided at this time because (insert here the reason or reasons). The reproducibility of this test method is being determined and is expected to be available on or before (insert year). A21.4 General Considerations: A21.4.1 The precision and bias section of the test method shall include a brief descriptive summary of the interlaboratory study that will permit the user of the test method to judge the reliability of the data. This summary should include number of laboratories, number of property levels tested, range of the measured average property levels, and number of replicate tests. The summary may be included in a Note. A21.5.3 When a test method speciﬁes that the procedure in another ASTM test method is to be used without modiﬁcation, no statements of precision and bias are necessary if those in the other test method are applicable. When a test method speciﬁes that the procedure in another ASTM test method is to be used with only insigniﬁcant modiﬁcation(s), use a statement A-11 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS such as the following to assure the reader that precision and bias are not affected by the modiﬁcation(s): A22. Measurement Uncertainty A22.1 Measurement uncertainty is an estimate of the magnitude of systematic and random measurement errors that may be reported along with the measurement result. An uncertainty statement relates to a particular result obtained in a laboratory carrying out the test method, as opposed to precision and bias statements which are mandatory parts of the method itself and normally derived from an interlaboratory study conducted during development of the test method. A22.2 It is neither appropriate for, nor the responsibility of, the test method to provide explicit values that a user would quote as their estimate of uncertainty. Uncertainty values must be based on data generated by a laboratory reporting results using the test method. A22.3 In this section include guidance for developing estimates of uncertainty to be reported with test results. Suggestions should be considered for studies to perform, listings of the potential major contributing factors to uncertainty, descriptions of how the variation due to each factor might be evaluated, and examples of how they might be combined. Information of this type is particularly useful to users of the test method seeking laboratory accreditation. Information on measurement uncertainty may be placed in an appendix if it is for information only. A22.4 For additional guidance refer to Guide E1488. Precision and Bias—The precision and bias of this test method for measuring (insert here the name of the property) are essentially as speciﬁed in Test Method (insert here the designation of the other test method). When a test method speciﬁes that the procedure in another ASTM test method is to be used with signiﬁcant revisions, provide statements on precision and bias as directed in A21.2 and A21.3. A21.5.4 When a test method speciﬁes that a test result is a nonnumerical report of success or failure or other categorization or classiﬁcation based on criteria speciﬁed in the procedure, use a statement on precision and bias such as the following: Precision and Bias—No information is presented about either the precision or bias of Test Method X0000 for measuring (insert here the name of the property) since the test result is nonquantitative. A21.5.5 If it is not possible to provide a statement on precision (repeatability or reproducibility) as directed in A21.2, use a statement such as the following: Precision—It is not possible to specify the precision of the procedure in Test Method X0000 for measuring (insert here the name of the property) because (insert here the reason or reasons). Citing impracticability is not warranted if the reason is that an interlaboratory study has revealed that the precision is poor or that the standard was written before precision statements were required. A23. Keywords (Mandatory) A23.1 In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases, that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index. A23.2 Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the speciﬁc application(s) that will facilitate the identiﬁcation and retrieval of the standard. A21.5.6 If bias cannot be determined, a statement to this effect shall be included, such as the following: Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of the procedure in Test Method X0000 for measuring (insert here the name of the property) because (insert here the reason; such as “no material having an accepted reference value is available”). A-12 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS A25. References A25.1 Include only references to publications supporting or providing needed supplementary information. Historical and acknowledgment references are not desirable. If there are ﬁve or more references, list them in an unnumbered section at the end of the standard in the order in which they appear in the text. If there are fewer than ﬁve literature references, use footnotes (see Section G21). A23.3 All selected keywords shall be standalone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used. A24. Annexes and Appendixes A24.1 Additional information may be included in one or more annexes and appendixes to the test method. A26. Footnotes A26.1 General— Footnotes referenced in the text are intended only for reference and shall never include any information or instructions necessary for the proper application of the method. Table footnotes are a part of the table. Use consecutive superior numerals for reference to footnotes except in connection with tables, in which case use italic capital letters. A26.2 Committee Jurisdiction and History— Footnote 1 shall include in the ﬁrst paragraph the committee having jurisdiction and, where the committee so requests, the subcommittee. The second paragraph shall include history information as follows: (1) approval date of latest revision, (2) month and year of publication, (3) designation and year of original issue, (4) designation and year of previous issue, and (5) information as to any other standards that may have been replaced by the standard, year of redesignation, etc. A26.3 Literature References— Use footnotes for references if there are fewer than ﬁve. For ﬁve or more see Section A25, observing the limitations noted therein. Also see Section G21. A26.4 Sources of Apparatus— Where apparatus may be special or not readily available from more than one source, the source may be referenced. (However, see Section F4 for detailed rules.) A26.5 Research Reports— Reference in a footnote the availability of Research Reports (see Section A29). A24.2 The words “Mandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of annexes and the words “Nonmandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of appendixes. A24.3 Annexes— Include in annexes any detailed information such as that on apparatus or materials that is a mandatory part of the test method but too lengthy for inclusion in the main text. Annexes shall precede appendixes. Examples of such information are as follows: A24.3.1 Glossary of terms used in the method, A24.3.2 List of symbols, A24.3.3 Detailed description of apparatus, A24.3.4 Instructions for calibrating and standardizing apparatus, A24.3.5 Directions for cleaning apparatus, and A24.3.6 Operating instructions and adjustments of speciﬁc makes of apparatus. A24.4 Appendixes— An appendix to an ASTM standard is informative only and is not a mandatory part of the standard. Information on the following general subjects has been included in such appendixes: A24.4.1 Notes on signiﬁcance and interpretation of the test method, usually to amplify the statement in the text, A24.4.2 Development of equations used in the calculations, A24.4.3 Charts or supplementary information for computations, A24.4.4 Suggested data forms for recording test results, and A24.4.5 Commentary on rationale used in the development of the test method. A27. Notes A27.1 Notes in the text shall not include mandatory requirements. Notes are intended to A-13 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS set explanatory material apart from the text itself, either for emphasis or for offering informative suggestions, which are not properly part of the standard. Clariﬁcation of the description of required apparatus or procedure and modiﬁcations required or permitted in certain cases belong in the text itself. If inclusion of the contents yields a different result, then that information is considered mandatory for the performance of the standard and shall be located in the text. Notes may be preferable for detailed description of auxiliary procedures (for example, correction of barometric pressure in a test method not primarily concerned with pressure). Table notes are a part of the table and are mandatory provisions. and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard. Refer questions regarding the applicability of this section to the Staff Manager of your committee. A27.5 General Statement of ASTM Policy— This note, quoted in F2.3 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standards after the note on Patent Disclaimer of Liability. A28. Adjuncts A28.1 Occasionally, it is not practicable to publish as an integral part of the standard, because of its nature, material that may be required for use of the standard. Such material is published as an adjunct. A28.2 Include a description of the adjunct in the text of the standard. If appropriate, include a ﬁgure (illustration) of the adjunct. A28.3 When adjunct material is indicated, it shall be made available at the time of publication of the standard. A28.4 Include all referenced adjuncts in the Referenced Documents section (see Section A6). A28.5 Examples of adjuncts are as follows: A28.5.1 Comparison standards such as the copper strip corrosion standards for Test Method D130 (lithograph aluminum strips), A28.5.2 Charts such as the viscositytemperature charts for liquid petroleum for D341, A28.5.3 Reference radiographs such as E155 or reference photographs, such as E125, A28.5.4 Technical data such as the twelve volumes of D1250, Petroleum Measurement Tables, and A28.5.5 Drawings such as detailed drawings for the construction of the smoke chamber in Test Method D2843. A27.2 Notes appearing in a given standard shall be numbered in sequence separately in the main text, separately in sequence in the annex, and separately in sequence in the appendix and should appear at the end of the paragraph to which they pertain. If it is desired to refer to a text note in connection with a speciﬁc word or phrase in the text, that word or phrase should be followed by a reference to the note, “(NOTE 1),” etc. A27.3 Notes in the text are preferred for the following: A27.3.1 To refer to editorial changes made in the text, A27.3.2 To refer to similar or companion ASTM standards, A27.3.3 Limitations of the application of the test when not covered in the text. A27.3.4 Description, if included under “Scope,” of experimental means for recognizing cases where the method is not applicable to the material under test. A27.3.5 Description of additional (not alternative) apparatus, materials, procedures, or calculations that are not actually required; or description of merely recommended forms of construction of required apparatus. A27.3.6 Explanation, if desired, of the reasons for a certain requirement or direction. If brief, include in the text rather than as a note. A27.4 Patent Disclaimer of Liability— See Section 15 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. This note, quoted in F3.2 A29. Research Reports (Mandatory for Precision and Bias Statements Producing Numerical Results) A29.1 Where numerical data have been generated to establish the precision and bias of a test method, a research report is required. The research report shall include a list of participating laboratories, description of samples, a copy of the laboratory instructions, the equipment/apparatus A-14 FORM OF ASTM TEST METHODS section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph: used, the data, a statistical summary and a copy of the Precision and Bias Statement, where applicable. A guide for the research report is available at www.astm.org or from ASTM International Headquarters. The research report shall be placed on ﬁle at ASTM. A number is assigned by ASTM and a copy may be obtained upon request. A footnote shall be placed in the standard stating that a copy of the research report may be obtained from ASTM, giving the “RR” designation number. Committee XXX has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (insert designation and year date ) that may impact the use of this standard. A31.2 An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the ﬁrst page: *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. A30. Rationale A30.1 The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to provide traceability and clariﬁcation of past actions. This documentation may include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justiﬁcation for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature. A30.2 If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard. A30.3 Examples of standards that include section on rationale: A31.3 Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix. A31.4 An example of the list of changes is: (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reﬂect the results of a recent interlaboratory study. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking. E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials F746 Test Method for Pitting or Crevice Corrosion of Metallic Surgical Implant Materials A31. Summary of Changes A31.1 If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered A-15 PART B FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS INTRODUCTION The broad scope of ASTM International, which covers materials, products, systems, and services, and the need to provide for a variety of approaches to the writing of ASTM speciﬁcations, prevent the development of a single document or a series of documents that list all subjects to be covered in all ASTM speciﬁcations. This document, however, is intended to provide considerable guidance to the committees in their speciﬁcation-writing activities. Special instructions with respect to the legal aspects shall be followed in writing any standard. These include such matters as contractual items, caveat statements, patents, and ﬁre standards. Assistance on development of ﬁre standards is available from Committee E05. See Part F for details. When a standard is being developed, the costs associated with its development and subsequent use generally should be considered. The prime objective should be the optimum use of resources to achieve satisfactory deﬁnition of the product or service. However, it should be noted that when the standard relates to the safety of persons, cost considerations are likely to become much less important than when attributes of materials or products are involved. Some standards, such as deﬁnitions, impose no cost on the user; others that include numerous and extensive requirements can entail signiﬁcant expense to users of the standard. The requirements to be included should, therefore, be those that are technically relevant and yield beneﬁts commensurate with the cost of their determination. Cost effective statements or rationale may be included within a standard if appropriate, usually in an appendix. Standards or sections of standards relating to the safe use or performance of consumer products (see NOTE B1) may be sent to Committee F15 on Consumer Products for review and comment at some appropriate stage prior to letter ballot of the originating main committee. This review is offered by Committee F15 to provide for the maximum of consumer input. Draft standards submitted to Committee F15 will receive rapid and constructive critique. NOTE B1—Consumer products are those designed primarily for use by the consumer in and around the home, school, or recreational areas. B1.1.2 Standardization— Standardization is an inevitable byproduct of most speciﬁcations. In some cases it may be the primary function. Standardization involves a deliberate and possibly arbitrary choice of a limited number from the multiplicity of qualities, sizes, compositions, etc., that may be available. B1.1.3 Providing Technical Data— All speciﬁcations contain technical information, but in some cases the designer requires more information than that provided for purchase or standardization. Committees may add information of this type to speciﬁcations either as requirements or as appendixes. B1.2 Open-End Agreements— There shall be no statements in speciﬁcations that allow B1. Functions B1.1 Speciﬁcations (see deﬁnition on p. vii) may have three functions and, although many speciﬁcations serve all three, it is well that those drafting speciﬁcations keep these functions in mind so that the primary purposes are not confused. B1.1.1 Purchasing— Speciﬁcations facilitate dealings between the purchaser and the supplier. Sufficient requirements should be included to ensure that all batches, lots, or deliveries from any seller that conform to the speciﬁcation will be satisfactory to the purchaser. Unnecessary requirements are likely to increase costs and should be avoided. B-1 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS Supplementary Requirements Quality Assurance Annexes and Appendixes References Summary of Changes agreement between purchaser and supplier that do not meet the minimum requirements of the speciﬁcation by such means as omitting tests that are a part of the speciﬁcation, substituting or modifying a test method, or by changing the speciﬁcation limits to be less restrictive. † Test methods included shall contain the mandatory headings shown in Section A1, except for title and designation. B2.2 Subject headings in boldface type shall precede each section to orient the reader. Substitute text divisions and number in accordance with the Use of the Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering System guide in Part D of this publication. B2. Subject Headings of Text B2.1 The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM speciﬁcations. Headings are those most generally used, but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identiﬁed as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development, in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, speciﬁc hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards shall be followed. Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings, which are included to cover specialized subjects, should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections below. † B3. Title (Mandatory) B3.1 The title should be as concise as possible, but complete enough to identify the material, product, system, or service covered by the speciﬁcation. Titles are used in lists, table of contents, and indexes, and it is most important that they be brief but inclusive. Use the singular form: “speciﬁcation.” B4. Designation and Year Date B4.1 Designation (mandatory)—The ASTM designation, assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval, consists of the following sequential parts: B4.1.1 A letter designation denoting in general the classiﬁcation according to material, product, system, or service: A—Ferrous metals and products B—Nonferrous metals and products C—Cementitious, ceramic, concrete, and masonry materials D—Miscellaneous materials and products E—Miscellaneous subjects F—End-use materials and products G—Corrosion, deterioration, weathering, durability, and degradation of materials and products Title (mandatory) Designation (mandatory) Scope (mandatory) Referenced Documents Terminology Classiﬁcation Ordering Information Materials and Manufacture Chemical Composition Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Performance Requirements Other Requirements Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance Sampling Number of Tests and Retests Specimen Preparation Test Methods Inspection Rejection and Rehearing Certiﬁcation Product Marking Packaging and Package Marking Keywords (mandatory) B4.1.2 A sequential number following the letter designation (for example, Speciﬁcation C150). B4.2 Year Date: (for example, Speciﬁcation C150-01): B4.2.1 After the designation, a hyphen is followed by the last two numbers of the year of acceptance or of last revision. If the standard is revised again during the same year, this is indicated by adding an “a” for the second revision, “b” for the third revision, etc. B-2 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS tion, test method, practice, classiﬁcation, guide, terminology, etc.) and the designation letter and number (for example, Test Method D1310). B6.3 Do not include the year date when designating referenced documents unless there is a technical reason for requiring a particular revision. B6.4 When listing referenced adjuncts, provide a brief description in this section, and a footnote of the availability. (For more speciﬁc information on adjuncts, refer to Section B29). B4.2.2 The parenthetical phrase (“Reapproved 20___”) to designate the year of last reapproval of a standard, if applicable. B4.2.3 For editorial changes that do not change the year designation, a note is inserted before the text to indicate the location and date of the change and a superscript epsilon (ε) is added after the year designation. the epsilon designations and corresponding notes are numbered chronologically and are deleted upon occasion of the next revision or reapproval. B4.3 Designation numbers of standards that have been discontinued are not reassigned. B4.4 SI Standards (see Part H and Section G24). B7. Terminology B7.1 See Section A7. B8. Classiﬁcation B8.1 When more than one material, product, or system is speciﬁed, they may be separated ﬁrst by types, which are distinguished by Roman numerals. This ﬁrst subdivision shall be based upon some major property, composition, or application of the item. Designate further subdivision by grades according to some pertinent property or properties and identify by Arabic numbers. If necessary, make additional division into classes, identiﬁed by capital letters. B8.2 The precedence of type, grade, and class, as well as the method of designation, is the ASTM preferred style, and it shall be used in the absence of any established preference. B8.3 When a type, grade, or class has been deleted, do not use this designation again, to avoid confusion with earlier speciﬁcations. If new designations are used, they shall be of different format and preferably followed (for a limited time) by the previous designation in parentheses. B5. Scope (Mandatory) B5.1 Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the speciﬁcation. Concisely state the materials, products, systems, or services to which the speciﬁcation applies and any known limitations. Include, where applicable, the intended use of the speciﬁcation. Do not include references to trademarks. B5.2 Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions. B5.3 Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as safety hazards (see F2.1) and ﬁre hazards (see F2.2) if one or more test methods are detailed other than by reference. B5.4 For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement: The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and ﬁgures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. B9. Ordering Information (See also Section B25) B9.1 When the speciﬁcation covers options for purchase, such as various types, grades, classes, alloys, sizes, and mass, the purchase order or inquiry should state which particular types, alloys, sizes are desired. B9.2 A listing of each such optional feature, together with a reference to the applicable section of the speciﬁcation, will be of assistance in the B6. Referenced Documents B6.1 List in alphanumeric sequence the designation and complete title all documents referenced within the standard. Refer to Section A6 for further information. B6.2 Provide footnotes to this section to indicate the sources of these documents. When ASTM standards are referenced later in the text, use only the type of standard (that is, speciﬁcaB-3 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS B11.2 The sequence of items speciﬁed shall be consistent within a related group of speciﬁcations. B11.3 The preferred introduction for this section is: “The material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.” B11.4 Limits on Nonspeciﬁed Elements— It is suggested that the following statement be added to tables of chemical requirements as applicable to replace the requirements and statements presently being used regarding nonspeciﬁed elements: “By agreement between purchaser and supplier, analysis may be required and limits established for elements or compounds not speciﬁed in the table of chemical composition” (see also Section B24). wording of orders. After the attention of the purchaser is directed to all of the options in the speciﬁcation, his attention might be directed to what would be furnished by the supplier if the purchaser fails to specify one or more of the options. B9.3 It is recommended that this section be included in all speciﬁcations as a checklist of items to be included in a purchase order or contract. If this list contains any ASTM designation (including referenced documents), it is desirable to specify “year date(s)” to avoid misunderstandings between contractual parties. B9.4 When citing a combined standard, indicate the system of units to be applied. For example: X.X This material/product shall conform to the requirements stated in SI units of Speciﬁcation A36/A36M. B12. Other Requirements B12.1 When necessary, detailed requirements should be given as to characteristics to which the material, product, or system shall conform. Frequently these are presented in tabular form. It is most important that the following information be clearly indicated: (1) name of each property or requirements, (2) whether the requirement is a maximum, minimum, or range, (3) whether an allowance for measurement error is incorporated in these limits, (4) the units applicable, (5) references to notes or footnotes when necessary for further clariﬁcation, and (6) appropriate test methodology. B12.2 Physical Properties— Present the requirements for electrical, thermal, optical, and similar properties in this section, usually in tabular form. B12.3 Mechanical Properties— Present the requirements for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and similar properties in this section. B12.4 Performance Requirements— Include functional, environmental, and similar requirements in this section when necessary. B12.5 Other Requirements— Include additional requirements as needed. B12.6 In preparing a speciﬁcation it is essential to make sure that there is a test procedure for determining conformance for each requirement. These shall be listed in the speciﬁcation (see Section B18). B10. Materials and Manufacture B10.1 General requirements regarding the materials and method of manufacture to be used may be included when deemed helpful to the user of the standard, such as the open-hearth, electricfurnace, or basic-oxygen bessemer processes generally speciﬁed for steel products. When the material, product, or system speciﬁed is made from two or more materials or products, this section should state brieﬂy the general requirements of the materials or products to be used and the process to be followed in manufacture, including items such as the nature and character of any alloys, ﬁllers, saturants, antioxidants, coatings, and plasticizers. B11. Chemical Composition B11.1 When necessary, detailed requirements shall be given as to chemical composition and other chemical characteristics for the material, product, or system. Frequently these are presented in tabular form. It is most important that the following information be clearly indicated: (1) name of each constituent speciﬁed, (2) whether the requirement is a maximum, minimum, or range, (3) whether an allowance for measurement error is incorporated in these limits, (4) the units applicable, (5) references to notes or footnotes when necessary for further clariﬁcation, and (6) appropriate analytical methodology. B-4 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS B15.2 If a speciﬁcation pertains to individual units of a lot and sampling inspection is likely to be the normal procedure, it is desirable for the speciﬁcation to reference or include in a supplementary section a sampling procedure for determining acceptability of the lot (see Section B25). B12.7 When it is not feasible to tabular the requirements, separate text division may be used to specify the various requirements. These shall be given appropriate headings consistent with the subject matter included. B13. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations B13.1 Details as to the standard shapes, mass, and size ranges usually are presented best in tabular form with brief reference in the text. Separate sections may be necessary with individual tables. The tables shall clearly indicate where the various size ranges are divided; for example, ranges from 0 to 250 mm, 250 to 500 mm, 500 to 750 mm shall be more properly stated as 250 mm and under, over 250 to 500 mm, inclusive; over 500 to 750 mm, inclusive, etc. B13.2 The permissible variations in dimensions, mass, etc., may be included in the same tables with the nominal sizes. It shall be made clear whether the tolerances speciﬁed are both plus and minus or apply in only one direction. NOTE B2—In a single sampling plan by attributes the acceptability of a lot will be determined by the number of units of product in the sample that do not conform to the speciﬁcations. The acceptable quality level (AQL) and limiting quality level (LQL) of an acceptance sampling plan, expressed as percentages of the units nonconforming, are characteristics of the sampling plan and are not to be viewed as product speciﬁcations. B15.3 If a speciﬁcation pertains to the mean of a lot, in particular to the mean of a lot of bulk material such as cement or pig iron, the procedure for sampling the lot or the formation of sample test units, or both, shall be described or referenced. The criterion for determining conformance of the lot shall be speciﬁcally stated. B15.4 If a speciﬁcation applies to a lot of bulk material, state the number of increments required to create a sample test unit and the number of test units to be taken to determine conformance of the lot. B15.5 The minimum amount of material required to carry out conveniently all the tests in the speciﬁcation should be indicated for the convenience of the user of the speciﬁcation. B14. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance B14.1 Requirements covering the workmanship and ﬁnish include such general requirements as the type of ﬁnish and general appearance or color, uniform quality and tempers (for metals), and whether the item is clean, sound, free of scale and injurious defects. To avoid misunderstanding, these should be spelled out clearly. Provisions for removal or repair of minor surface imperfections that are not considered cause for rejection should be stated. B14.2 For products such as pipe and tile it is usually customary to specify absence of defects such as fractures, large or deep cracks, checks, blisters, laminations, and surface roughness. The ﬁnish and shape of the ends also should be speciﬁed. B16. Number of Tests and Retests B16.1 State the number of test units and the number of test specimens or subunits that are required to determine conformance of the material or product to the speciﬁcations. In the sampling of a lot of bulk material, state the size of the sample in terms of the number of primary (ﬁrst stage) sampling units that is required to determine conformance to the speciﬁcations. B15. Sampling B15.1 If a speciﬁcation applies to a unit of product or material such as a piece of cloth, a coil of wire, a section of plastic pipe, or a heat of steel, from which specimens are to be taken for testing, the procedure for obtaining these specimens shall be described. NOTE B3—When a speciﬁcation pertains to several different properties of a material to be determined by a variety of test methods, a test unit is deﬁned as a unit or portion of the material that is sufficient to obtain a single, adequate set of test results for all properties to be measured. B16.2 If a speciﬁcation allows retesting in cases where the material or product fails to pass B-5 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS B19. Inspection B19.1 The following statement has been adopted by the Board of Directors to be used when there is a substantial disagreement between producers and users within a particular committee, resulting in a blockage of progress in the acceptance of new speciﬁcations or revisions to speciﬁcations: the speciﬁcation, state the rules for the retesting and the conditions under which the retesting would be permitted. B17. Specimen Preparation B17.1 Where special preparation is required, as for example in speciﬁcations for molding materials, this section shall be included. B17.2 Refer to a standard test method if possible. B17.3 If no standard test method exists, include sufficient detail in the speciﬁcation to assure acceptable reproducibility of test results. B17.4 State that specimens are to be prepared in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer only if neither B17.2 nor B17.3 is feasible. Inspection of the material shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier as part of the purchase order or contract. B19.2 Place any technical requirements on inspection such as sampling plan and physical or mechanical properties in other appropriate parts of the speciﬁcation. B20. Rejection and Rehearing B20.1 The following statement serves as a guide to ASTM committees when there is need for a section on rejection and rehearing: B18. Test Methods B18.1 List standard test methods for measurement of all requirements of a speciﬁcation. Refer to the ASTM test methods used in testing the material to determine conformance with the speciﬁcation. This includes sampling, chemical analysis, mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and other testing procedures. When alternative procedures are given in test methods, it is important to state which particular procedure shall be used as the basis for the speciﬁcation requirement. B18.2 When there is no ASTM test method speciﬁed for a particular quality or property of a speciﬁed material, describe the test procedure to be followed in detail in the speciﬁcation, following the Form of ASTM Test Methods (Part A of this publication). Include all mandatory information listed in A1.1 (title, scope, signiﬁcance and use, hazards, procedure, precision and bias). B18.3 Where a method of some other organization is being used and the committee has not approved the test as an ASTM test method, then it is preferable to describe the test in detail in the speciﬁcation and to include a footnote reference to the original source. Appropriate copyright releases shall be obtained. B18.4 State all procedures in the imperative mood. Material that fails to conform to the requirements of this speciﬁcation may be rejected. Rejection should be reported to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or supplier may make claim for a rehearing. B21. Certiﬁcation B21.1 A certiﬁcation section may be included in the standard when in the judgment of the committee, technical considerations make this advisable. If a certiﬁcation section is included, the certiﬁcation shall include reference to the standard designation and year date. B21.2 The following are suggested statements: When speciﬁed in the purchase order or contract, the purchaser shall be furnished certiﬁcation stating samples representing each lot have been tested and inspected as indicated in this speciﬁcation and the requirements have been met. When speciﬁed in the purchase order or contract, a report of the test results shall be furnished. Test reports may be transmitted to the purchaser by electronic services. The content of the electronically transmitted document shall conform to any existing agreement between the purchaser and the seller. B21.3 Upon the request of the purchaser in the purchase order or contract, the certiﬁcation of an independent third party indicating conformance to the requirements of this speciﬁcation may be considered. B-6 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS ﬁrst paragraph of the Supplementary Requirements section. The following is a suggested statement relating to special requirements: B22. Product Marking B22.1 It is customary to specify the information to be marked on the material or included on the package, or on a label or tag attached thereto. Such information typically may include the name, brand, or trademark of the manufacturer, quantity, size, weight, ASTM designation, or any other information that may be desired for a speciﬁc material. If an ASTM standard is speciﬁed, indicate “ASTM” and the designation number (for example, ASTM F2063) on the marking, when possible. The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when speciﬁed by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract. B25.2 Supplementary requirements shall appear separately in a Supplementary Requirements section. B25.3 Quality Assurance— This requirement, if included, shall be qualiﬁed by the statement: “When speciﬁed in the purchase order or contract.” Reference to a suitable document, such as ASTM International, ANSI, MIL, etc., may be made by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser. B25.4 Qualiﬁcation: B25.4.1 Qualiﬁcation to nongovernment standards shall be based on the same justiﬁcation and operated under the same rules as qualiﬁcation to military or federal speciﬁcations. The justiﬁcation and rules are covered in the DoD 4120.3-M manual, Chapter 4. Brieﬂy, qualiﬁcation is justiﬁed when one or more of the following apply: (1) The time to conduct one of the tests exceeds 30 days, (2) conformance inspection will require special equipment, (3) speciﬁcation covers life survival or emergency life-saving equipment. The committee preparing the speciﬁcation that calls for qualiﬁcation will be asked to show that: (1) there is no other practical way of obtaining evidence of the availability of products to meet the speciﬁcation in a reasonable time independent of that acquisition and (2) two or more sources are available and willing to submit their products for qualiﬁcation. B25.4.2 When qualiﬁcation is determined to be feasible and necessary, it shall be included in the Supplementary Requirements section with wording similar to: B23. Packaging and Package Marking B23.1 When it is customary and desirable to package, box, crate, wrap, or otherwise protect the item during shipment and storage in accordance with a standard practice, it is customary to state the requirements. B24. Keywords (Mandatory) B24.1 In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index. B24.2 Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the speciﬁc application(s) that will facilitate the identiﬁcation and retrieval of the standard. B24.3 All selected keywords shall be standalone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used. B25. Supplementary Requirements B25.1 For some standards supplementary requirements may be speciﬁed. These should not include statements that would allow the lowering of minimum requirements of the standard (see B1.2). Usually these apply only when speciﬁed by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract. A statement to this effect shall appear in the Items furnished under this speciﬁcation shall be products that are qualiﬁed for listing on the applicable qualiﬁed products list at the time set for opening of bids. Qualiﬁcation testing (as distinct from acceptance testing) shall be speciﬁcally identiﬁed with accept/reject criteria. A statement shall be made B-7 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS B27. References B27.1 Include only references to publications supporting or providing needed supplementary information. Historical and acknowledgment references are not recommended. If there are ﬁve or more references, list them in an unnumbered section at the end of the speciﬁcation in the order in which they appear in the text. If there are fewer than ﬁve literature references, use footnotes (see Section G21). concerning retention of qualiﬁcation. This may either be a manufacturer’s periodic selfcertiﬁcation, a periodic submission of test results, or a complete retest of the product. A statement similar to the following shall be included: With respect to products requiring qualiﬁcation, awards will be made only for products that are, at the time set for opening of bids, qualiﬁed for inclusion in Qualiﬁed Parts List (QPL No.) whether or not such products have actually been so listed by that date. The attention of the contractors is called to these requirements, and manufacturers are urged to arrange to have the products that they propose to offer tested for qualiﬁcation in order that they may be eligible to be awarded contracts or purchase orders for the products covered by this speciﬁcation. The activity responsible for the Qualiﬁed Parts List is (insert name and address of qualifying organization(s)) and information pertaining to qualiﬁcations of parts may be obtained from that activity. B28. Footnotes B28.1 General— Footnotes referenced in the text are intended only for reference and shall never include any information or instructions necessary for the proper application of the speciﬁcation. Table footnotes are a part of the table. Use consecutive superior numerals for reference to footnotes except in connection with tables, in which case use italic capital letters. B28.2 Committee Jurisdiction and History— Footnote 1 shall include in the ﬁrst paragraph the committee having jurisdiction and, where the committee so requests, the subcommittee. The second paragraph shall include history information as follows: (1) approval date of latest revision, (2) month and year of publication, (3) designation and year of original issue, (4) designation and year of previous issue, and (5) information as to the other standards that may have been replaced by the standard, year of redesignation, etc. B28.3 Literature References— Use footnotes for references if there are fewer than ﬁve. For ﬁve or more see Section B27, observing the limitations noted therein. Also see Section G21. B28.4 Sources of Apparatus— Where apparatus may be special or not readily available from more than one source, the source may be referenced. (However, see Section F4 for detailed rules.) B28.5 Research Reports— Reference in a footnote the availability of research reports (see Section B31). B26. Annexes and Appendixes B26.1 Additional information may be included in one or more annexes or appendixes to the speciﬁcation. B26.2 The words “Mandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of annexes and the words “Nonmandatory Information” shall be included directly under the title of appendixes. B26.3 Annexes— Include in annexes any detailed information such as that on apparatus or materials that is a mandatory part of the speciﬁcation but too lengthy for inclusion in the main text. Annexes shall precede appendixes. B26.4 Appendixes— There are times when it is desirable to include in a speciﬁcation additional information for general use and guidance, but which does not constitute a mandatory part of the speciﬁcation. It is appropriate to include such informational material in appendixes. Examples of material that has been included in such appendixes are tables showing approximate relationship between tensile strength and hardness, list of preferred thickness of plate, sheet, and strip reproduced from other documents, tables of standard mass and standard sizes, information on typical applications of the material covered, and information on typical physical properties whose deﬁnite values are not prescribed in the speciﬁcation. B29. Notes B29.1 Notes in the text shall not include mandatory requirements. Notes are intended to B-8 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS B29.5 General Statement of ASTM Policy— This note, quoted in F2.3 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard after the note on Patent Disclaimer of Liability. set explanatory material apart from the text itself, either for emphasis or for offering informative suggestions not properly part of the standard. Clariﬁcation of the description of required apparatus or procedure and modiﬁcations required or permitted in certain cases belong in the text itself. If inclusion of the contents yields a different result, then that information is considered mandatory for the performance of the standard and shall be located in the text. Notes may be preferable for detailed description of auxiliary procedures (for example, correction of barometric pressure in a test method not primarily concerned with pressure). Table notes are a part of the table and are mandatory provisions. B30. Adjuncts B30.1 Occasionally it is not practicable to publish as an integral part of the standard, because of its nature, material that may be required for use of the standard. Such material is published as an adjunct. B30.2 Include a description of the adjunct in the text of the standard. If appropriate, include a ﬁgure (illustration) of the adjunct. B30.3 When adjunct material is indicated, it shall be made available at the time of publication of the standard. B30.4 Include all referenced adjuncts in the Referenced Documents section (see Section A6). B30.5 Examples of adjuncts are as follows: B30.5.1 Comparison standards such as the copper strip corrosion standards for Test Method D130 (lithograph aluminum strips), B30.5.2 Charts such as the viscositytemperature charts for liquid petroleum for D341, B30.5.3 Reference radiographs such as E155 or reference photographs, such as E125, B30.5.4 Technical data such as the twelve volumes of D1250, Petroleum Measurement Tables, and B30.5.5 Drawings such as detailed drawings for the construction of the smoke chamber in Test Method D2843. B29.2 Notes appearing in a given standard shall be numbered in sequence and should appear at the end of the paragraph to which they pertain. If it is necessary to refer to a text note in connection with a speciﬁc word or phrase in the text, that word or phrase should be followed by a reference to the note, “NOTE 1”), etc. B29.3 Notes in the text are preferred for the following: B29.3.1 To refer to editorial changes made in the text. B29.3.2 To refer to similar or companion ASTM standards. B29.3.3 Description, if included under “Scope,” of experimental means for recognizing cases where the method is not applicable to the material under test. B29.3.4 Description of additional (not alternative) apparatus, materials, procedures, or calculations that are not actually required; or description of merely recommended forms of construction of required apparatus. B29.3.5 Explanation, if needed, of the reasons for a certain requirement or direction. If brief, include in the text rather than as a note. B29.4 Patent Disclaimer of Liability— See Section 15 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. This note, quoted in F3.2 and not numbered, is generally placed at the end of the standard. Questions regarding the applicability of this section should be referred to the Staff Manager of your committee. B31. Research Reports B31.1 Research reports, which include historical or round-robin information, or other data, shall be sent to Headquarters, where they are given a ﬁle number and may be obtained upon request. Such reports may be referenced in a footnote (see B28.5). If the speciﬁcation contains a detailed test method, the requirements in Section A29 apply. B32. Rationale (Commentary) B32.1 The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to B-9 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS from another (from both an engineering and stocking viewpoint). Each product so covered shall be assigned a part number that: provide traceability and clariﬁcation of past actions. This documentation might include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justiﬁcation for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature. B32.2 If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard. B32.3 Examples of standards that include sections on rationale: • Is uniquely identifying. • Includes the document (standard) number. • Does not exceed 15 characters including dashes, slashes, spaces, etc. • Does not include the letters “I,” “O,” “Q,” “S,” “X,” and “Z.” • Does not change when the document is changed in a manner that does not affect interchangeability. • Does not change when the product is modiﬁed so as to not be interchangeable. (In such instances, appropriate usage guidance will be provided if appropriate.) E84, Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials F746, Test Method for Pitting or Crevice Corrosion of Metallic Surgical Implant Materials F763, Practice for Short-Term Screening of Implant Materials B33.3.2 All standards that include part numbers shall contain a ﬁve-digit numerical manufacturers’ code as assigned by the U.S. Government under the Federal Cataloging Program. (See Fig. B1.) B33.3.3 An example of a part-numbering system appears in ASTM Speciﬁcation F1667, for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples. B33. Part Numbering B33.1 General— Part-numbering systems may be included in an ASTM speciﬁcation. The part-numbering system shall be placed in the appendix, shall be called out “when speciﬁed” as a supplementary requirement, and shall be referenced to appropriately under either “product marking,” “packaging and package marking,” or both places. B33.2 When Used for DOD Procurement: B33.2.1 The inclusion of a part-numbering system should be considered by technical committees when preparing speciﬁcations. Although it is a committee decision whether or not to include part numbering, ASTM International encourages such inclusion in speciﬁcations to make them more readily usable directly in procurement and supply applications. B33.2.2 Part numbers shall be kept short and shall not exceed 15 characters. Part numbering shall be uniform for all parts covered by the same speciﬁcations; uniformity is also preferred for all part numbers within the same group of closely related items. B33.3 Criteria for Inclusion of Part Numbers: B33.3.1 In development of standards that embrace end products, every attempt should be made to deﬁne all product variables so as to enable one product to be positively distinguished B34. Summary of Changes B34.1 If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph: Committee XXX has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (insert designation and year date) that may impact the use of this standard. B34.2 An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the ﬁrst page: *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. B34.3 Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the B-10 FORM OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix. B34.4 An example of the list of changes is: (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reﬂect the results of a recent interlaboratory study. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking. FIG. B1 Part Numbering System Covering Standard Items Used by U.S. Government B-11 PART C FORM OF OTHER TYPES OF ASTM STANDARDS INTRODUCTION In addition to test methods and speciﬁcations, ASTM standards take other forms, including the following: Reference Radiographs Reference Photographs Tables Charts Classiﬁcations Practices Guides Terminology or Deﬁnitions (see Part E) As a committee attempts to develop a standard, the question of differentiation between a practice and a guide may arise. In general, a practice underscores a general usage principle whereas a guide suggests an approach. A standard practice connotes accepted procedures for the performance of a given task. Refer to deﬁnitions given on p. vii. A guide may propose a series of options or instructions that offer direction without recommending a deﬁnite course of action. The purpose of this type of standard is to offer guidance based on a consensus of viewpoints but not to establish a standard practice to follow in all cases. A guide is intended to increase the awareness of the user concerning available techniques in a given subject area, while providing information from which subsequent testing programs can be derived. Regarding reference radiographs, reference photographs, tables, and charts, there are relatively few subject headings, and the form of the standard is left to the jurisdiction of the sponsoring committee. The ﬁrst two types listed in the introduction to Part C, however, are most common and are given greater treatment below. Special instructions with respect to the legal aspects are included in Part F and shall be followed in writing any standard. These include such matters as contractual items, caveat statements, patents, and ﬁre standards. Assistance on development of ﬁre standards is available from Committee E05. The policies contained in Part F are approved by and are under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Board of Directors. When a standard is being developed, the costs associated with its development and subsequent use generally should be considered. The prime objective should be the optimum use of resources to achieve satisfactory deﬁnition of the product or service. However, it should be noted that when the standard relates to the safety of persons, cost considerations are likely to become much less important than when attributes of materials or products are involved. Some standards, such as a deﬁnition, impose no cost on the user; others that include numerous and extensive requirements can entail signiﬁcant expense to users of the standard. The requirements to be included should, therefore, be those that are technically relevant and yield beneﬁts commensurate with the cost of their determination. Cost effectiveness statements or rationale may be included within a standard if appropriate, usually in an appendix. CLASSIFICATIONS C1. Description systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use.”1 C1.1 “A classiﬁcation is a systematic arrangement or division of materials, products, 1 From Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. C-1 CLASSIFICATIONS C1.2 Classiﬁcations provide a time- and space-saving shorthand for specifying the above description. C1.3 Classiﬁcations may be deﬁned by each committee differently because of the unique nature of that committee. A collection or grouping of deﬁnitions to one committee may be termed a classiﬁcation while still another committee may group objects or properties in a classiﬁcation. tify the nature of the basis for classiﬁcation, for speciﬁc materials, systems, services, and products. C2. Subject Headings of Text C2.1 The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM classiﬁcations. Headings are those most generally used but may not be all-inclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identiﬁed as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development; in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, speciﬁc hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards (see Section A13) shall be followed. Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. The use of footnotes and notes shall follow Sections A26 and A27 respectively. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections below. C5. Scope (Mandatory) C5.1 Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the classiﬁcation. Concisely state what characteristics have been classiﬁed and the materials, products, systems, or services to which the classiﬁcation applies. Where applicable state any limitations to the use of the classiﬁcation. C5.2 Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions. C5.3 Include, where applicable, comparisons of the classiﬁcation to other similar classiﬁcations. C4. Designation (Mandatory) C4.1 The ASTM designation is assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval. Refer to Sections A3 or B4 for sequential parts of numbering. C6. Referenced Documents C6.1 List here in alphanumeric sequence the designation number and complete title of all documents referenced within the classiﬁcation. Refer to Section A6 for further information. C7. Terminology C7.1 See Section A7. Title (mandatory) Designation (mandatory) Scope (mandatory) Referenced Documents Terminology Signiﬁcance and Use (mandatory) Basis of Classiﬁcation (mandatory) Test Methods and Retest Keywords (mandatory) Annexes and Appendixes Summary of Changes C8. Signiﬁcance and Use (Mandatory) C8.1 Include in this section information relating to the relevance of the classiﬁcation. State how the classiﬁcation is used and who would typically use it. C9. Basis of Classiﬁcation (Mandatory) C9.1 The basis of classiﬁcation is in fact the most important portion of the document. This heading sets up categories in which groupings are made. For example, ASTM Classiﬁcation D388, C3. Title (Mandatory) C3.1 The title of a classiﬁcation standard should be concise, but complete enough to idenC-2 PRACTICES AND GUIDES C12. Annexes and Appendixes C12.1 Supplementary information is provided herein to aid in understanding and using the standard. C12.2 Annexes (see A24.3). C12.3 Appendixes (see A24.4). of Coals by Rank (Vol 05.06) deﬁnes classiﬁcation of higher rank coals according to ﬁxed carbon on a dry basis while lower rank coals are classed according to caloric value on the moist basis. C10. Test Methods and Retest C10.1 Properties enumerated in a classiﬁcation may be determined in accordance with speciﬁc test methods. These methods should be referenced in this portion of the document. C10.2 Because of variability resulting from sampling and a lack of satisfactory reproducibility, and in instances when the ﬁrst test results do not conform to the requirements prescribed in this classiﬁcation, then a retest option may be provided. C13. Examples C13.1 Examples of classiﬁcations are: D388 Classiﬁcation of Coals by Rank D3475 Classiﬁcation of Child-Resistant Packages C14. Summary of Changes C14.1 If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph: Committee XXX has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (insert designation and year date ) that may impact the use of this standard. C11. Keywords (Mandatory) C11.1 In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index. C11.2 Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the speciﬁc application(s) that will facilitate the identiﬁcation and retrieval of the standard. C11.3 All selected keywords shall be standalone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used. C14.2 Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. C14.3 An example of the list of changes is: (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reﬂect the results of a recent interlaboratory study. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking. PRACTICES AND GUIDES posal, installation, maintenance, and operation of testing apparatus. C15. Description C15.1 A standard practice is an accepted procedure for the performance of one or more operations or functions. In certain cases practices may include one or more test methods necessary for full use of the practice. Examples of practices include selection, preparation, application, inspection, necessary precautions for use or dis- C15.2 A standard guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a speciﬁc course of action. Guides are intended to increase the awareness of information and approaches in a given subject area. Guides may propose a series of options or C-3 PRACTICES AND GUIDES It should identify the subject of application and should be distinguishable from similar titles (see A2.1 as it applies to titles of test methods). instructions that offer direction without recommending a deﬁnite course of action. The purpose of this type of standard is to offer guidance based on a consensus of viewpoints but not to establish a standard practice to follow in all cases. C18. Designation (Mandatory) C18.1 The ASTM designation is assigned by Headquarters on submittal for approval. Refer to Sections A3 and B4 for sequential parts of numbering. C16. Subject Headings of Text C16.1 The following is the sequence for the text of ASTM practices and guides. Headings are those most generally used but may not be allinclusive. It may be necessary to include other headings for specialized subjects. The headings identiﬁed as “mandatory” are required. Other headings shall be included when the subject matter is pertinent to the document under development; in which case, all instructions and guidance for that particular section shall be followed. For example, if the standard does not contain reference to any standard documents within the text, it is not required to include a section on Referenced Documents. If, however, speciﬁc hazards are cited throughout the text, then the section on Hazards (see Section A13) shall be followed. The use of footnotes and notes shall follow Sections A26 and A27 respectively. † C19. Scope (Mandatory) C19.1 Include in this section information relating to the purpose of the practice or guide and to what it applies. Clearly state any limitations of the practice or guide. C19.2 Include in this section the system of units to be used in referee decisions. C19.3 Include in this section any caveats required by ASTM policy such as safety hazards (see F2.1) and ﬁre hazards (see F2.2). C19.4 For standards developed for reference in model (building) codes, include the following statement: The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and ﬁgures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. Title (mandatory) Designation (mandatory) Scope (mandatory) Referenced Documents Terminology Summary of Practice Signiﬁcance and Use (mandatory) Reagents Procedure Test Methods Report Keywords (mandatory) Annexes and Appendixes Summary of Changes C20. Referenced Documents C20.1 List here in alphanumeric sequence the designation number and complete title of all documents referenced within the practice (or guide). Refer to Section A6 for further information. †Test Methods included shall contain the mandatory headings included in Section A1, except for title and designation. C21. Terminology C21.1 See Section A7 and Part E. C16.2 Not all of these headings may be required for a particular standard. Additional headings that are included to cover specialized subjects should appear in the most appropriate place and sequence depending on their relation to the sections listed in C16.1. C22. Summary of Practice C22.1 Include here a brief outline of the practice, describing its essential features without the details that are a necessary part of the complete statement of procedure and sequence. If desired, a brief statement of the principle of the practice may be given. C17. Title (Mandatory) C17.1 The title should be concise but complete enough to identify the nature of the practice. C-4 PRACTICES AND GUIDES D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers E679 Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds by a Forced-Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits E795 Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During Sound Absorption Tests C23. Signiﬁcance and Use (Mandatory) C23.1 Include in this section information that explains the relevance and meaning of the practice (or guide). State the practical uses for the practice and how it is typically employed. Avoid repetition of information included in the Scope (see Section C19). C23.2 Include separately any appropriate comments on limitations of the practice. Indicate any means of recognizing cases where the practice may not be applicable. C23.3 Include, where applicable, comparisons of the practice (or guide) to other similar procedures. C26.2 When there is no ASTM test method speciﬁed for a particular quality or property of a speciﬁed material, describe the test procedure to be followed in detail in the practice (or guide), following the Form of ASTM Test Methods (Part A of this publication). Include all mandatory information listed in A1.1 (title, scope, signiﬁcance and use, hazards, procedure, precision and bias). C26.3 Where a method of some other organization is being used and the committee has not approved the test as an ASTM test method, then it is preferable to describe the test in detail in the practice or guide and to include a footnote reference to the original source. Obtain appropriate copyright releases. C26.4 State all procedures in the imperative mood. C24. Reagents C24.1 See Section A12. C25. Procedure C25.1 Include in the procedure detailed directions for performing the task outlined in the practice. C25.2 In some cases, to aid in clarity, a diagrammatic, photographic, or schematic may be of value to the user of the practice. These shall be supplied to the ASTM editorial staff as originals. An excellent example of this type of approach is illustrated in ASTM Practice D2855, for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings. C27. Report C27.1 Include detailed information as to calculating, interpreting, and reporting results in this section. C27.2 Depending upon the nature of the practice, an entire section may, by necessity, be devoted to calculation or interpretation of results, or both. C27.3 When a practice permits variance in conditions under which the standard practice has been performed, these conditions should become part of the report. C26. Test Methods C26.1 List standard test methods for measurement of all requirements of practices or guides. Refer to the ASTM test methods used in testing the material to determine conformance with the practice or guide. This includes sampling, chemical analysis, mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and other testing procedures. When alternative procedures are given in test methods, it is important to state which particular procedure shall be used as the basis for the practice or guide requirement. C26.1.1 Examples of standard practices that include multiple test methods: C28. Keywords (Mandatory) C28.1 In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index. C28.2 Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special C-5 PRACTICES AND GUIDES materials, or the speciﬁc application(s) that will facilitate the identiﬁcation and retrieval of the standard. C28.3 All selected keywords shall be standalone terms; the type of standard, incomplete phrases, unattached adjectives, etc., shall not be used. C31. Summary of Changes C31.1 If the committee chooses to provide a Summary of Changes, place this unnumbered section at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph: Committee XXX has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (insert designation and year date) that may impact the use of this standard. C29. Annexes and Appendixes C29.1 Supplementary information is provided herein to aid in understanding and utilizing the standard. C29.2 Annexes (see A24.3). C29.3 Appendixes (see A24.4). C31.2 An asterisk will appear after the Scope (Scope*) with the following wording at the bottom of the ﬁrst page: *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. C30. Rationale C30.1 The inclusion of a rationale (commentary) section in ASTM standards is encouraged to ensure that brief and concise documentation is available to the user of the standard and to provide traceability and clariﬁcation of past actions. This documentation might include: (1) a brief history of the development of a new standard or revision to an existing standard including when and why the effort was initiated, (2) reasons and justiﬁcation for requirements, (3) documentation of factors considered, and (4) listing of technical sources and literature. C30.2 If included, this information shall appear in an appendix of the standard. C30.3 Examples of standards that include sections on rationale: C31.3 Next list, by section or subsection, changes made since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. For standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time, keep the Summary of Changes in the standard for 18 months. This will ensure that all changes from one publication of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards to the next are recorded. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. If desired, a more extensive description of reasons for the changes should be placed in the appendix. C31.4 An example of the list of changes is: (1) Deleted Section 5 and renumbered subsequent sections. (2) Updated precision statement in Section 10 to reﬂect the results of a recent interlaboratory study. (3) Revised hardness requirements in Table 2. (4) Revised Section 14 on Product Marking. E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials F746 Test Method for Pitting or Crevice Corrosion of Metallic Surgical Implant Materials F763 Practice for Short-Term Screening of Implant Materials C-6 PART D USE OF THE MODIFIED DECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION In recent years, “point” systems for numbering sections of a document have come into extensive use. Many national organizations, associations, societies, industrial concerns, and government agencies are using a Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering (MDN) System. MDN is also used by standardization organizations. In 1963, ASTM International adopted the MDN System for ASTM standards. This guide has been prepared for the use of members who are drafting or revising standards. The object of the MDN System is to assign to each division in a text a unique number that shows the relationship of the speciﬁc section to all previous sections and gives a complete designation which does not require reference to previous sections or pages. D3. Assignment of Numbers D3.1 Number the primary sections of a standard serially, beginning with 1 or “Scope,” using as many numbers as required by the number of sections. D3.2 Assign to the successive secondary sections of any primary section a two-part number consisting of the number used for the primary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of secondary sections. For example, if there are eleven secondary sections in the ﬁfth section of a standard, designate these secondary sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 ... 5.9, 5.10, and 5.11. D3.3 Assign to the successive ternary sections in a secondary section a three-part number consisting of the two-part number assigned to the secondary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of ternary sections. For example, if there are four ternary sections in secondary section 8.4, designate the ternary sections, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, and 8.4.4. D3.4 Assign to each of the successive quaternary sections in a ternary section a four-part number consisting of the three-part number assigned to the ternary section followed by a decimal point and a consecutive number, beginning with 1, using as many numbers as required by the number of quaternary sections. For D1. Scope D1.1 The Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering (MDN) System is designed primarily for numbering the text division in standards. D1.2 The MDN System is also referred to as the “Point” System. D2. Parts of a Standard D2.1 All documents are considered to consist of several primary divisions called primary sections. A primary section may include one or more secondary sections. A secondary section may include one or more ternary sections which in turn may include one or more quaternary sections. D2.2 The terms “primary section,” “secondary section,” “ternary section,” and “quaternary section” shall not be used in headings or references. D2.3 References shall be made by referring to only the number when referring to secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. Refer to primary sections as “Section 4” or “Sections 5 to 9.” D2.4 Either of the generic words “section” or “division” may be used in correspondence or other communication, but shall not be used in references, other than primary, as directed in D2.2 and D2.3. D-1 USE OF THE MODIFIED DECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM A2, A3, etc.) Precede the title of each appendix by the letter “X” followed by a number in consecutive order, beginning with 1 for the ﬁrst appendix (X1, X2, X3, etc.) D6.2.1 There shall be no decimal point between the “A” or “X” and the number. D6.3 Designate primary, secondary, and ternary sections of each annex or appendix as shown in D3.2, D3.3, and D3.4, respectively (NOTE D1) (for example, A1.1, A1.1.1, and A1.1.1.1). D6.4 No individual annex or appendix shall be subdivided into more than three levels in accordance with D3.5. example, if there are three quaternary sections in the second ternary section of secondary section 8.4, designate them 8.4.2.1, 8.4.2.2, and 8.4.2.3. D3.5 There shall be no further subdivision beyond that allowed by the four-part number. The judicious use of unnumbered center headings may help in the adherence to this rule. D4. Supplementary Requirements D4.1 Designate each supplementary requirement by the letter “S” followed by a consecutive number, beginning with 1 for the ﬁrst supplementary requirement. D4.1.1 There shall be no decimal point between the “S” and the number. D4.1.2 Do not renumber supplementary requirement designations once deleted. D4.2 Designate primary, secondary, and ternary sections of each supplementary requirement as shown in D3.2, D3.3, and D3.4, respectively. D7. Equations D7.1 Equations should be numbered when two or more are included in the main text of the standard (see G16.6). Designate equations with consecutive arabic numbers beginning with 1. Number each equation in the order that it appears in the standard, regardless of the section number in which it is referenced. D7.2 Designate equations in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers beginning with 1 (for example, Eq A1.1, A2.4, X3.2). NOTE D1—Primary sections of a supplementary requirement, an annex, or an appendix are numbered the same as a secondary section of the main standard (with two-part numbers); secondary and ternary sections of a supplementary requirement, an annex, or an appendix are, therefore, numbered the same as ternary and quaternary sections (with three and four-part numbers), respectively, of the standard. D4.3 No individual supplementary requirement shall be subdivided into more than three levels in accordance with D3.5. D8. Tables D8.1 Assign consecutive arabic numbers to successive tables throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the table is referenced. D8.2 Designate tables in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers beginning with 1 (for example, Table A1.1, A2.4, X3.2). Tables shall follow directly the appropriate annex or appendix. D5. Literature References D5.1 Where a document includes ﬁve or more literature references, list them in a separate unnumbered section at the end of the document, preceding annexes and appendixes. Assign a one-part number of each individual reference. See Section G21 of this publication. D9. Figures D9.1 Assign consecutive arabic numbers to successive ﬁgures throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the ﬁgure is referenced. D9.2 Designate ﬁgures in annexes and appendixes by the designation of the annex or appendix followed by consecutive numbers D6. Annexes and Appendixes D6.1 Separate annexes and appendixes from the main text with the centered headings ANNEX(ES) and APPENDIX(ES). D6.2 Precede the title of each annex by the letter “A” followed by a number in consecutive order, beginning with 1 for the ﬁrst annex (A1, D-2 USE OF THE MODIFIED DECIMAL NUMBERING SYSTEM beginning with 1 (for example, Fig. A1.1, A2.4, X3.2). Figures shall follow directly any tables of the appropriate annex or appendix. D13.2 Do not assign numbers to centered headings when used. D10. Text Notes D10.1 Assign consecutive numbers to successive notes throughout the main text of the standard without regard to the number assigned to the section to which the note may refer. Notes shall be indicated by the word “NOTE” followed by the number. D10.2 Designate notes in annexes by the letter “A” and in appendixes by the letter “X,” followed by consecutive numbers, beginning with 1. D10.3 Designate notes pertaining to ﬁgures by consecutive numbers, beginning with 1 for the ﬁrst note to each individual ﬁgure. D14. Introductory Sections D14.1 Where a standard has a preliminary section with a heading such as “Introduction” or “Foreword,” do not assign this section a number so that “Scope” shall always be designated with the one-part number “1” in accordance with D3.1. D15. General Application D15.1 Exercise care to distinguish between successive, parallel, and alternative sections and supplementary sections such as secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. Only the latter three require the addition of another decimal point and number. Note also the manner of handling alternative clauses within a section. For example: D11. Footnotes D11.1 Assign consecutive numbers to successive footnotes throughout the standard, including supplementary requirements, annexes, and appendixes, without regard to the number assigned to the section in which the footnotes appears. 10. Procedure 10.1 Dry the specimen by either (1) heating at 105EC (221EF) for 2 h, or (2) holding the specimen in a conditioned atmosphere until dry to the touch. Note that the above example is a single sentence and no further numbering breakdown is required. NOTE D2—Since Footnote 1 is required for sponsoring committee and year date of a standard, the ﬁrst footnote referenced in the body of the text is Footnote 2. 10. Procedure 10.1 Make all tests on conditioned specimens using the procedure given in 10.3 and 10.4. 10.2 Calibrate the tension testing machine and see that the oven is at the speciﬁed temperature. 10.3 Variable Frequency Procedure: 10.3.1 Adjust the ... 10.3.2 Insert the ... 10.4 Variable Tension Procedure: 10.4.1 Start the ... 10.4.2 Clamp the ... D11.2 Designate footnotes to tables by consecutive letters, beginning with “A” for the ﬁrst footnote to each individual table. D11.3 Footnotes shall be referenced by superscript numbers, or, in the case of tables, by superscript italic capital letters. D12. Combination of Systems D12.1 Do not use a combination of the MDN System and other systems for designating secondary, ternary, and quaternary sections. For example, do not divide 8.4 into 8.4 (a), 8.4 (b), and 8.4 (c), rather than the 8.4.1, 8.4.2, and 8.4.3 as directed in D3.3. Note that in the above example, 10.3 and 10.4 are successive subdivisions of 10, not subdivisions of 10.1 or 10.2. D16. Problems D16.1 Any problems in the implementation of the MDN System in ASTM standards should be referred to the ASTM Director of Standards Publications for resolution. D13. Omission of Numbers D13.1 Do not assign MDN numbers to examples that are numbered serially throughout a document. D-3 PART E TERMINOLOGY IN ASTM STANDARDS INTRODUCTION ASTM standard terminology is written to promote three objectives: (1) precise understanding and interpretation of ASTM standards, (2) standardization of terminology in standards, reports, and other technical writings, and (3) explanation of the meanings of technical terms for the beneﬁt of those not conversant with them. For terminology to be effective, it should be used consistently. It is, therefore, the responsibility of each technical committee to manage terminology usage in all standards for which it has jurisdiction to ensure that usage is consistent both within the committee and the Society. Part E provides guidance to technical committees and to those who review the work of technical committees regarding the principles of terminology. E2. Deﬁnitions of Terms and Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to a Standard E1. Terminology Management E1.1 In ASTM International, technical committees are responsible for deﬁning terminology within technical standards and for developing terminology as a type of standard. Terminology ensures precise interpretation of ASTM standards and explains technical terms for the beneﬁt of users who are not conversant with the language of the standard. Use terminology that is clear, explicit, and not liable to misinterpretation when referred to in technical operations, commercial contracts, or legal proceedings. E2.1 The distinction between deﬁnitions of terms and deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard is related to the degree of application. If a term has a meaning more specialized than its commonly used language, is used by two or more subcommittees within a committee, or appears in several standards, it is labeled as a deﬁnition of a term. When the term is limited in application to the standard in which it needs to be deﬁned, it is labeled as a deﬁnition of a term speciﬁc to a standard. Deﬁnitions of Terms and Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to a Standard appear in separate subsections within the Terminology section of a technical standard. Since deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard have limited application, they do not generally appear in a technical committee’s general terminology standard. E2.1.1 An example of a deﬁnition is: E1.2 Terminology in a technical standard may include deﬁnitions of terms and deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard and explanations of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms that are necessary for the reader to understand that particular standard. E1.3 All technical standards should contain a Terminology section that includes deﬁnitions of terms or deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard, or both. Reference to a related terminology standard(s) can be sufficient for this section. X.x dolly, n—a low platform or structure mounted on wheels or casters, designed primarily for moving bulky loads for short distances. (Compare pallet) D996 E1.4 All technical committees should develop and maintain a general terminology standard. Terminology, as a type of standard, is comprised of deﬁnitions of terms and explanations of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms pertaining to the scope of a technical committee or a specialized ﬁeld within the committee. E2.1.2 An example of a deﬁnition speciﬁc to a standard is: X.x standard, n—as used in ASTM International, a document that has been developed and established within the consensus principles of the Society and that meets the approval requirements of ASTM procedures and regulations. Form and Style for ASTM Standards E-1 TERMINOLOGY IN ASTM STANDARDS E4.2 Describe the essential characteristics of the term. Keep it simple. Do not include irrelevant details such as how things are made, used, or measured. E4.3 State the deﬁnition without repeating the term deﬁned. Use language that is understandable to non-experts. E4.4 Complete the deﬁnition in one sentence. If two or more phrases are needed to state the meaning, connect them with semicolons. Include any necessary supplementary information as a Discussion. E4.5 The term and its elements should appear in the following order: term; abbreviation; symbol; dimensions of quantities, measurement units; part of speech; delimiting phrase; statement of meaning, including speciﬁcation limits where applicable; cross-references to synonyms or related terms; attribution. E3. Guidelines for Writing Deﬁnitions of Terms and Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to a Standard E3.1 Use these guidelines when writing both deﬁnition of terms and deﬁnitions of terms speciﬁc to a standard. E3.2 Prepare a deﬁnition when: E3.2.1 Any term used in a standard is essential to the interpretation and application of the standard; E3.2.2 A term used in a standard is not adequately deﬁned in common language; E3.2.3 Using qualitative adjectives and nouns that could be taken to denote or connote an absolute, unqualiﬁed, or unconditional property or capability; for example: waterproof, stainless, unbreakable, vapor barrier, gas-free, ﬂat, safe, rigid, pure. Such qualitative adjectives and nouns shall not be used unless actually used and deﬁned in their absolute sense; E3.2.4 Describing a quantitative determinable property or capability that might cause misinterpretation or confusion; for example: strong, high, accurate, clean. E5. Elements of a Term E5.1 Abbreviations— For terms usually represented by an abbreviation, place a comma and the preferred abbreviation following the term, and then the part of speech, for example: E3.3 Do not develop a deﬁnition when: E3.3.1 A term is adequately deﬁned in reference source material (print or electronic version), unless a deﬁnition is required for clarity; E3.3.2 A term has a well-recognized authoritative meaning such as terms deﬁned in the International System of Units (SI); E3.3.3 A term is deﬁned acceptably for the committee’s purposes in the ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology or the committee’s terminology standard; E3.3.4 A term that meets the committee’s needs has been deﬁned in a technical standard of another committee or subcommittee. average, avg, n— E5.2 Symbols— For terms usually represented by a letter symbol, place a comma and the preferred symbol following the term, and then the part of speech, for example: ampere, A, n— E5.3 Dimensions of Physical Quantities— If the term represents a physical quantity, state its analytical dimension in italics in square brackets immediately following the letter symbol, or if there is none, following the term itself, for example: critical height, Hc[L],n—in earth grading, the maximum height at which a vertical or sloped bank of soil will stand unsupported under a speciﬁc set of conditions. D653 E4. Form of a Deﬁnition E4.1 Write deﬁnitions of terms and deﬁnitions speciﬁc to a standard in the dictionarydeﬁnition form. Include term, part of speech, deﬁnition, and, when applicable, a delimiting phrase (see E5.5). E5.4 Parts of Speech— Including the part of speech enables the user to distinguish between closely allied terms; for example: E-2 TERMINOLOGY IN ASTM STANDARDS 3.1.1 Discussion—The examples or samples of construction material, permit examination of quality level. E631 ﬂame resistance, n—the ability to withstand ﬂame impingement or give protection from it. E176 ﬂame resistant, adj—having ﬂame resistance E176 E5.9 Attributions— If an existing deﬁnition is adopted from another reference source material (for example, technical standard, manual, or dictionary), copy it exactly and identify the original source in a boldface notation at the right margin following the deﬁnition. E5.5 Delimiting Phrases— If a term has different meanings in other technical ﬁelds or contexts, include an italicized phrase that delimits the deﬁnition to its ﬁeld of application. This phrase should follow the dash and be separated from the basic statement of meaning by a comma, for example: E5.9.1 Notify Headquarters that permission to publish shall be obtained from the organization holding copyright. The deﬁnition shall not be published without permission. beam, n—in a balance, the horizontal pan support. beam, n—in a building, a horizontal load-carrying structural member of the building frame. beam, n—in optics, a concentrated unidirectional ﬂow of radiant energy. E284 E6. Use of Symbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations as Terminology E6.1 In standards containing numerous symbols, acronyms, or abbreviations, these items may be listed under the appropriate subheading as a convenience to the user of the standard. E6.1.1 Symbols— Alphabetically list the symbols. Do not assign a number or capitalize the explanation, for example: E5.6 Speciﬁcation Limits— If a deﬁnition involves speciﬁcation limits applicable only to a speciﬁc standard (for example, in deﬁning plate by specifying a thickness range), make the term speciﬁc to that standard. If, however, it is intended that this deﬁnition be broadly accepted within a speciﬁc technical committee or within ASTM International, delimit its scope, for example: X.x Symbols: A = cross-sectional area of specimen B = normal induction plate, n—aluminum products, a rolled ﬂat product of thickness 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) or greater. E6.1.2 Acronym— An acronym is a shortened form of a compound term that uses the initial letters of the term to make a pronounceable word. Alphabetically list, and capitalize the acronyms. In a few cases acronyms are written in lower case, such as laser and sonar. Do not capitalize the explanation unless it is a proper noun, for example: E5.7 Cross-references— Cross-references bring together related terms and narrower terms of a given genus. A cross-reference may take the place of a deﬁnition, or it may be appended to a deﬁnition to draw attention to related deﬁnition, for example: ﬂat-bed—see truck. X.x Acronyms: X.x.1 PERT, n—program evaluation and review technique X.x.2 radar,n—radio detecting and ranging E5.8 Discussions— To ﬁll in more detail of the concept being deﬁned, supplementary information may be added as a separate discussion immediately following the deﬁnition, for example: E6.1.3 Abbreviations— An abbreviation is a shortened form of a compound word or phrase. List the abbreviations alphabetically. Do not include abbreviations appearing in Section G3. Do not capitalize the explanation unless it is a proper noun, for example: 3.1 builder’s model, n—a reference standard of quality for speciﬁc building components, denoting, by example, the level of quality adopted by a builder. E-3 FORM OF A TERMINOLOGY STANDARD X.x Abbreviations: X.x.1 assn—association X.x.2 avg—average FORM OF A TERMINOLOGY STANDARD E11.1.1 Provide footnotes to this section to indicate the sources of these documents. E7. Subject Headings of Text E7.1 The following list shows in sequence the subjects usually covered in a terminology standard: E11.1.2 Do not include the year date when designating referenced documents unless there is a technical reason for specifying a particular year date. Title (mandatory) Designation (mandatory) Scope (mandatory) Signiﬁcance and Use Terminology: Terms and Deﬁnitions (mandatory) Symbols, Abbreviations, Acronyms Keywords (mandatory) Annexes and Appendixes Bibliography or References Summary of Changes E11.1.3 When listing reference adjuncts, provide a brief description, in this section, and a footnote of their availability. E12. Signiﬁcance and Use E8. Title (Mandatory) E8.1 The title should be as concise as possible but complete enough to identify the subject covered by the terminology. The title of a terminology standard preferably is Terminology of ..., although Terminology Relating to ... is acceptable. E12.1 When use restrictions exist, include a signiﬁcance and use statement. Give a warning of them such as: “This terminology is not intended to …” E13. Terminology (Mandatory) E13.1 Terms and Their Deﬁnitions (Mandatory)— Compose a deﬁnition in the dictionarydeﬁnition form (see E4.5) and include the term, part of speech, deﬁnition, and when applicable, a delimiting phrase. Boldface the term and italicize the part of speech and delimiting phrase. Do not capitalize the term or any other components of the deﬁnition except for proper nouns, acronyms, or any other words capitalized in normal usage. List the terms unnumbered and in alphabetical sequence. E9. Designation (Mandatory) E9.1 The designation will be assigned by ASTM International Headquarters upon submittal of the standard for Society approval. E10. Scope (Mandatory) E10.1 Provide information about the ﬁeld of application of the terminology. Include information on how, when, and by whom the terminology will be used. Indicate here whether the terminology standard is general or relates to a specialized ﬁeld. Where the content of a terminology standard is limited or restricted, as in a specialized terminology standard, the scope statement should so indicate. E13.1.1 Although the preferred style of listing terms and their deﬁnitions is in alphabetical sequence, in some cases it may be desirable to show the relationships in a logical family of concepts by grouping deﬁnitions according to a classiﬁcation system. Place narrower or subordinate terms and their deﬁnitions in alphabetical order under the deﬁnition of the broader term, as the main entry, for example: E11. Referenced Documents E11.1 Include in this section only ASTM standards, adjuncts, and standards or codes of other organizations. All referenced documents shall be cited. E-4 FORM OF A TERMINOLOGY STANDARD E15.3 All keywords shall be stand-alone terms; incomplete phrases and unattached adjectives shall not be used. soil structure, n—an arrangement and state of aggregation of soil particles in a soil mass. ﬂocculent structure, n—an arrangement composed of ﬂocs of soil particles instead of individual soil particles. honeycomb structure, n—an arrangement of soil particles having a comparatively loose, stable structure resembling a honeycomb. single-grained structure, n—an arrangement composed of individual soil particles, characteristic structure of coarsegrained soils. D653 E16. Annexes and Appendixes E16.1 To aid in understanding and using the terminology, supplementary information such as illustrations, commentaries, or rationale may be included in annexes (mandatory information), or appendixes (nonmandatory information). E13.1.2 Cross-references— See E5.7 for rules governing cross-references. E13.1.3 Discussions— See E5.8 for rules governing discussions. E13.1.4 Attributions— See E5.9 for rules governing attributions. E17. Bibliography or References E17.1 Supplementary publications, useful for consultation by users who wish to have more detailed information on the particular terminology, may be provided. If the publications are cited in the text, they should be listed in a References section at the end of the standard (see Section A25); otherwise, the section should be titled Bibliography. E14. Symbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations E14.1 Any of these subsections can be used for the convenience of the user of the standard. Follow the guidelines detailed in Section E6. E18. Summary of Changes E18.1 This unnumbered section shall be placed at the end of the standard and begin with the following introductory paragraph: E15. Keywords E15.1 In this section, identify the words, terms, or phrases that best represent the technical information presented in the standard. Select the keywords from the title and body of the document and include general, vernacular, and trade terms. These keywords will be used in the preparation of the ASTM Subject Index. E15.2 Select three or more keywords that describe the names of tests, procedures, special materials, or the speciﬁc application(s) that will facilitate the identiﬁcation and retrieval of the standard. Keywords for terminology standards should include the words deﬁnitions and terminology. Committee XXX has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (insert designation and year date) that may impact the use of this standard. E18.2 Next list, by section or subsection, changes since the last issue that may impact the use of the standard. Brief descriptions of the changes and reasons for the changes may be included. E18.3 An example of the list of changes is: (1) Added the term bioconcentration. (2) Revised scope. (3) Modiﬁed the deﬁnition for sediment. E-5 PART F CAVEATS AND OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS IN STANDARDS—SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION This section contains special instructions for the use of commercial-contractual statements, caveats, patents, trademarks, speciﬁc sources of supply, references to other organization, etc., in standards. When a standard contains any one of these statements or references, the committee shall obtain the necessary guidance from ASTM International Headquarters for the inclusion in the standard. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. F1. Commercial-Contractual Items in Standards F1.1 Certain requirements, such as those listed below, shall not be included in ASTM standards. If a committee feels it is important that this type of information be given, the committee may request an exemption from the Committee on Standards for the inclusion of such requirements in an ASTM standard. F2.1.1 When the standard does not involve the use of hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, a request for an exception to the inclusion of the generic caveat shall be presented to the ASTM Standing Committee on Standards. F2.1.2 Speciﬁc warning statements shall be included in the standard (see Section A13 for the use of warning statements). These statements shall not prescribe speciﬁc remedial measures and actions. However, reference may be made to authoritative sources where reliable information concerning remedial measures can be obtained. F2.1.3 Where there exists in a standard a speciﬁc warning statement(s), reference to the appropriate section(s) shall be made following the generic safety hazards caveat in the scope. • Adjustment, settlement, and investigation of claims • Costs of testing, retesting statements • Effective Dates • Open-end agreements (see B1.2) • Prices • Purchasing F1.2 The matter of who shall pay for services should be stated in the agreement or purchase order and not in the standard. Statements covering inspection (follow Section B19), rejection and rehearing (follow Section B20), testing and retesting (follow B16.2), marking (follow Section B22), and certiﬁcation (follow Section B21) are suitable when they do not contain mandatory requirements covering the costs involved. F2.2 Fire Standards: F2.2.1 Every ﬁre standard shall state its purpose, specify the known limitations of the standard, and specify the signiﬁcance of the data that are generated (including relevance to human life and property, where appropriate). Use precise terminology (see Part E, Terminology in ASTM Standards), and include the appropriate caveat as listed below. Standards should include, when practical, sufficient background or explanatory material to guide users in properly applying ASTM ﬁre standards. F2.2.2 ASTM ﬁre standards include ﬁretest-response standards, ﬁre hazard assessment standards, and ﬁre risk assessment standards. F2. Caveat Statements and Policies in Standards F2.1 The generic caveat on safety hazards speciﬁed below shall appear in the Scope section of (1) test methods; (2) speciﬁcations where test methods are detailed other than by reference; and (3) practices and guides that involve the use of material, operations, or equipment. F-1 CAVEATS AND OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS IN STANDARDS—SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS tive output (where quantitative outputs include a binary pass/fail option or a classiﬁcation into categories). Such ASTM ﬁre standards shall contain the following statement: Other types of ﬁre standards shall also be permitted, including terminologies, guides, speciﬁcations, and practices. The following criteria shall be followed by ﬁre standards: F2.2.2.1 Fire-test-response standards provide a means for measuring the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ﬂame under controlled conditions of test. ASTM ﬁre-test-response standards shall contain the following caveat: This ﬁre standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures. F2.2.2.5 The following generic caveat is appropriate for ﬁre standards that do not describe a ﬁre test but do produce quantitative results that are calculated measures of ﬁre-test-response characteristics and not by themselves measures of ﬁre hazard or ﬁre risk. This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ﬂame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for ﬁre hazard or ﬁre risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual ﬁre conditions. F2.2.2.2 Fire-hazard assessment standards provide a method for assessing the potential for harm for materials, products, or assemblies that could be anticipated under speciﬁed ﬁre conditions. ASTM ﬁre-hazard assessment standards shall contain the following statement: This standard is used to determine certain ﬁre-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ﬂame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from ﬁre-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of ﬁre hazard or ﬁre risk. F2.2.2.6 The following caveat is required for ﬁre test methods: This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the ﬁre hazard from a speciﬁed set of ﬁre conditions involving speciﬁc materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual ﬁres which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis. Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. F2.2.2.3 Fire-risk assessment standards provide a method for assessing the probability of loss resulting from a given ﬁre situation involving interaction between the material, product, or assembly with its environment. ASTM ﬁre-risk assessment standards shall contain the following statement: F2.2.3 Titles and Criteria for Fire-Hazard and Fire-Risk Assessment Standards— All standards developed, approved, or reapproved for the analysis and control of ﬁre hazard or ﬁre risk shall contain the words “FIRE-HAZARD ASSESSMENT” or “FIRE-RISK ASSESSMENT” in the title. The results of all such assessments shall be expressed in terms that relate the item in question to the anticipated ﬁre environment. When appropriate, the standard may also contain acceptance or classiﬁcation criteria and a statistical sampling plan as a guide to its use. This standard is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in ﬁre scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of ﬁre risk using this standard depends upon many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This standard cannot be used to assess ﬁre risk if any speciﬁcations are different from those contained in the standard. F2.2.4 ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards is available to provide review of ﬁre standards developed by other ASTM committees. F2.3 General Policy Caveat— The Board of Directors approved the inclusion of a General Statement of ASTM Policy in all standards: F2.2.2.4 ASTM develops ﬁre standards other than ﬁre-test-response standards, ﬁrehazard assessment standards, or ﬁre-risk assessment standards, which provide information on ﬁre issues that is not associated with a quantitaF-2 CAVEATS AND OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS IN STANDARDS—SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing, you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Standard Guide—This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a speciﬁc course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. Standard Practice—This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more speciﬁc operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. This statement shall appear in a note at the end of the standard, following the note on ASTM Disclaimer of Liability as to Patented Inventions (see Section F3 on Patents in ASTM Standards). 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If you do not agree with these conditions, please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. All Rights Reserved. Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. F3. Patents in ASTM Standards Anyone requesting an ASTM committee draft document is entitled to receive a copy. However, after receipt of this document, they shall adhere to the caveat. F3.1 When a committee has determined an item covered by a patent or a pending patent may be necessary in a proposed standard, the committee shall include a statement in the balloting process and a footnote in the draft standard, indicating a willingness to consider alternative(s). ASTM standards submitted to ANSI for approval as American National Standards shall conform to the ANSI patent policy. The ANSI patent policy may be obtained on the ANSI website (www.ansi.org). F3.1.1 Statement in Balloting Process— The statement with the ballot shall include a request for an alternative(s) as follows: F2.5 Professional Judgment Caveat— When a Technical Committee is developing a Standard Guide or Practice that may involve professional judgment, the following caveats may be used: F-3 CAVEATS AND OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS IN STANDARDS—SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS or services other than in relation to an ASTM Certiﬁcation Program. F4.1.3 ASTM International does not permit the use of third-party trade- or service marks in ASTM standards in a manner that could suggest ASTM International’s endorsement, approval, sponsorship, or certiﬁcation of the trademarked item or service. F4.1.4 Requiring participation in or that a product meet an ASTM Certiﬁcation Program to comply with an ASTM standard is prohibited. The (name of material, product, process, apparatus) is covered by a patent. If you are aware of an alternative(s) to the patented item, please attach to your ballot return a description of the alternatives. All suggestions will be considered by the committee. If alternatives are identiﬁed, the committee shall reconsider whether the patented item is necessary. The committee, in making its decision, shall follow Regulation 15. F3.1.2 Statement in Footnote of Standard— A footnote shall be included in the standard as follows: The (name of material, product, process, apparatus and may include the patent number for reference) is covered by a patent. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identiﬁcation of an alternative(s) to this patented item to the ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. F4.2 Trademarks: F4.2.1 Trademarks shall not be used in ASTM standards, unless the trademark is used to refer to a speciﬁc source of supply and such use conforms to the requirements of F4.3. F4.2.2 Trademarks in ASTM standards shall not be used in a manner that: is false or misleading; violates the rights of the Mark’s owner; violates any law, regulation or other public policy; or mischaracterizes the relationship between the Society and the material, product, system or service represented by the Mark, including but not limited to any use of a Mark that might reasonably be construed as an endorsement, approval, sponsorship, or certiﬁcation by the Society of the material, product, system or service, or that might be reasonably construed as support or encouragement to purchase or utilize the material, product, system or service represented by the Mark. Judgment is at the sole discretion of the Committee on Standards. F4.2.3 If ASTM International staff decides permission should be obtained to use a trademark, such permission shall be obtained by ASTM International Headquarters from the holder of the Mark. F4.2.4 The ﬁrst reference to the trademark in the standard shall include a footnote containing the name of the trademark holder. Trademark symbols shall not be included. “Trademark” shall be used as an adjective. The footnote shall be cited in the speciﬁc section of the standard where the patented item is ﬁrst mentioned. Information describing the patented item will be set forth once in the standard, in this footnote. F3.2 Disclaimer of Liability as to Patented Inventions— Neither ASTM International nor an ASTM committee shall be responsible for identifying all patents under which a license is required in using an ASTM document or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity of those patents which are brought to the Society’s attention. Where applicable, an ASTM document shall include a note worded as follows: “ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.” F4. Use of Trademarks and Speciﬁc Sources of Supply for Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials in ASTM Standards F4.1 ASTM International is authorized to certify products, equipment or services. F4.1.1 ASTM International has a registered certiﬁcation mark, along with other registered marks. F4.1.2 ASTM International does not permit its trademarks to be used in a manner that suggests it has approved any product, equipment F4.3 Sources of Supply: F4.3.1 To allow the widest possible use of ASTM standards, it is the responsibility of the sponsoring committee to ensure that sources of supply exist for unique or difficult-to-obtain apparatus, reagents, and materials. F-4 CAVEATS AND OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS IN STANDARDS—SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS All available apparatus may not be suitable for this application. Apparatus considered for use in this application shall be checked for suitability in accordance with the requirements of (insert reference to appropriate evaluation document). F4.3.2 Reference to speciﬁc commercial sources of supply are permitted only when there is a sole source of supply. F4.3.2.1 Information on the sole source of supply shall be included in a footnote. Include wording such as: F5. Reference to Standards of Other Organizations F5.1 When referencing standards of other organizations, include the designation and title for the document in the Referenced Documents sections. F5.1.1 In all cases, information on the title, designation, and source availability of the reference standards shall be included. Do not include the year date of reference documents unless there is a technical reason for requiring a particular revision. F5.2 When it is necessary to quote portions of a non-ASTM standard, permission to republish shall be obtained from the organization holding copyright by ASTM International Headquarters. F5.3 Joint logos shall not be printed on ASTM standards, except with the authorization of the Board of Directors. When a standard has been developed in cooperation with another organization(s), a note may appear in the standard, crediting the other organization’s participation. F5.3.1 In cases of disagreement on implementation of this policy, the matter shall be referred to the Committee on Standards for decision. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is (name and address of the supplier). If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. F4.3.3 If the apparatus is not widely available, but more than one source of supply is known, or if apparatus that is widely available needs to be checked for suitability in the application speciﬁed, the committee can reference criteria for evaluating the apparatus. This reference can be to a section of the standard, to a separate existing standard or other published document, or can be in the form of an annex or appendix to the standard, or ﬁled as an ASTM research report or adjunct. F4.3.3.1 Text referencing the availability of such criteria, and any requirement on the use of such criteria, should be included in the appropriate section of the standard. Include wording such as: F-5 PART G STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G1. Styling G2. Electronic Standard Preparation G2.1 Rationale for Ballot— A rationale explaining the reason for the ballot is mandatory for all ballots. G2.2 New Standard— For help in writing new standards, go to www.astm.org and use the online draft standard templates. G2.3 Extensive Revision— When doing an extensive revision, process in manuscript form. Submit entire document for ballot and do not use track changes as shown in G2.4 if the revisions would make the ballot too cumbersome to follow. In this case, the ballot rationale shall be used to state the extent of the changes and that the document should be reviewed in its entirety. G2.4 Minimum to Moderate Revisions G2.4.1 Clearly indicate what has changed by using the “track changes” tool. Follow these instructions to properly use the track changes tool: G2.4.1.1 Only submit for ballot those sections that are being revised. G2.4.1.2 Open the document and excerpt into a separate ﬁle only those sections to be revised. G2.4.1.3 Select “Tools” from the pull-down menu. G2.4.1.4 Select “Track Changes.” This will automatically default to underlining added text and striking through deleted text. G2.4.1.5 Ensure that all changes (insertions, deletions, etc.) have been properly marked with the revision bar in the margins. G1.1 Check the draft standard against the rules given in this style manual. Many technical committees have editorial subcommittees that review draft standards before submittal to Headquarters. The ASTM editorial staff does the ﬁnal styling and is available to assist members. There are a number of forms of assistance available to the ASTM standards-writer, such as the following: on-line templates to write standards and access to the latest Form and Style for ASTM Standards, the ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology (see www.astm.org), Committee White Papers (supplements to this manual), and editorial workshops. Also, see the Introduction to this manual. G1.2 Of the instructions that follow, some are included because they are deviations from the standard references, some because they are used frequently and are therefore listed here for convenience. Sections on various points of ASTM style appear in the following alphabetical order: Abbreviations and Unit Symbols Alloy Designations And/Or Capitalization Chemical Formulas Contractual Parties Crystal Planes and Directions Dictionaries and Other Reference Publications on Style Dilution Ratio Figures Footnotes Hyphens Italics Mathematical Material Numbering Numerals Percent versus Percentage Points Polymers References, Other Documents References, Standards Sample versus Specimen SI Units Spelling Symbols Tables Tension/Compression/Flexure Tests Thermal Conductivity Thermometers Trademarks Section G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17 G18 G19 G20 G21 G22 G23 G24 G25 G26 G27 G28 G29 G30 G31 G3. Abbreviations and Unit Symbols G3.1 In the text, use unit symbols after numbers denoting a deﬁnite quantity. Example: “The length is 25 mm [1.0 in].” G3.2 Use unit symbols in tables and ﬁgures, and in lists deﬁning symbols used in equations. G3.3 Use unit symbols and abbreviations in the singular only. Thus “ﬁfty kilograms” shall be designated “50 kg,” not “50 kgs.” Exceptions: Figs., Nos., Eqs., Refs, Vols. G-1 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G3.4 When a long word or phrase for which there is no standard abbreviations is used frequently, it may be replaced by an abbreviation that is explained when it ﬁrst occurs. Examples: below top dead center (btdc), relative centrifugal force (rcf). G3.5 Commonly accepted abbreviations for names of societies, associations, government agencies, etc., may be used, provided the name is spelled out the ﬁrst time it is used. Use no periods and run together. Examples: ASTM International, TAPPI, NASA, ARPA. G3.6 The standard unit symbols and abbreviations for use in Society publications in the list below are so common that they may be used without explanation. For proper form and style for SI units follow IEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Metric Practice, the SI Quick Reference Guide (Annex A) and Part G and Part H. If a discrepancy exists between these documents, follow Part G and Part H of the Form and Style Manual. absolute academic degrees alternating current American American wire gauge ampere ampere hour angstrom ante meridian Association atmosphere average barrel becquerel billion electronvolts Birmingham wire gauge brake horsepower brake-horsepower hour Brinell hardness number British thermal unit Brown and Sharpe (gauge) bushel calorie candela centimetre centipoise centistokes circular mil coefficient Company Corporation coulomb cubic cubic centimetre cubic decimetre curie cycles per minute cycles per second day decibel degree (angle) degree Celsius degree Fahrenheit degree Rankine degrees of freedom Department diameter differential direct current Division dollar effective horsepower electromotive force electronvolt Engineers equation(s) farad ﬁgure(s) foot footcandle foot pound-force gallon gauss gilbert grain gram gravity (acceleration) gray half hard henry hertz horsepower horsepower hour hour Hurter and Driffield scale (ﬁlm density) hydrogen ion concentration, negative logarithm of inch inch of mercury inch of water inch pound-force abs use periods and run together (M.S., Ph.D., etc.) ac Am. A AWG A Ah A a.m. Assn. B atm avg bbl Bq (use GeV, gigaelectronvolts) BWG bhp bhp•h HB (see ASTM E10) Btu B&S Bu cal cd cm cP cSt cmil spell out Co. B Corp. B C use exponential form C cm3 inclusive Incorporated indicated horsepower inside diameter Institute integrated neutron ﬂux Iron pipe size joule K alpha radiation kelvin kilocalorie kilocycle per second kilogram kilogram-calorie kilogram-force kilogram metre kilometre G-2 dm3 Ci cpm (use Hz, hertz) spell out dB ° °C °F °R df Dept. B dia (in ﬁgures and tables) d dc Div. B $ ehp emf eV Engrs. A Eq(s) F Fig(s). D ft fc ft•lbf (use for work, energy) (see lbf•ft) gal G Gb spell out g g Gy SH H Hz hp hp•h h H&D pH in. in.Hg in.H2O in.•lbf (use for work, energy) (see lbf•in.) incl (in ﬁgures and tables only) Inc. B ihp ID (in ﬁgures and tables only) Inst. B nvt, n/cm2 IPS J Ka K kcal (see note on cycles per second) kg kg•cal kgf kg•m km STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL kilovolt kilovolt ampere kiloelectronvolt kilovoltpeak kilowatt kilowatthour kip (1000 lbf) kip (1000 lbf) per square inch Knoop hardness number lambert linear litre logarithm (common) logarithm (natural) lumen lux magnetomotive force mass-to-charge ratio maximum maxwell median effective concentration median effective dose median lethal concentration median lethal dose megacycles per second megagram megawatt meta metre microampere microcurie microfarad microgram microhenry microinch microlitre micro-micro (preﬁx, use pico) micrometre (formerly micron) microroentgen microsecond microvolt microwatt mil mile miles per hour milliampere milli-angstrom millicurie milliequivalent milligram millihenry millilitre millimetre millimetre of mercury million electronvolts milliroentgen millisecond millivolt milliwatt minimum minute molal molar mole kV kVA keV kVp kW kWh spell out ksi HK (see ASTM E384) L spell out L log ln lm lx mmf m/e max (in ﬁgures and tables only) Mx EC50 ED50 LC50 LD50 (see note on cycles per second) Mg MW m m µA µCi µF µg µH µin. µL p µm µR µs µV µW spell out spell out mph mA mA mCi meq mg mH mL mm mmHg MeV mR ms mV mW min (in ﬁgures and tables only) min (spell out when used with minimum) spellout M mol month (When followed by a date use Jan., Feb., March, April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. When there is no date, spell out. Examples: Jan. 15, 1995; January 1995) nanometre (formerly millimicron) National newton normal number(s) (This abbreviation can often be omitted entirely. It is usually understood (as in STP 325, Specimen 8, Test 14, etc.)) oersted ohm ortho ounce outside diameter page pages para parts per billion parts per million pascal per percent pico (preﬁx) picofarad pint poise Poisson’s ratio post meridian pound pound-force pound-force foot pound-force inch pound-force per square foot pound-force per square inch pound-force per square inch absolute pound-force per square inch gauge quart rad (dose unit) radian radio frequency,n radio frequency,adj radius Railway Railroad reference(s) relative humidity revolution per minute revolution per second Rockwell hardness, C scale roentgen root mean square Saybolt Furol seconds Saybold Universal seconds second G-3 spell out nm Nat. A N N No(s). D Oe O o oz OD (in ﬁgures and tables only) p. pp. p ppb ppm Pa use the diagonal line in expressions with unit symbolsE % p pF Pt P µ (v is preferred in applied mechanics) p.m. lb lbf lbf•ft (use for torque) (see ft•lbf) lbf•in. (use for torque) (see in•lbf) lbf/ft2 psi or lbf/in.2 psia psig qt rd rad rf r-f R (in ﬁgures and tables only) Ry. B R.R. B Ref(s) RH (in ﬁgures and tables only) r/min r/s HRC (see ASTM E18) R rms SFS SUS s STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL secondary siemens Society socket joint (tables and drawings only) speciﬁc gravity square standard taper (tables and drawings only) steradian stokes tensile strength tertiary tesla thousand electronvolts thousand pounds thousand pounds-force per square inch ton torr United States, n United States, adj United States Pharmacopeia versus Vickers hardness number volt volume (of a publication) watt watt hour weber week yard year Young’s modulus sec S Soc. B Sj B, and/or C” is truly the case, write “A, B, or C, or combinations thereof.” sp gr use exponential form (exception: psi, ksi) C TS G6. Capitalization G6.1 Use capitals sparingly. G6.2 In headings and titles, capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and all other words of ﬁve or more letters. Do not use initial caps on abbreviations (except see G6.6), or the phrase “et al.” or in the word “to” in the inﬁnitive form of a verb. G6.3 Use initial cap for “committee” where used in a title, as “Committee A01,” “Committee on Publications.” Everywhere else use lowercase, as “The committee recommends ...” This rule also applies to use of “symposium,” etc. G6.4 Use initial cap on Society, Staff, and Headquarters when referring to ASTM International, its Staff, and its Headquarters. G6.5 Capitalize trademarks. The initial cap becomes lowercase after the word is accepted into the language as generic. When in doubt, capitalize. The following are now lowercase: babbitt, bunsen, cellophane, diesel, kraft, neoprene, nylon, portland cement, saran. G6.6 Use initial cap in referring to volumes, ﬁgures, tables, etc., as Vol 2, Fig. 2, Table 2. Use lowercase in less direct references such as: “This volume contains ...,” “In the same ﬁgure is shown ...” G6.7 Use initial caps in such expressions as: Test 1, Specimen A, Cement B, Type 1, Class C, Grade B, etc. G6.8 It is permissible to use all caps in directions such as: “Turn the machine to OFF position” or “Turn the dial to TITRATE.” sr St spell out tert T KeV kip ksi spell out spell out spell out U.S. USP spell out HV (see ASTM E384) V Vol D W W•h Wb spell out yd spell out E A In footnotes and references only. At end of name only. C With unit symbols only. D Only when followed by a number. E Exceptions: cpm, mph, psi. B G4. Alloy Designations G4.1 Use the following for alloy designations: 3135 steel 2024-T4 aluminum Ti-4Al–3V-Mo Ti-6Al–4V 0.5Ti molybdenum alloy or molybdenum with 0.5 % titanium or 0.5Ti alloy (where molybdenum is understood) G7. Chemical Formulas G7.1 Chemical formulas should be used freely in tables and ﬁgures. In text in which chemical formulas are mentioned infrequently, spell out the names. Where they are mentioned frequently, spell out the name in the ﬁrst reference to it, followed by the formula in parentheses. The formula alone may be used subsequently. Do not use chemical formulas for organic or complex inorganic compounds. Always spell out the word G4.2 ASTM and SAE have jointly developed a uniﬁed numbering system (UNS) for alloy identiﬁcation (Practice E527). G5. And/Or G5.1 Do not use this expression. For example, when “A and/or B” is truly the case, write “A or B, or both.” For example, when “A, G-4 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G12.2 Please include ﬁgure(s) with your ballot submission to ensure timely publication of your standards. G12.2.1 Size each ﬁgure up to 30 picas in width (approximately 125 mm or 5 in.) This is the maximum. “water” and the name of the elements (use lead, not Pb). Isotopes may be written as carbon-14 or as14C. G8. Contractual Parties G8.1 Terms describing contractual parties shall be limited to the following: G8.1.1 Party of First Part, producer, supplier, seller, or manufacturer. G8.1.2 Party of Second Part, purchaser or user. G12.3 How do I create and save nonphotographic images (for example, graphs, drawings, schematics) or digital photographs from a hard copy original or from computer-generated artwork? G12.3.1 Keep in mind that the larger the original, the greater potential for a better reproduction. G12.3.2 Size each ﬁgure to 30 picas in width (approximately 5 in.). For full-page/landscape ﬁgures, size to 42 picas in width (approximately 7 in.). These are the maximum allowable widths. G12.3.3 When taking digital photographs, use the highest resolution possible on the camera. Absolute minimum resolution is 1200 × 960 pixels. 1936 × 1296 pixels is better, and 2896 × 1944 pixels is even better. G12.3.4 Check the image quality and the brightness and contrast levels. G12.3.5 Submit artwork in its original ﬁle source/extension. ASTM graphic designers can work with most ﬁle formats, including CAD. (SVG, EPS, or AI ﬁles are preferred for technical drawings. TIFF or JPG preferred for photographs or halftones. GIF is discouraged as a generally low-resolution ﬁle type.) G12.3.6 If you need to scan hard copy, adjust the resolution on your scanner as follows: G12.3.6.1 Technical drawing or other information visual FTP—Please scan the line art at 1200 dpi (dots per inch). G12.3.6.2 Photograph FTP—Please scan at 600 DPI. If the image is to be enlarged, increase the percentage of the scanned image. G12.3.6.3 ASTM can also scan for you (see G12.5). G12.3.7 Furnish short titles or captions for each ﬁgure. G9. Crystal Planes and Directions G9.1 Use the following symbols for crystallographic planes and directions: plane (111) family of planes {111} direction [111] family of directions <111> G10. Dictionaries and Other Reference Publications on Style G10.1 For spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and foreign words, use a reference source material, such as Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (print or electronic versions). For other information on style use Manual of Style, The University of Chicago Press (print or electronic version). G11. Dilution Ratio G11.1 Use the form “9+1” rather than “9:1” for dilution ratios. This means that the 1 part solute is to be mixed with the 9 parts solvent. Specify whether volumes or weights are being used, for example, volume/volume, weight/ volume, etc. G12. Creating and Submitting Figures for Ballot G12.1 Deﬁnition— A ﬁgure can be a technical drawing (vector line art), information visual (chart/graph/schematic), or a photograph, or a combination of these. G12.4 How do I submit the ﬁle? G12.4.1 E-mail your staff manager or editor. G-5 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G14.3 Spelled-out fractions used as nouns are not hyphenated (one third of the load); used as adjectives, they are hyphenated (a one-third share). G12.4.2 FTP—Please contact the ASTM Help Desk for assistance at 1-800-262-1373. G12.4.3 DVD/CD-ROM G12.4.4 Hard copy can be mailed to ASTM Headquarters, in case ASTM cannot use the electronic ﬁle. See the following instructions. G12.5 How do I submit hard copy? G12.5.1 Provide camera-ready ﬁgures of professional quality, because the printer will scan what is submitted, and it will appear in the standard exactly as you have supplied it. To this end: G12.5.1.1 Use a laser or other high-quality printer. G12.5.1.2 Do not handwrite on the ﬁgure. G12.5.1.3 Do not use a faxed or photocopied ﬁgure. G12.5.1.4 Furnish short titles or captions for each ﬁgure. G15. Italics G15.1 Italicize: G15.1.1 All symbols for physical quantities that can have a numerical value (quantity symbols). G15.1.2 Letters in parentheses used to identify listings in text or subdivisions of illustrations, “Fig. 1(a).” G15.1.3 Chemistry— N (normal), M (molar), c (concentration). Do not italicize symbols for the elements (Fe, N, Na, etc.) Exception: italicize N for nitrogen when it is used to denote position, as in N-methylaniline. Italicize o, m, and p as ortho, meta, and para; for example, p-cresol. Italicize and abbreviate secondary and tertiary as sec and tert; for example, tert-butyl alcohol. Italicize iso when used in isooctane. G15.1.4 Titles— of books, including ASTM books, such as Annual Book of ASTM Standards and ASTM STP 379. G15.1.5 Foreign Words— Use a reference source material, such as Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (print or electronic version) as a guide to foreign words. G15.1.6 Transistor Type— Use n-p-n, p-n-p, n-type, etc. G15.2 Do not italicize: G15.2.1 Letters used to subdivide a categorical classiﬁcation, such as Method A, Cement B, Class C, Grade D, Type E, Sample F. G15.2.2 Metallurgy— A1 point, Ar1, etc. G15.2.3 Abbreviations— pH, sin, cos, tan, log, d (for derivative). G13. Footnotes G13.1 For footnotes in tables, use superior italic capital letters, beginning anew for each table. Type the footnotes below the table. G13.2 For all other footnotes, use superior numbers. G13.3 Do not use footnotes in ﬁgure captions. Either cite a previous footnote or reference (for example, “see Footnote 3,” or “taken from Ref (4)”), or write out the reference in the caption. For style of publication footnotes, see Sections G21 and G22. G14. Hyphens G14.1 In ASTM standards, hyphenate compound adjectives, such as: “low-alloy steel,” “cold-drawn wire.” Compound adjectives involving SI units should use a space, such as: “50 mm gauge.” Write expressions such as the following with the hyphen after the ﬁrst word: “high- and low-temperature tests.” For the sake of appearance, omit hyphens in such expressions as “3 % nickel alloy” or “3EC rise in temperature.” Also do not hyphenate chemical compounds and the words “stainless steel” and “cast iron.” G14.2 Do not hyphenate an adverbadjective combination when the adverb ends with “ly.” G16. Mathematical Material G16.1 Mathematical material can appear in the standard text or as equations. In all cases, submit clear copy, without ambiguities arising from carelessly placed subscripts or superscripts, confusion between Greek and Roman letters, incomplete fraction lines, and so on. When there G-6 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL 1/4 is a possibility of confusion (for example capital letter O and zero), include an editorial note nearby to clarify with more description. For example: Use the built-up fraction (with a horizontal line) in an equation. If you use a built-up fraction on one side of an equation, use it on the other side: 1 5 1 310^3 µm a c2d 312 5 b e 2 f2 Editorial Note: Lowercase “L” equals number one times 10 superscript 3 Greek mu Use parentheses liberally to clearly show the complete numerator or denominator. For example, does log a/b mean log (a/b) or (log a)/b? Use the parentheses to clarify. If you write a/b + c but mean a/(b + c), use parentheses. G16.2 Greek Symbols— If unclear, type out the name of the Greek symbol in an editorial note. G16.3 Superscripts (superior symbols) should be marked with a caret or type “superscript” in an editorial note. Subscripts (inferior symbols) should be marked with an inverted caret or type “subscript” in an editorial note. G16.4 Indicate what symbol is preferred to show multiplication (for example, times symbol, middle dot, or asterisk). G16.5 Equations— Type on a separate line in a larger font. Equations are numbered throughout the text. The format for a numbered equation is: S5 G16.8 Statistical Data— For data that are treated statistically, follow the recommendations in the ASTM Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis ( ) Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics, which is responsible for MNL7, is prepared to cooperate with other technical committees in helping them present data most effectively. In particular: G16.8.1 To present the essential information contained in a set of observations from one population, give the average, the standard deviation or coefficient of variation, and the number of observations. G16.8.2 Whenever you give an average, give also the number of observations on which the average is based. G16.8.3 Use the following symbols, where needed: Mc I where: S= stress, psi or Pa, M= bending moment, lbf•in. or N•m, c= distance from neutral axis to outermost ﬁber, in., or m, and I= second moment of area, in.4 or m4. x = average (arithmetic mean) s = root-mean square deviation n= number of observations s= standard deviation v= coefficient of variation G16.6 Exp versus e— If the exponent is relatively short and on one line, without superscripts or subscripts, use e: e G17. Numbering G17.1 See Part D. (a-b)cx If it is relatively long or has superscripts or subscripts, use exp: G18. Numerals G18.1 Use arabic numerals in designating ﬁgures and tables, thus: “Fig. 3,” “Table 6.” G18.2 Spell out all numbers from one through twelve, with the following exceptions: G18.2.1 Use numerals when the quantity is partly fractional, as: 1.15, 1½. exp[x2 /2- 1n(x/a)] G16.7 Fractions— Use the solidus (diagonal line) in the text: G-7 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL percentage points. Use the forms “mass percent,” “volume percent,” “atom percent,” etc. G18.2.2 Use numerals when followed by an expression having a standard unit symbol, as: 25 mm, 45 kg, 9 %. G18.2.3 If for any reason the standard abbreviation or unit symbol of the expression following the number is not used, or if the expression does not admit of abbreviation (as year, ton, etc.), the use of numerals is optional, unless covered in the following paragraphs: G18.2.4 In statements containing two or more numbers, one of which is greater than twelve, express all numbers as numerals, such as “2 tests and 16 weighings.” G18.2.5 In a series of connected numerical statements implying precision, use numerals, as “5 months, 3 days.” G18.2.6 Use numerals after abbreviations, as: Vol 26, Fig. 2. G18.3 Use numerals for all numbers exceeding twelve, with the following exceptions: G18.3.1 Do not begin a sentence with a numeral. When the numeral is spelled out, also spell out the unit following, as “One gram is usually sufficient.” G18.3.2 Spell out round numbers used in an indeﬁnite sense, such as, “a hundred metres or so.” G18.3.3 Spell out numbers when used in the following manner: “ﬁfteen 25 mm rods” (or 15 twenty-ﬁve millimetre rods). G18.3.4 In decimal numbers having no units, place a zero before the decimal point, as: “0.65 mm,” not “.65 mm.” G18.4 In pointing off numbers of more than four ﬁgures, use spaces instead of commas in the text, illustrations, and tabular matter (1 234 567). Do not point off numbers of four ﬁgures (1234) except in tables when they occur in a column containing numbers of more than four ﬁgures. G18.5 In expressing ratios (except dilution ratios) use 1 to 10 or 1:10, not 1-10. G18.6 In expressing grades of, for example, emery paper, use 3/0, not 000. G20. Polymers G20.1 Where the name of the monomer is one word, the preﬁx “poly” is simply run in, as: polystyrene, polyisobutylene, etc. Where the name of the monomer is two words, they are enclosed in parentheses and the preﬁx “poly” added, as in the following words: poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate). G21. References, Other Documents G21.1 If there are fewer than ﬁve references cited in the standard, use footnotes. If ﬁve or more references are cited, type them in a separate list of references at the end of the manuscript, following annexes and appendixes, if any. Assign a consecutive arabic number to each reference. Indicate the reference in the text by enclosing the number in parentheses and using boldface. Show a footnote reference after the ﬁrst boldface reference number, stating in the footnote: “The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.” If it is necessary to use the word “reference,” use the style: “According to Ref (3) ...” It is preferable, however, to use the author’s name, as “According to Jones (3) ...” If there are two authors, use both names, as: “According to Jones and Smith (3)...” If there are three or more authors, use “et al,” as: According to Jones et al (3) ...” G21.2 Do not list ASTM standards as references; list them in the section on Referenced Documents (see also Section A6). Do not list as references documents that are not readily accessible to the reader, such as unpublished theses and private correspondence. G21.3 Type references (and publication footnotes) as follows: G21.3.1 Books— Type author’s name or names (initials last), complete title of book (italic, no quotation marks), name of publisher (no abbreviations), address of publisher (city and state), year of publication, and page number, if reference is to a page number. Example: G19. Percent versus Percentage Points G19.1 When a quantity is reduced from 40 to 30, it is reduced by 25 %. When a quantity decreases from 40 % to 30 %, it decreases by 10 G-8 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G21.3.8 ASTM Special Technical Publication: G21.3.8.1 Whole Book: Jones, J. J., Plasticity and Creep, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1958, p. 250. G21.3.2 Magazines, Journals (including Standardization News)— Type author’s name or names (initials last), title of paper (in quotation marks), complete title of journal (italic, no quotation marks), volume number, issue number (this may be omitted if the journal page numbers are continuous throughout the volume), date of publication, and page numbers. Example: Symposium on Synthetic Bioabsorbable Polymers for Implants. ASTM STP 1396, ASTM International, 2000. G21.3.8.2 Single Paper: Gorna, K., and Gogolewski, S., “Novel Biodegradable Polyurethanes for Medical Applications,”Symposium on Synthetic Bioabsorbable Polymers for Implants, ASTM STP 1396,ASTM International, 2000, p. 39. Jones, J. J., and Smith, R. R., “Correlation of Brinell Hardness and Tensile Strength,” Materials in Design Engineering, Vol 10, No. 2, February 1958, pp. 52-67. G21.3.8.3 Journal Reference to Website: Name of Author(s), “Name of Paper,” Title of Journal, Volume, Number, Issue Number, Paper Identiﬁcation Number, Online, Available: URL, Access Date. Example: Aydilek, A. H. and Edil, T. B., “Evaluation of Woven Geotextile Pore Structure Parameters Using Image Analysis,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 27, No.1, ID GTJ111070, Online, Available: www.astm.org, 12 January 2004. G21.3.3 Proceedings, Transactions, Reports, Bulletins, etc.— Type author’s name or names (initials last), complete title of paper (in quotation marks), name of publication (italic, no quotation marks), name of publisher, volume number, if any, date of publication, and page numbers. Examples: G22. References, Standards G22.1 Refer to ASTM standards ﬁrst in the section on Referenced Documents. Follow the designation (without year) with the full title, and use a footnote to refer to the appropriate publication. The footnote should read: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org or contact ASTM Customer Service at Service@astm.org. For the Annual Book of ASTM standards volume information, refer the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. Thereafter use simply the abbreviated designation (Test Method D1708, Practice E691, Speciﬁcation A250/A250M, etc.) Do not include the word “Standard.” Do not use quotes on titles of standards, whether those of ASTM International or other organizations. Jones, J. J., “Lubrication Problems in Space Vehicles,” Transactions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers., Vol 52, 1948, pp. 135-140. Jones, J. J., “Classiﬁcation of Bitumens,” Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol 38, 1952, p. 121. Jones, J. J., “Fatigue of Aircraft Structures,” NASA TR-108, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1959. Jones, J. J., “Effect of Carbon Content on Notch Properties of Aircraft Steels,” Bulletin 642, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, 1957. G21.3.4 Symposium Volumes or Other Books Comprising Collections of Papers— Follow style for books in G21.3.1 and add title of paper, in quotes, after author’s name. G21.3.5 Patents— Type patent number and date. Example: U.S. Patent No. 2 232 185, Feb. 18, 1941. G21.3.6 Annual Book of ASTM Standards— Cite referenced ASTM standards in section on Referenced Documents, not in references (see Section G22). G21.3.7 ASTM Proceedings— McVetty, P.G., “The Interpretation of Creep Tests,” Proceedings, ASTM International, Vol 34, Part II, 1934, p. 105. (Volume 38 was the last to be issued in two parts.) G22.2 Any reference to a combined standard shall include the entire designation, for example, Speciﬁcation A36/A36M. When only one system of units is applicable, this may be indicated where the reference is cited; for example: This material shall conform to the general requirements stated in SI units of Speciﬁcation A36/A36M. G-9 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL B G22.3 Do not refer to a speciﬁc paragraph, section, table, or ﬁgure of another standard unless necessary to avoid confusion. For example, say, “the section on Impregnation Time of Methods D202.” babbitt metal (lc) Brinell (cap) C catalog (not catalogue) CODEN G23. Sample versus Specimen G23.1 In general, the word “sample” should be used only to describe a piece or quantity of bulk material that has been selected by some sampling process. Pieces or quantities taken from the sample for testing are called “specimens.” Quantities of liquid or bulk aggregate are usually called “samples,” because a sampling procedure is usually used to obtain them. G23.2 To describe the piece on which a test is made, use “specimen” or “test specimen,” not “piece” or “sample.” D Disk disc (CD) Diskette (Floppy) drier (comp. of dry) dryer (apparatus) E ensure (meaning be sure) et al. eutectic (noun) eutectoid (adj.) G24. SI Units G24.1 SI units shall be included in all ASTM standards in accordance with IEEE/ ASTM SI-10, the SI Quick Reference Guide (Annex A) and Part G and Part H. If a discrepancy exists between these documents, follow Part G and Part H of the Form and Style Manual. G24.2 Combined Standards—Both units of measure are included, and either system is to be regarded separately as the standard. The combined designation format: A36/A36M. (See also A3.4.) F ﬁreclay (adj.) G gastight gauge (measurement, instrument) Geiger-Muehller tube gray (not grey) H heat treat (verb) heat-treated (adj.) Hooke’s law (lc “l”) G25. Spelling G25.1 Included in the following list are those spellings of words commonly found in ASTM standards. For words that do not appear in this list, use a reference source material. See Section G10 on Dictionaries and Other Reference Publications on Style. Use international spelling for SI units; that is, litre and metre. I indexes (pl) in situ (roman) insofar isooctane (all other “iso’s” roman) K kerosine/kerosene A L airborne alignment appendixes (pl) litre (not liter) G-10 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL G27. Tables G27.1 Number each table with an arabic numeral and give it a title that is complete and descriptive. G27.2 In column headings, ﬁrst include the quantity being tabulated, then a comma, then the units, for example: M magnetic particle inspection (not Magnaﬂux) metre (not meter) microscopic (meaning very small) microscopical (meaning pertaining to use of a microscope) N neoprene (lc) nital (lc) nitrile rubber (butadiene) (lc) Normal Law integral (cap N and L) “Tensile Strength, min, psi.” G27.3 Powers of 10— Do not use powers of 10 in the column heading, since it is not clear whether the numbers in the table have been or are to be multiplied by the power of ten. Instead, indicate the multiplication (for example, 1.45 × 106) in the ﬁrst entry in the table; or use an expression such as “Young’s Modulus, millions of psi” in the column heading. G27.4 Footnotes— See G13.1. G27.5 Use horizontal rules under column headings. Use vertical rules only when the complexity of the table demands them for clarity. Use leaders (three periods) in any space that represents a blank entry. G27.6 Notes— Additional information can be included in a note that appears below the title. G27.7 When two (or more) separate systems of units are both listed in one table (for example, SI and inch-pound units), separate the units by using separate columns, or parentheses, or brackets. G27.7.1 When the size of a table and limitations of space (on the printed page) make it impractical to expand the table to include SI unit equivalents, duplicate the table. G27.7.2 When following the instructions given in G27.7 or G27.7.1 is impractical, because of the size and the number of tables, include the pertinent conversion factors as footnotes under each table instead of attempting to include the actual converted numbers themselves. P pipet (not pipette) plaster of paris (not plaster of Paris) R Rockwell (cap) S sigma phase (spell out sigma) siliceous SR-4 strain gage Stokes’ law (lc “l”) U Usage V V-Notch (noun and adj.) X X ray (noun) X-ray (adj and verb) G26. Symbols G26.1 In general, avoid the use of symbols in text except in accordance with Sections G3 and G7. When stating dimensions, use “by” not ×, for example, “10 by 5 in. (254 by 127 mm).” Show tolerances, for example, as 10 by 5 ± 2 in. (254 by 127 ± 6 mm).” Do not use a hyphen or a dash for the word “to” except in tables where needed to conserve space. Do not use (’) or (") for feet and inches in text, tables, or ﬁgures. G26.2 In combination with words not having symbols, spell out entirely, for example, “bubbles per minute.” G28. Tension/Compression/Flexure Tests G28.1 The words “tension,” “compression,” and “ﬂexure” are used adjectivally to modify “specimen,” “test,” or “testing.” Examples: tension test, compression testing, ﬂexure specimen. To modify other nouns, the adjectives “tensile,” G-11 STANDARDS STYLE MANUAL trademark indicated by footnote. “compressive,” and “ﬂexural” are used. Examples: tensile strength, compressive force, ﬂexural data. G28.2 In some areas (notably the textile industry) there is a difference between a “tension test” and a “tensile test,” and in these cases the appropriate terminology shall be used. Aloxite (trademark, use aluminum oxide) Alundum (trademark) Bakelite (trademark) Carborundum (trademark) Celite (trademark) Chromel-Alumel (trademark) Haydite (trademark) Inconel (trademark) Invar (trademark) Kel-F (trademark, use polychlorotriﬂuoroethylene) Lucite (trademark, use poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) Magne-Gage (trademark) Masonite (trademark) Monel metal (trademark) Muntz metal (trademark) Mylar (trademark, use polyester ﬁlm) Nichrome (trademark) Nujol (trademark, use light mineral oil) Plexiglas (trademark, use poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) Pyrex (trademark, use borosilicate) Scotch tape (trademark, use pressure-sensitive tape) Teﬂon (trademark, use TFE-ﬂuorocarbon or polytetraﬂuoroethylene (PTFE)) Thiokol (trademark, use as an adjective, as “Thiokol polysulﬁde rubber”) Transite (trademark) Tygon (trademark, use vinyl) Vaseline (trademark, use petroleum jelly) Vycor (trademark, use high-silica) G29. Thermal Conductivity G29.1 The form to be used for the unit for thermal conductivity k is: Btu•in./h•ft2• F[SI units: W/(m•K)]. G30. Thermometers G30.1 Whenever possible, refer to thermometers described in ASTM Speciﬁcation E1 or E2251, for ASTM Thermometers. Reference to an ASTM thermometer of the desired range should be as follows: Thermometer—ASTM (name) Thermometer having a range from ___ to ___ (°C or °F, whichever applies) and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer (give thermometer number; for example, 16F) as prescribed in Speciﬁcation (E1 or E2251, whichever applies). G30.2 Do not specify both temperature scales unless there is a deﬁnite need for them. G31. Trademarks G31.1 Avoid the use of trademarks whenever possible. For example, use aluminum oxide instead of Aloxite, petroleum jelly instead of Vaseline. When trademarks are used, they should, of course, be initial cap and the owner of the G-12 PART H USE OF SI UNITS IN ASTM STANDARDS and Technology, including certain other units accepted for use with these units. DISCUSSION—Inch-pound, also known as U.S. Customary Units, are one type of non-SI units. Another example of non-SI units is the centimetre gram second (cgs) system. H2.3 rationalization, n, in ASTM standards— (formerly hard conversion) the planned simpliﬁcation of a converted value achieved by modifying the value to reﬂect dimensions or physical characteristics of existing real measurements or conﬁgurations; as a result of this change the object or quantity may not be interchangeable with the original. H2.4 SI standard, n, in ASTM standards— a standard that contains rationalized SI units of measurement. DISCUSSION—There are two formats of SI standards: solely SI, combined standard. H2.4.1 Solely SI standard, n— an ASTM standard in which only rationalized SI units are cited; inch-pound units are not provided in the standard. H2.4.2 combined standard, n— an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inchpound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard. (For example, Speciﬁcation A36/A36M). H1. Scope H1.1 This part is intended to guide technical committees in the use of the standard formats for denoting the use of the International System of Units (SI), non-SI units (usually inch-pound), or both in ASTM standards. H1.2 SI units of measurement shall be included in all ASTM standards. H1.2.1 Each technical committee shall have the option of using rationalized SI units, or rationalized inch-pound units, or both, as the standard units of measure. DISCUSSION—Given ASTM’s mission to be the foremost developer and provider of voluntary consensus standards with global recognition and use, ASTM technical committees are urged to give diligent consideration to the use of rationalized SI (metric) units in their standards H1.2.2 Follow the procedures given in IEEE/ASTM SI-10, the SI Quick Reference Guide and Part G and Part H. If a discrepancy exists between these documents, follow Part G and Part H. IEEE/ASTM SI-10 appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, and is also available as a separate publication. H1.2.2.1 For committees that have special considerations with the use of SI units in ASTM Standards, it is permissible to develop committee speciﬁc technical guidance for clariﬁcation. Examples of such documents are as follows: ASTM Committee B05 on Copper and Copper Alloys Outline of Form of Speciﬁcations (www.astm.org/COMMIT/B05_outline.pdf) A994 Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Speciﬁcations for Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys H3. Format Requirements for Standards in SI Units H3.1 For a standard citing SI units of measurement as the standard units of measurement, select the type of SI standard to be written and follow the appropriate format requirement listed below: H3.1.1 Solely SI Standards: H3.1.1.1 Scope— Include the following in the scope as a numbered paragraph: H2. Terminology H2.1 SI unit, n, in ASTM standards— unit of the International System of Units (SI) and other units speciﬁcally approved in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 as a unit for use with SI. H2.2 inch-pound unit, n, in ASTM standards— unit based on the inch and the pound, commonly used in the United States of America and deﬁned by the National Institute of Standards 1.X Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. H-1 USE OF SI UNITS IN ASTM STANDARDS 1.X Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. H3.1.1.2 Units— Within the text, show only rationalized SI units. H3.1.2 Combined Standards: H3.1.2.1 Scope— Include the following in the scope as a numbered paragraph: H4.2 Units— Within the text, inch-pound units shall appear ﬁrst followed by nonrationalized SI units in parentheses. 1.X Units—The values stated in either SI units or inchpound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. H5. Special Format Considerations H5.1 Repetitive Equivalents— For standards in which inch-pound units are regarded as standard, insert a speciﬁc repetitive SI equivalent only the ﬁrst time in occurs in each paragraph of a standard. H5.2 Expressing General Units— When a standard speciﬁes units for reporting results, the preferred unit in each system should be stated, especially in the case of compound units. For example, “Report twist of yarn in twists per inch (twists per metre)”; not “... in twists per inch (25.4 mm).” H5.3 Using Percentages for Tolerance Limits— When appropriate, eliminate the need for equivalents in the case of tolerances by expressing the limits in percentages. H5.4 Sieve Sizing— When a standard cites sieve sizes, use the standard sieve sizes given in Table 1 of ASTM Speciﬁcation E11, Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes. H5.5 Where it has been long-standing practice to use SI units alone (such as stating temperatures only in degrees Celsius), equivalents may be omitted. H3.1.2.2 Units— Within the text, it is recommended that SI units appear ﬁrst followed by the inch-pound units in brackets. However, a technical committee can opt to reverse the order in which the units appear (i.e., inch-pound units shown ﬁrst, followed by SI units in brackets) if the following additional conditions are met: all units appear in a consistent order throughout the text of the standard; all combined standards under the technical committee’s jurisdiction apply the same convention. H3.1.2.3 Specifying Selected Units in Combined Standard— When citing a combined standard and applying only one system of units, indicate the system of units to be applied (see B9.4). H4. Format Requirements for Standards in Inch-Pound Units H4.1 For a standard citing inch-pound units of measurement as the standard units of measurement, follow the format requirement below: H4.1.1 Scope— Include the following in the scope as a numbered paragraph: H6. Tables H6.1 For instructions on including SI units in tables, see Section G27. H-2 ANNEX A SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-1 SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-2 SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-3 SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-4 SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-5 SI QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Annex A-6 Summary of Changes The following changes were made since the March 2014 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revised Sections G3.6, G24.1, and H1.2.2 to reference IEEE SI 10, the SI Quick Reference Guide, and Part G and Part H. The ASTM Form and Style is the default document for formatting so that the spelling of litre and metre can be maintained. (2) Revised G14.1 and G18.3.3 to reﬂect using space rather than hyphen for compound adjectives using SI units. (3) Added the SI Quick Reference Guide to the Form and Style Manual as Annex A. (4) General revisions were made to reﬂect current practices. The following changes were made since the October 2010 edition and published in this edition. (1) Clariﬁed language in Section F1. (2) Revised Ordering Information, B9.3, to focus on the importance of referenced documents within a speciﬁcation, and to encourage the use of year dates. (3) Editorially changed A27.4 and A29.4 to correct a reference in the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees. (4) Editorially updated the title of IEEE/ASTM SI-10 in G3.6. The following changes were made since the March 2013 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revised Section F1 on CommercialContractual Items in Standards. (2) Editorially revised Section G12 on Creating and Submitting Figures for Ballot The following changes were made since the March 2010 edition and published in this edition. (1) Editorially removed reference to ANSI Y10.3M in A19.1 since it was withdrawn without replacement. (2) Revised D4 with the addition of D4.1.2 to modify language on the current editorial practice for Supplementary Requirements. (3) Editorially changed E3.3.3 to update the referenced title to ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology. (4) Revised F4.1 to include ASTM Certiﬁcation Programs. The following changes were made since the October 2012 edition and published in this edition. (1) Editorially revised B22.1 on Product Marking. The following changes were made since the September 2009 edition and published in this edition. (1) Added “kerosene” as an acceptable spelling in G25.1. The following changes were made since the March 2012 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revised Section A21 on Precision and Bias. The following changes were made since the March 2009 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revisions of A27.1 and B29.1 for better clarity. (2) Replaced G12 with a new procedure for creating and submitting ﬁgures for ballot. (3) Editorial changes were made to C2, C16, A26.4, and B28.4. The following changes were made since the October 2013 edition and published in this edition. (1) Added F2.6, Mercury Caveat. The following changes were made since the October 2011 edition and published in this edition. (1) Clariﬁed use of the term “dictionary” to mean print or electronic reference materials in A7.1.1, E2.1, E3.3.1, E5.9, G10.1, G15.1.5, and G25.1. (2) Editorially updated ASTM standards references in A17.1, A19.2, and the table in G3.6 (Vickers Hardness number) The following changes were made since the March 2008 edition and published in this edition. (1) Insertion of new sections F2.2.2.5 and F2.2.2.6 dealing with Fire Standards Safety Caveats. Changes-1 SUMMARY OF CHANGES The following changes were made since the October 2007 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revisions were made to Part G dealing with Styling, Electronic Manuscript Preparation, Abbreviations, Figures, Mathematical Material, and Thermometers. The following changes were made since the October 2006 edition and published in this edition. (1) Removal of the ‘separated by a space’ requirement in standard designation numbers found in A3.1.2 and B4.1.2. (2) Insertion of new section G16.6.1 and an example for clarifying how to place a multiplication symbol in an equation. (3) Revision of G27.7 for better clarity. (4) Revision of H1.2.1 for better clarity, as well as to include aDiscussionon the use of SI units in standards. (5) Reversal of the order of appearance of Sections H3 and H4. The following changes were made since the March 2006 edition and published in this edition. (1) Insertion of a new section F4.1 to clarify ASTM’s policy on certiﬁcation and accreditation. (2) Reversal of the order of appearance of theTrademarkssection with theSources of Supplysection for a more logical ﬂow. (3) Removal of the wordreferencewhere used as an adjective in the termreference materialsto expand this section to cover all materials – not justreference materials. (4) Insertion of new language as F4.2.2 to make trademark language consistent with Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees and Board Policy. The following changes were made since the October 2005 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revisions were made to A21.4.1, A21.4.2, and A21.5.4 to clarify the intent of the language. (2) Sections A29 and B31 on Research Reports were revised to make clearer the instructions on how the research report is to be referenced in a standard. (3) Revision to F2.4, Working Document Caveat, in order to remain consistent with ASTM policy. (4) Revisions were made to Sections F4 and F4.2 dealing with Use of Trademarks. The following changes were made since the March 2005 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revision to Working Draft Caveat, F2.4, in order to remain consistent with ASTM policy. (2) Section G25.1, added (measurement, instrument) to “gauge” and deleted spelling “gage.” The following changes were made since the September 2004 edition and published in this edition. (1) Section A18.3 was deleted. Including this section was redundant and could lead to confusion. (2) New Section H1.2.2.1 was added pertaining to rounding of SI Units. The following changes were made since the April 2004 edition and published in this edition. (1) New Section A21.4.5 pertaining to precision and bias was added. (2) A revision was made in B1.2 for clariﬁcation. The following changes were made since the September 2003 edition and published in this edition. (1) Revisions to A1.4 clarify how to identify different test methods within a standard. (2) New Section A22 on Measurement Uncertainty was added. (3) Revision to F1 was made and new Section F1.4 was added concerning effective dates. (4) Revisions were made to F3.1, F3.1.1, and F3.1.2 dealing with patents. The following changes were made since the March 2003 edition and published in this edition. Changes-2 SUMMARY OF CHANGES (1) The following sentence was added in B25.1. “These should not include statements that would allow the lowering of minimum requirements of the standard (seeB1.2).” (2) Megagram (Mg) was added to G3.6. The following changes were made since the September 2002 edition and published in this March 2003 edition. (1) New deﬁnitions for “publication date” and “approval date” were added to p. viii on Deﬁnitions (2) Sections A31.3, B34.3, and C31.3 on Summary of Change Sections were revised to permit standards that have undergone multiple revisions in a short period of time to retain changes for 18 months. (3) The statement in A21.5.3 was revised to correct ambiguity in the requirement for precision and bias. The following changes were made editorially since the March 2002 edition and are published in the September 2002 edition. (1) Replaced the verbiage “year of issue” and “date of issue” with “year date” throughout. (2) Standardized the terms “purchase order or contract” in Part B. (3) An additional sentence was included in F3.1 regarding the ANSI patent policy. The sections shown below have been editorially changed since the October 2001 edition and are published in the March 2002 edition. (1) Section G2 on Electronic Manuscript Preparations was replaced. (2) Additional sentences were included in the suggested statement in B21.2. The following changes were made since the March 2001 edition and published in the October 2001 edition. (1) Deletion of A3.1.3 and A5.4 regarding companion standards. The same changes were made to B4.1.3 and B4.4.1 (2) Mandatory for Standards Producing Numerical Results was added to the heading of Section A29 on Research Reports. (3) New section F2.2.2.4 dealing with a ﬁre risk assessment statement. (4) Deletion of G24.2 dealing with companion standards. The following changes were made since the February 2000 edition and are published in the March 2001 edition. (1) Revisions to Section B21 on Certiﬁcation. The following changes were made since the December 1998 edition and are published in the February 2000 edition. (1) Revision to Section A13 to revised A13.1.1 on Warning Statement, delete A13.1.2 on Precautionary Statement, and delete A13.2 on Technical Hazards. Revise F2.1.2 and F2.1.3 to eliminate wording dealing with precautionary statements. The following changes were made since the January 1996 edition and published in the December 1998 edition. (1) Revision to Part H dealing with the use of SI units in ASTM standards. Revision to G38. These were the results from Circular Letter #713. (2) Added new F2.5 Professional Judgment Caveat. Changes-3 Index Abbreviations, E6.1.3, E14, G3. See also Symbols order in a deﬁnition, E4.5 in terminology standard, E1.4, E5.1 Accuracy. See bias Acronyms, E6.1.2, E14 Adjectives, qualitative, E3.2.3 Adjuncts, A28, B30 Alloy designations, G4 And/or alternative style for, G5 Annexes, A24, B26, E16 equation numbering, D7.2 ﬁgure numbering, D9.2 note numbering, D10.2 placement, designation, and section numbering, D6 in speciﬁcations, B26.3 table numbering, D8.2 in terminology standards, E16 in test methods, A24.3 Apparatus calibration and adjustment, A16.1 preparation of, A15, A24.3.6 sources of supply, A26.4, B28.4, F4.1 trademarks, F4.2 Apparatus section, A11 Appendixes, A24, B26, E16 equation numbering, D7.2 ﬁgure numbering, D9.2 note numbering, D10.2 placement, designation, and section numbering, D6 rationale (commentary), A30, B32, C30 in speciﬁcations, B26.4 table numbering, D8.2 in terminology standards, E16 in test methods, A24.4 Applicable documents section.See Referenced documents section, A6, B6, C6, C20 ASTM standards, citation of, G21, G22 Attributions, E5.9, E13.1.4 order in a deﬁnition, E4.5 Basis of classiﬁcation section, C9 Bias, A21 Bibliography, in a terminology standard, E16 Calculation section, A19.1 Calibration and standardization section, A16 Capitalization, G6 Caveat statements, F2 ﬁre hazard caveat, F2.2 general caveat, F2.3 mercury caveat, F2.6 patent caveat, F3.2 policy caveats, F2 safety hazards caveat, A13, F2.1 working document caveat, F2.4 Certiﬁcation section, B21 Chemical composition section, B11 Chemical formulas, G7, G15.1.3 Classiﬁcation section, B8 Classiﬁcation standards, C1-C14 Combined standards A3.4, B4.4, B9.4, G22.2, G24.2, H2.4, H2.4.2, H3.1.2, H3.1.2.2, H3.1.2.3 Commentary section, A30, B32, C30 Committee jurisdiction, A26.2, B28.2 Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, E3.3.3 “Compression” vs. “compressive,” G28 Concepts, terminology, discussions, E4.4, E5.8 Conditioning section, A17 Contractual items, F1 Contractual parties, G8 Cross-references, terminology, E5.7, E13.1.2 Crystal planes and directions, G9 Decimal numbering system, for document sections, D1-D16 Deﬁnitions, A7.2, B7, C7, C21 adjectives, E3.2.3 brevity, E4.2, E4.4 common-language (dictionary), E3.3.1, E5.9 context and clarity, E3.3.1, E4.2 distinction between deﬁnitions of terms, E2 elements, E5 example of, E2.1.1 form and style, E4, E13 guidelines for writing, E3 limitations, E5.5, E5.6 new, E4 nouns (also formulas and quantities), E3.2.3, E3.2.4 redundancy, E4.3 Index-1 INDEX scope, E10 Deﬁnitions of terms, A7.2.3 distinctions between deﬁnitions, E2 example of, E2.1.2 form and style, E4 guidelines for writing, E3 in speciﬁcation limits, E5.6 Delimiting phrases, in terminology, E5.5 in speciﬁcation limits, E5.6 order in deﬁnition, E4.5 Designation, A3, B4 Dictionaries, G10 Dictionary deﬁnitions, E3.3.1, E5.9 Dilution ratio, G11 Dimensions, B13 and symbols, G26 Dimensions, in terminology, E5.3 order in deﬁnition, E4.5 Disclaimer of liability as to patented inventions, A27.4, B29.4, F3.2 Discussions, in terminology, E5.8 order in deﬁnition, E5.8 in terminology standards, E13.1.3 Drawings. See Figures and ﬁgure captions Equations, D7, G16.6 Exponents, G16.6 Figures and ﬁgure captions, form and style, G12 italics in, G15.1.2, G15.1.3, G15.1.6 note numbering, D10.3 numbering, D9 Fire hazard caveat, F2.2 Fire standards, F2.2 “Flexure” vs. “ﬂexural,” G28 Footnotes, A26, B28, D11, G13 in tables, D11.2, G13.1 Foreign terms, G15.1.5 Formulas, chemical. See Chemical formulas Fractions, G14.3, G16.7 History of a standard, A26.2, A30, B28.2, B32, C30 Hyphens, G14 Illustrations. See Figures and ﬁgure captions Index terms, A23, B24, C28, E15. See also Keywords Inspection section, B19 Interferences section, A10 Interpretation of results section, A19.2 Introduction section, A4 Isotopes, G7 Italics, G15 Keywords, A23, B24, C28, E15. See also Index terms Legends. See Figures and ﬁgure captions Liability disclaimer as to patented inventions, A27.4, B29.4, F3.2 Literature references, A25, A26.3, B27,B28.3, G21 bibliography, in a terminology standard, E16 Magniﬁcation, G12.8 Manuscript preparation, G2 Marking section, B22 Mass, B13 Materials and manufacture section in speciﬁcations, B10 Materials and reagents in test methods, A12 Mathematical material, G16 Measurement Uncertainty, A22 Measurement units, in terminology order in a deﬁnition, E4.5 Mechanical requirements section, B12 Mercury Caveat, F2.6 Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering (MDN) System, for document sections, D1-D16 General caveat, F2.3 Graphs. See Figures and ﬁgure captions Grouped terms, in terminology, E13.1.1 Guides, C15-C31 Nomenclature, chemical, G7 Notes, A27, B29, D10, G27.6 Nouns, in terminology, E3.2.3 Number of tests and retests section, B16 Numbering system, Modiﬁed Decimal (MDN), of document sections, D1-D16 Numerals, G18 Hazards section, A13 Ordering information section, B9, B25 Index-2 INDEX Packaging section, B23 Parts of speech, in terminology, E5.4 order in deﬁnition, E4.5 Patent caveat, F3.2 Patents, A27.4, B29.4, F3 Percent and percentage points, G19 Performance requirements section, B12 Permissible variations section, B13 Photographs. See Figures, G12 Photomicrographs. See Figures, G12.8 Physical requirements section, B12 “Point” System. See Modiﬁed Decimal Numbering (MDN) System, D1-D16 Policy caveats, F2 Fire hazard, F2.2 General, F2.3 Mercury, F2.6 Patent, F3.2 Safety hazard, A13, F2.1 Working document, F2.4 Polymers, G20 Powers of 10, G27.3 Practices, C15-C31 Precautions section. See Hazards section Precision and bias section, A21 Preparation of apparatus section, A15, A24.3.6 Quotations, G21 Ranges of measured quantities, B13 Rationale, A30, B32, C30 Ratios, G18.5 Reagents and materials section, A12 Redundancy, of terminology, E3.3 Reference publications, G21 Reference standards in test methods, A16.2 Referenced documents section, A6, B6, C6, C20, E11 References, literature, A25, A26.3, B27, B28.3, G21 bibliography, in a terminology standard, E16 Rejection and rehearing section, B20 Report section, A20 Research Reports, A26.5, A29, B28.5, B31 Revision of standards, manuscript preparation, G2 Safety hazards caveat, A13, F2.1 Safety precautions section. See Hazards section Samples and specimens, A14, B17, G23 Sampling section, A14, B15 Scope section, A5, B5, C5, C19 SI combined standard, A3.4, B4.4, H3.1.2 SI conversion, G24, H1-H2.3 SI units, adding to existing standards, H3 in tables, H6 terminology, for ASTM use, H2 in text, H3, H4 rounding, H1.2.2.1 Signiﬁcance and use section, A9, C8, C23 Size ranges, B13 Sources of supply, A26.4, B28.4, F4 Speciﬁcation limits, E5.6 order in deﬁnition, E4.5 See also Delimiting phrases Speciﬁcations, adjuncts, B30 analytical test methods section, B18 annexes, B26.3 apparatus sources, B28.4 appendixes, B26.4 applicable documents. See Referenced documents section certiﬁcation section, B21 chemical composition section, B11 classiﬁcation section, B8 committee jurisdiction, B28.2 designation, B4 dimensions, mass, and permissible variations section, B13 footnotes, B28 functions, B1 history, B28.2 inspection section, B19 keywords section, B24 literature references, B27, B28.3 mass, B13 materials and manufacture section, B10 mechanical requirements, B12.3 notes, B29 number of tests and retests section, B16 ordering information section, B9 packaging and package marking section, B23 part-numbering system, B33 patent disclaimer of liability note, B29.4, F3.2 performance requirements, B12.4 Index-3 INDEX permissible variations of measured quantities, B13 physical requirements, B12.2 product marking section, B22 rationale (commentary), B32 referenced documents section, B6 references section, B27, B28.3 rejection and rehearing section, B20 research reports, B28.5, B31 sampling section, B15 scope section, B5 size ranges, B13 specimen preparation section, B17 subject headings, B2 supplementary requirements, B25, D4 symbols, A2.4, B7, E1.1 terminology section, B7. See also Deﬁnitions and Deﬁnitions of terms test methods section, B18 title, B3 workmanship, ﬁnish, and appearance section, B14 Specimens and samples, A14, B17, G23 Spelling, G25 Standards of other organizations, F5 Statistical data, G16.8 Subject headings, A1, B2, C2, C16, E7 Subscripts, G16.3, G16.7 Summary of changes, A31, B34, C14, C31, E18 Summary of practice session, C22 Summary of test method section, A8 Supplementary requirements, B25, D4 Symbols, for crystal planes and directions, G9 in deﬁnitions, E5.2, E6 order in deﬁnition, E4.5 in separate section, A7.2.4, G3, G26 for statistical data, G16.8.3 in terminology, E6.1.1, E14 for units, G3 use of italics, G15.1.1 See also Abbreviations Tables, footnotes, D11.2, G13.1 numbering, D8 powers of 10 in, G27.3 SI units in, H6 style, G27 “Tension” vs. “tensile,” G28.2 Term, E1-E14 Terminology, A7, B7, C7, C21, E1-E18 Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, E3.3.3 coordination and management, E1 deﬁned, Introduction to Part E delimiting phrases, E5.5 objectives, Introduction to Part E speciﬁcation limits, E5.6. See also delimiting phrases usage, Introduction to Part E Terminology standards, E7-E18 appendixes, E16 bibliography, E17 content and technical committee responsibilities, Introduction to Part E, E1 dictionary deﬁnitions, E3.3.1 format and subject headings, E7 parts of speech, E5.4 purpose, E1 referenced documents, E11 SI units, H3 signiﬁcance and use, E12 term grouping, E13.1.1 title, E8 Terms, E2, E5 abbreviations, E5.1, E6.1.3, E14 absolute, E3.2.3 acronyms, E6.1.2, E14 adjectives, E3.2.3 attributions, E5.9, E13.1.4 bibliography, E17 cross-references, E5.7, E13.1.2 deﬁnitions, A7.2.1, E1, E2, E3, E4, E13 deﬁnitions of terms, A7.2.3, E1, E2, E3, E4, E13 dimensions, E5.3 keywords (index terms), A23, B24, C28, E15 limitations, E5.5, E5.6 nouns, E3.2.3 order in deﬁnitions, E4.5 parts of speech, E5.4 qualitative, E3.2.3 quantitative, E3.2.4 redundancy, E3.3 symbols, E5.2, E6.1.1, E14 term grouping, E13.1.1 Index-4 INDEX within a standard, E2-E5 Test methods, adjuncts, A28 annexes, A24.3 apparatus preparation section, A15 apparatus section, A11 apparatus sources, A26.4 appendixes, A24.4 applicable documents. See Referenced documents section bias statement, A21.3 calculation section, A19.1 calibration and standardization section, A16 committee jurisdiction, A26.2 conditioning section, A17 designation, A3 footnotes, A26 hazards section, A13 history, A26.2 interferences section, A10 interpretation of results section, A19.2 introduction section, A4 keywords section, A23 literature references, A25, A26.3 measurement uncertainty section, A22 notes, A27 patent disclaimer of liability note, A27.4 precautions section. See Hazards section precision statement, A21.2 preparation of apparatus section, A15 reagents and materials section, A12 reference standards, A16.2 referenced documents section, A6 references section, A25, A26.3 report section, A20 research reports, A26.5, A29 safety precautions section. See Hazards section sampling section, A14 scope section, A5 signiﬁcance and use section, A9 subject headings, A1 summary of test method section, A8 symbols, A7.2.4 terminology section, A7, E3-E5. See also Deﬁnitions and Deﬁnitions of Terms test specimen and sample section, A14 trademarks, A11.2, A12.4 Test methods section of speciﬁcations, B18 Thermal conductivity unit, G29 Thermometers, referencing, G30 Titles, A2, B3, C3, C17 Tolerances, G26.1 Trademarks, A11.2, A12.4, F4.2, G6.5, G31 Transistor type, G15.1.6 Unit symbols, G3 Working document caveat, F2.4 Workmanship, ﬁnish, and appearance section, B14 Index-5 EXHIBIT 6 EXHIBIT 7 EXHIBIT 8 EXHIBIT 9 EXHIBIT 10 EXHIBIT 11 EXHIBIT 12 EXHIBIT 13 EXHIBIT 14 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 The table below presents the data as entered. Input Field Entered REGISTRATION NUMBER 2679320 REGISTRATION DATE 01/28/2003 SERIAL NUMBER 75638698 MARK SECTION MARK ASTM OWNER SECTION (current) NAME American Society for Testing and Materials STREET 100 Barr Harbor Drive CITY West Conshohocken STATE Pennsylvania ZIP/POSTAL CODE 19428 COUNTRY US ATTORNEY SECTION (current) NAME DENISE ADAMUCCI FIRM NAME KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING PC STREET 2 LOGAN SQ 12TH FL CITY PHILADELPHIA STATE Pennsylvania POSTAL CODE 19103-2756 COUNTRY United States ATTORNEY SECTION (proposed) NAME Carole R. Klein FIRM NAME Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP STREET 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW CITY Washington STATE District of Columbia POSTAL CODE 20004 COUNTRY United States PHONE 202-739-5517 FAX 202-739-3001 EMAIL trademarks@morganlewis.com AUTHORIZED TO COMMUNICATE VIA E-MAIL Yes ATTORNEY DOCKET NUMBER 035186.0007 OTHER APPOINTED ATTORNEY the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, DANA S. GROSS, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, MERRY BIGGERSTAFF, member of the New York Bar, and DAN MARKS, member of the California Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices GOODS AND/OR SERVICES SECTION INTERNATIONAL CLASS 016 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \756\386\75638698\xml1\81 50002.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION photograph of manual INTERNATIONAL CLASS 035 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \756\386\75638698\xml1\81 50003.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website INTERNATIONAL CLASS 041 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \756\386\75638698\xml1\81 50004.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website INTERNATIONAL CLASS 042 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \756\386\75638698\xml1\81 50005.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website PAYMENT SECTION NUMBER OF CLASSES 4 NUMBER OF CLASSES PAID 4 SUBTOTAL AMOUNT 1200 TOTAL FEE PAID 1200 SIGNATURE SECTION SIGNATURE /Thomas B. O'Brien, Jr./ SIGNATORY'S NAME Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. SIGNATORY'S POSITION Vice President & General Counsel DATE SIGNED 01/26/2009 PAYMENT METHOD DA FILING INFORMATION SUBMIT DATE Mon Jan 26 13:26:39 EST 2009 TEAS STAMP USPTO/S08N15-96.241.29.24 6-20090126132639117396-26 79320-44042b9939fe160f1de 789964cb9b619f7d-DA-10343 -20090126131432563889 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 To the Commissioner for Trademarks: REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2679320 REGISTRATION DATE: 01/28/2003 MARK: ASTM The owner, American Society for Testing and Materials, having an address of 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428 US is filing a Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15. For International Class 016, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) photograph of manual. Specimen File1 For International Class 035, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 For International Class 041, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 For International Class 042, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 The registrant hereby appoints Carole R. Klein and the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, DANA S. GROSS, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, MERRY BIGGERSTAFF, member of the New York Bar, and DAN MARKS, member of the California Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 United States to file this Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 on behalf of the registrant. The attorney docket/reference number is 035186.0007. A fee payment in the amount of $1200 will be submitted with the form, representing payment for 4 class(es), plus any additional grace period fee, if necessary. Declaration The mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with the goods and/or services identified above, as evidenced by the attached specimen(s) showing the mark as used in commerce. The mark has been in continuous use in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce. There has been no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and there is no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of either in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts. The undersigned being hereby warned that willful false statements and the like are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under 18 U.S.C. Section 1001, and that such willful false statements and the like may jeopardize the validity of this document, declares that he/she is properly authorized to execute this document on behalf of the Owner; and all statements made of his/her own knowledge are true and that all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true. Signature: /Thomas B. O'Brien, Jr./ Date: 01/26/2009 Signatory's Name: Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. Signatory's Position: Vice President & General Counsel Mailing Address (current): KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING PC 2 LOGAN SQ 12TH FL PHILADELPHIA, Pennsylvania 19103-2756 Mailing Address (proposed): Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 Serial Number: 75638698 Internet Transmission Date: Mon Jan 26 13:26:39 EST 2009 TEAS Stamp: USPTO/S08N15-96.241.29.246-2009012613263 9117396-2679320-44042b9939fe160f1de78996 4cb9b619f7d-DA-10343-2009012613143256388 9 EXHIBIT 15 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 The table below presents the data as entered. Input Field Entered REGISTRATION NUMBER 2685857 REGISTRATION DATE 02/11/2003 SERIAL NUMBER 76343236 MARK SECTION MARK ASTM INTERNATIONAL OWNER SECTION (current) NAME American Society for Testing and Materials STREET 100 Barr Harbor Drive CITY West Conshohocken STATE Pennsylvania ZIP/POSTAL CODE 19428 COUNTRY US PHONE 610-832-9500 FAX 610-832-9555 ATTORNEY SECTION (current) NAME Denise Adamucci FIRM NAME KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING STREET TWO LOGAN SQUARE, 12TH FLOOR CITY PHILADELPHIA STATE Pennsylvania POSTAL CODE 19103-2756 COUNTRY United States PHONE (215) 567-7658 FAX (215) 567-2737 EMAIL dadamucci@klettrooney.com ATTORNEY SECTION (proposed) NAME Carole R. Klein FIRM NAME Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP STREET 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW CITY Washington STATE District of Columbia POSTAL CODE 20004 COUNTRY United States PHONE 202-739-5517 FAX 202-739-3001 EMAIL trademarks@morganlewis.com AUTHORIZED TO COMMUNICATE VIA E-MAIL Yes ATTORNEY DOCKET NUMBER 035186.0007.0160 OTHER APPOINTED ATTORNEY the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, DANA S. GROSS, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, MERRY BIGGERSTAFF, member of the New York Bar, and DAN MARKS, member of the California Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices GOODS AND/OR SERVICES SECTION INTERNATIONAL CLASS 016 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \763\432\76343236\xml1\81 50002.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION photograph of book cover INTERNATIONAL CLASS 035 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \763\432\76343236\xml1\81 50003.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website INTERNATIONAL CLASS 041 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \763\432\76343236\xml1\81 50004.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website INTERNATIONAL CLASS 042 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT5\IMAGEOUT5 \763\432\76343236\xml1\81 50005.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION page from website PAYMENT SECTION NUMBER OF CLASSES 4 NUMBER OF CLASSES PAID 4 SUBTOTAL AMOUNT 1200 TOTAL FEE PAID 1200 SIGNATURE SECTION SIGNATURE /Thomas B. O'Brien, Jr./ SIGNATORY'S NAME Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. SIGNATORY'S POSITION Vice President & General Cousel DATE SIGNED 01/26/2009 PAYMENT METHOD DA FILING INFORMATION SUBMIT DATE Mon Jan 26 13:32:46 EST 2009 TEAS STAMP USPTO/S08N15-96.241.29.24 6-20090126133246540365-26 85857-4402f99ac79415168fe bc61ba63e8b68dc-DA-1042420090126132142673988 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 To the Commissioner for Trademarks: REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2685857 REGISTRATION DATE: 02/11/2003 MARK: ASTM INTERNATIONAL The owner, American Society for Testing and Materials, having an address of 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428 US is filing a Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15. For International Class 016, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) photograph of book cover. Specimen File1 For International Class 035, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 For International Class 041, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 For International Class 042, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) page from website. Specimen File1 The registrant hereby appoints Carole R. Klein and the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, DANA S. GROSS, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, MERRY BIGGERSTAFF, member of the New York Bar, and DAN MARKS, member of the California Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 United States to file this Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 on behalf of the registrant. The attorney docket/reference number is 035186.0007.0160. A fee payment in the amount of $1200 will be submitted with the form, representing payment for 4 class(es), plus any additional grace period fee, if necessary. Declaration The mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with the goods and/or services identified above, as evidenced by the attached specimen(s) showing the mark as used in commerce. The mark has been in continuous use in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce. There has been no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and there is no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of either in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts. The undersigned being hereby warned that willful false statements and the like are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under 18 U.S.C. Section 1001, and that such willful false statements and the like may jeopardize the validity of this document, declares that he/she is properly authorized to execute this document on behalf of the Owner; and all statements made of his/her own knowledge are true and that all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true. Signature: /Thomas B. O'Brien, Jr./ Date: 01/26/2009 Signatory's Name: Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. Signatory's Position: Vice President & General Cousel Mailing Address (current): KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING TWO LOGAN SQUARE, 12TH FLOOR PHILADELPHIA, Pennsylvania 19103-2756 Mailing Address (proposed): Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 Serial Number: 76343236 Internet Transmission Date: Mon Jan 26 13:32:46 EST 2009 TEAS Stamp: USPTO/S08N15-96.241.29.246-2009012613324 6540365-2685857-4402f99ac79415168febc61b a63e8b68dc-DA-10424-20090126132142673988 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 The table below presents the data as entered. Input Field Entered REGISTRATION NUMBER 2651796 REGISTRATION DATE 11/19/2002 SERIAL NUMBER 76343235 MARK SECTION MARK ASTM INTERNATIONAL (stylized and/or with design) OWNER SECTION (current) NAME American Society for Testing and Materials STREET 100 Barr Harbor Drive CITY West Conshohocken STATE Pennsylvania ZIP/POSTAL CODE 19428 COUNTRY United States PHONE 610-832-9500 FAX 610-832-9555 ATTORNEY SECTION (current) NAME DENISE ADAMUCCI FIRM NAME KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING STREET 2 LOGAN SQ 12TH FL CITY PHILADELPHIA STATE Pennsylvania POSTAL CODE 19103-2756 COUNTRY United States PHONE PHONE (215) 567-7658 FAX (215) 567-2737 EMAIL dadamucci@klettrooney.com ATTORNEY SECTION (proposed) NAME Carole R. Klein FIRM NAME Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP STREET 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW CITY Washington STATE District of Columbia POSTAL CODE 20004 COUNTRY United States PHONE 202-739-5517 FAX 202-739-3001 EMAIL trademarks@morganlewis.com AUTHORIZED TO COMMUNICATE VIA E-MAIL Yes ATTORNEY DOCKET NUMBER 035186.0007.0151 OTHER APPOINTED ATTORNEY the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, and DANA S. GROSS and MERRY BIGGERSTAFF members of the New York Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, DIANE J. MASON, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices GOODS AND/OR SERVICES SECTION INTERNATIONAL CLASS 016 GOODS OR SERVICES KEEP ALL LISTED SPECIMEN FILE NAME(S) \\TICRS\EXPORT4\IMAGEOUT4 \763\432\76343235\xml1\81 50002.JPG SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION cover of publication PAYMENT SECTION NUMBER OF CLASSES 1 NUMBER OF CLASSES PAID 1 SUBTOTAL AMOUNT 300 TOTAL FEE PAID 300 SIGNATURE SECTION SIGNATURE /Thomas B. O'Brien Jr./ SIGNATORY'S NAME Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. SIGNATORY'S POSITION Vice President & General Counsel DATE SIGNED 11/19/2008 PAYMENT METHOD DA FILING INFORMATION SUBMIT DATE Wed Nov 19 21:06:20 EST 2008 TEAS STAMP USPTO/S08N15-72.73.50.2-2 0081119210620238721-26517 96-4006213692268b8ad7c14b 1d10351d8a60-DA-4608-2008 1119114901182352 PTO Form 1583 (Rev 5/2006) OMB No. 0651-0055 (Exp 12/31/2011) Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 To the Commissioner for Trademarks: REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2651796 REGISTRATION DATE: 11/19/2002 MARK: ASTM INTERNATIONAL (stylized and/or with design) The owner, American Society for Testing and Materials, having an address of 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428 United States is filing a Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15. For International Class 016, the mark is in use in commerce on or in connection with all of the goods or services listed in the existing registration for this specific class; and the mark has been continuously used in commerce for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still in use in commerce on or in connection with all goods or services listed in the existing registration for this class. Also, no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for those goods or services exists, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and, no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of in either the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the courts exists. The owner is submitting one specimen for this class showing the mark as used in commerce on or in connection with any item in this class, consisting of a(n) cover of publication. Specimen File1 The registrant hereby appoints Carole R. Klein and the firm of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, MICHAEL F. CLAYTON, JAMES R. SIMS III, RON N. DREBEN, KAREN A. BUTCHER, BRETT I. MILLER, ANITA B. POLOTT, CAROLE R. KLEIN, JOSEPH E. WASHINGTON, KRISTIN H. ALTOFF, GENE K. PARK, MEGAN K. BOWEN, BRIAN P. OÂ’DONNELL, NATALIE A. WARD, HENRY SHINN, and SETH I. SHAIFER, members of the District of Columbia Bar, and DANA S. GROSS and MERRY BIGGERSTAFF members of the New York Bar, all located at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, ROCHELLE D. ALPERT, CARLA B. OAKLEY, SHARON R. SMITH, DIANE J. MASON, and LEIGHA E. WILBUR, members of the California Bar, all located at One Market, Spear Street Tower, San Francisco, California 94105, and ANDREW J. GRAY IV, member of the California Bar, located at 2 Palo Alto Square, Suite 700, 3000 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, California 94306, all of whom should receive correspondence and documents related to this application through the offices of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 United States to file this Combined Declaration of Use and Incontestability under Sections 8 & 15 on behalf of the registrant. The attorney docket/reference number is 035186.0007.0151. A fee payment in the amount of $300 will be submitted with the form, representing payment for 1 class(es), plus any additional grace period fee, if necessary. Declaration The owner, or its related company, is using the mark in commerce on or in connection with the goods and/or services identified above, as evidenced by the attached specimen(s) showing the mark as used in commerce. The owner, or its related company, has continuously used the mark in commerce on or in connection with the goods and/or services identified above, for five (5) consecutive years after the date of registration, or the date of publication under Section 12(c), and is still using the mark in commerce on or in connection with the identified goods and/or services. There has been no final decision adverse to the owner's claim of ownership of such mark for such goods and/or services, or to the owner's right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and there is no proceeding involving said rights pending and not disposed of either in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts. The undersigned being hereby warned that willful false statements and the like are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under 18 U.S.C. Section 1001, and that such willful false statements and the like may jeopardize the validity of this document, declares that he/she is properly authorized to execute this document on behalf of the Owner; and all statements made of his/her own knowledge are true and that all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true. Signature: /Thomas B. O'Brien Jr./ Date: 11/19/2008 Signatory's Name: Thomas B. O'Brien Jr. Signatory's Position: Vice President & General Counsel Mailing Address (current): KLETT ROONEY LIEBER & SCHORLING 2 LOGAN SQ 12TH FL PHILADELPHIA, Pennsylvania 19103-2756 Mailing Address (proposed): Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20004 Serial Number: 76343235 Internet Transmission Date: Wed Nov 19 21:06:20 EST 2008 TEAS Stamp: USPTO/S08N15-72.73.50.2-2008111921062023 8721-2651796-4006213692268b8ad7c14b1d103 51d8a60-DA-4608-20081119114901182352 EXHIBIT 16 EXHIBIT 17 EXHIBIT 18 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 1 of 19 ⇒ PREAMBLE—NOT PART OF THE SPECIFICATION ⇐ In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. The reader is advised: • In this file, Public.Resource.Org has transformed this specification into the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for the purpose of informing citizens of their rights and obligations by making these provisions more accessible and more usable. • This specification has been incorporated by reference into federal law by the Consumer Product Safety Commission as part of the Safety Standard for Infant Walkers (16 CFR 1216). • Public.Resource.Org has made no changes to this specification. Any errors in the transformation of this specification should be reported to Public.Resource.Org. • All hyperlinks to named standards are to versions that have been incorporated by reference into law and may not be the latest version. • This file is based on the HTML 5, MathML, SVG, and CSS specifications and may not be compatible with some older browsers. • Users may wish to modify this file. In particular, the header section calls the MathJax library and users may wish to use native MathML instead. There are also two calls to Google Fonts and one to our own external style sheet. • Internal IDs have been assigned to each clause and section (e.g., s3.1), figure ("f1"), table ("t1"), and equation ("eq1"). • Public.Resource.org is not affiliated in any way with any of the organizations named herein. ⇒ END OF PREAMBLE—NOT PART OF THE SPECIFICATION ⇐ Designation: F977 – 12 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers¹ This standard is issued under the fixed designation F977; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (ɛ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. ¹ This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.17 on Carriages, Strollers, Walkers and Stationary Activity Centers. Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F977 – 11b. DOI: 10.1520/F0977-12. Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Table of Contents PREAMBLE—NOT PART OF THE SPECIFICATION INTRODUCTION 1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology 4. Calibration and Standardization 5. General Requirements 6. Performance Requirements 7. Test Methods 8. Marking and Labeling 9. Instructional Literature 10. Keywords X1. RATIONALE https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 2 of 19 INTRODUCTION This consumer safety specification addresses walker incidents that were identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Based on data collected by the CPSC, the majority of incidents involved children falling down stairs or steps in walkers. Other incidents involved children tipping over in walkers or accessing hot surfaces or liquids. The injuries associated with these incidents ranged from cuts and bruises to burns, skull fractures, and deaths. Most of the children injured were under 15 months old. In response to the incident data provided by the CPSC, this consumer safety specification attempts to minimize the risk of injury or death associated with children in walkers falling down stairs or between levels, or tipping over. It also contains provisions to address the risk of injury associated with walker seating systems and folding mechanisms. 1. Scope 1.1 This consumer safety specification covers performance requirements, test methods, and marking requirements to promote safe use of the infant walker (see 3.1). 1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to minimize accidents to children resulting from normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of walkers. 1.3 No walker produced after the approval date of this consumer safety specification shall, either by label or other means, indicate compliance with this specification unless it conforms to all requirements contained herein. 1.4 This consumer safety specification is not intended to address accidents and injuries resulting from the interaction of other persons with the child in the walker or the accidents resulting from abuse and misuse by children able to walk. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this consumer safety specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:² • D3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test • F963 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety ² For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 2.2 Federal Regulations: ³ • 16 CFR 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint • 16 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations Including Sections: ◦ 1500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Point in Toys or Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under Eight Years of Age ◦ 1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Metal or Glass Edge in Toys or Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under Eight Years of Age ◦ 1500.50-.52 Test Methods for Simulating Use and Abuse of Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children • 16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under Three Years of Age Which Present Choking, Aspiration, or Ingestion Hazards Because of Small Parts ³ Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, N. Capital and H Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20401. 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.1.1 conspicuous, adj— a label that is visible, when the unit is in a manufacturer’s recommended use position, to a person standing near the unit at any one position around the unit but not necessarily visible from all positions. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 3 of 19 3.1.2 dynamic load, n— application of impulsive force through free fall of a weight. 3.1.3 manufacturer’s recommended use position, n— any position that is presented as a normal, allowable, or acceptable configuration for the use of the product by the manufacturer in any descriptive or instructional literature. This specifically excludes positions that the manufacturer shows in a like manner in its literature to be unacceptable, unsafe, or not recommended. 3.1.4 non-paper label, n— any label material (such as plastic or metal) which either will not tear without the aid of tools or tears leaving a sharply defined edge. 3.1.5 occupant, n— that individual who is in a product that is set up in one of the manufacturer’s recommended use positions. 3.1.6 paper label, n— any label material which tears without the aid of tools and leaves a fibrous edge. 3.1.7 static load, n— a vertically downward force applied by a calibrated force gauge or by dead weights. 3.1.8 walker, n— a mobile unit that enables a child to move on a horizontal surface when propelled by the child sitting or standing within the walker, and that is in the manufacturer’s recommended use position. Examples of different style walkers can be seen in Fig. 1. Circular X-Frame Open Back Adjustable Height Bouncer-Walker FIG. 1 Illustrations of Five Types of Baby Walkers 4. Calibration and Standardization 4.1 All testing shall be conducted on a concrete floor that may be covered with ⅛ in. (3 mm) thick vinyl floor cover, unless test instructs differently. 4.2 The walker shall be completely assembled, unless otherwise noted, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 4.3 No testing shall be conducted within 48 h of manufacturing. 4.4 The product to be tested shall be in a room with ambient temperature of 73 ± 9°F (23 ± 5°C) for at least 1 h prior to testing. Testing then shall be conducted within this temperature range. 4.5 All testing required by this specification shall be conducted on the same unit. 4.6 The following guidelines shall apply to force gauges used for testing: https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 4 of 19 4.6.1 Equipment— Force gauge with a range of 0 to 25 lbf (111 N) and a tolerance of 60.25 lbf (1.1 N). A calibration interval shall be maintained for the force gauge which will ensure that the accuracy does not drift beyond the stated tolerance. 4.6.2 Equipment— Force gauge with a range 0 to 100 lbf (445 N) and a tolerance of 61 lbf (4.4 N). A calibration interval shall be maintained for the force gauge which will ensure that the accuracy does not drift beyond the stated tolerance. 5. General Requirements 5.1 The walker shall conform to the regulations specified in Section 2 of this specification before and after all testing. 5.2 Prior to testing, any exposed wood parts shall be smooth and free from splinters. 5.3 Latching or Locking Mechanisms— Any unit that folds shall have a latching or locking device or other provision in the design that will prevent the unit from unintentionally folding when properly placed in the manufacturer’s recommended use position. The unit shall remain in its manufacturer’s recommended use position during and upon completion of the test, in accordance with 7.2. If a unit is designed with a latching or locking device, that device shall remain engaged and operative after testing. 5.4 Openings— Holes or slots that extend entirely through a wall section of any rigid material less than 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) thick and admit a 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) diameter rod shall also admit a 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) diameter rod. Holes or slots that are between 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) and 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) and have a wall thickness less than 0.375 in. (9.53 mm), but are limited in depth to 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) maximum by another rigid surface shall be permissible (see Fig. 2). The product shall be evaluated in all manufacturer’s recommended use positions. 0.375 (9.53 mm) Max. < 0.375 (9.53 mm) FIG. 2 Opening Examples 5.5 Scissoring, Shearing, Pinching— A product, when in a manufacturer’s recommended use position, shall be designed and constructed so as to prevent injury to the occupant from any scissoring, shearing, or pinching when members or components rotate about a common axis or fastening point, slide, pivot, fold or otherwise move relative to one another. Scissoring, shearing, or pinching that may cause injury shall not be https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 5 of 19 permissible when the edges of any rigid parts admit a probe greater than 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) and less than 0.375 in. (9.53 mm) diameter at any accessible point throughout the range of motion of such parts. 5.6 Exposed Coil Springs— Any exposed coil spring which is accessible to the occupant, having or capable of generating a space between coils of 0.210 in. (5.33 mm) or greater during static load testing in accordance with 7.1.2 shall be covered or otherwise designed to prevent injury from entrapment. 5.7 Labeling 5.7.1 Warning labels, whether paper or non-paper, shall be permanent when tested per 7.4.1-7.4.3. 5.7.2 Warning statements applied directly onto the surface of the product by hot stamping, heat transfer, printing, wood burning, etc. shall be permanent when tested per 7.4.4. 5.7.3 Non-paper labels shall not liberate small parts when tested in accordance with 7.4.5. 5.8 Protective Components— If a child can grasp components between the thumb and forefinger, or teeth (such as caps, sleeves, or plugs used for protection from sharp edges, points, or entrapment of fingers or toes), or if there is at least 0.040 in. (1.00 mm) gap between the component and its adjacent parent component, such component shall not be removed when tested in accordance with 7.5. 5.9 Toys— Toy accessories attached to, removable from, or sold with an infant walker, as well as their means of attachment, must meet applicable requirements of Consumer Safety Specification F963. 6. Performance Requirements NOTE 1 — The forces that are to be applied to the sample in the tests described in Section 7 of this specification are readily applied by means of a calibrated force gauge, or in the case of static load and dynamic load tests, by fixed masses. 6.1 Stability 6.1.1 Tipping Resistance Against an Immovable Object— A minimum stability index of 18 shall be required to tip over a walker either forwards or backwards when tested in accordance with 7.3. 6.1.2 Occupant Leaning Over Edge— A walker shall remain upright (not tip over) when forces are applied forward, and sideward, in accordance with 7.3.4. 6.2 Structural Integrity— All tests that cover static and dynamic loading, and support of the occupant, are to be performed on the same product, sequentially and without refurbishing or repositioning of adjustment, if any. At test conclusion, there shall be no failure of seams, breakage of materials, or changes in adjustments that could cause the unit not to fully support the child or create a hazardous condition as defined in Section 5. Maximum slippage of adjustable features, if any, is 1 in. (25 mm). 6.2.1 Dynamic Load— The occupant support member (seat) shall support a dynamic load when tested in accordance with 7.1.1. 6.2.2 Static Load— The walker shall not create a hazardous condition as defined in 5.4 when tested in accordance with 7.1.2. 6.2.3 Leg Openings— The seat of the walker shall be designed so that the leg openings will not permit passage of the test probe (see Fig. 3) when tested in accordance with 7.1.3. 2.15 in. (54.6 mm) Rad. Typical 4.3 in. (109 mm) 5.7 in. (145 mm) 2 15 in (54 6 mm) https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 2 15 in (54 6 mm) 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 6 of 19 2.15 in. (54.6 mm) Rad. Typical 2.15 in. (54.6 mm) Rad. Typical 5.2 in. (132 mm) Base of Probe NOTE — Handle Dimensions are based on a 5th percentile 6-month-old child. Gauge may be modified to facilitate testing to allow for pulling of the gauge. FIG. 3 Small Head Test Probe 6.3 Prevention of Falls Down Step(s)— The walker shall maintain contact with and be supported only by the test platform at the conclusion of the tests in 7.6. 6.4 Parking Device (applicable to walkers equipped with parking brakes)— The walker shall have a maximum displacement of 1.97 in. (50 mm) for each test in each direction (forward, rearward, and sideward) when tested in accordance with 7.7. 7. Test Methods NOTE 2 — Except for the structural integrity tests (see 7.1), that shall be performed first, the tests can be performed in any sequence. 7.1 Structural Integrity (see 6.2) NOTE 3 — All wood blocks are fabricated from 1 in. nominal thickness lumber having a finish thickness of ¾ in. (19 mm) unless otherwise stated. 7.1.1 Dynamic Load (see 6.2.1): 7.1.1.1 Position the walker in the manufacturer’s recommended use position with all wheels on the floor. If adjustable, adjust to the highest and most upright position. 7.1.1.2 Affix to the walker seat a 6 by 6 in. (150 by 150 mm) wood block. If the unit has a hammock type seat, use a standard 6 in. weld cap, as identified in Fig. 4. Attach the weld cap to the bottom of the test weight with the convex surface down. 7.1.1.3 Drop a test weight of 33 lb (15.0 kg), with the weight of the weld cap included, onto the seat at least a distance of 1 in. (25 mm) 100 times at a rate of 4 ± 1 s per cycle. 7.1.1.4 When testing a spring supported adjustable bouncer walker, test with the unit in the highest adjustment position and support the frame so that the dropping of the 33 lb (15.0 kg) weight does not cause the frame to bottom out artificially. 6.625 0.280 6.065 1.7 1.01 3.5 NOTE — Caps furnished to ANSI standards unless otherwise specified. Welding caps are formed from steel plate and are ellipsoidal in shape. The minor axis being equal to one half the major axis radii “R” and “r” closely approximate the actual semi-ellipsoidal shape. All dimensions in inches and are in accordance with ANSI B16.9. FIG. 4 Nominal 6 in. Weld Cap Weight (Approximately) 6.4 lb https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 7 of 19 7.1.2 Static Load (see 6.2.2): 7.1.2.1 Position the walker as in 7.1.1.1. 7.1.2.2 Center a weight of 90 lb (40.8 kg) for a period of 1 min on a 6 by 6 in. (150 by 150 mm) wood block affixed to the walker seat. If the unit has a hammock type seat, use a standard 6 in. (150 mm) weld cap, convex surface down, as identified in Fig. 4 instead of the specified wood block. Include the weight of the weld cap in the 90 lb (40.8 kg) weight. If the natural action of a bouncer type walker will not allow the full application of 90 lb (40.8 kg) static load, then restrict the bouncer mechanism by any means possible so that the full static load can be applied to the seat or section of the walker occupied by the child. 7.1.2.3 Position the walker in the manufacturer’s recommended use position with all wheels on the floor. If adjustable, adjust to the lowest use position. 7.1.2.4 Center a weight of 50 lb (22.7 kg) for a period of 1 minute on a 6 by 6 in. (150 by 150 mm) wood block affixed to the walker seat. If the unit has a hammock type seat, use a standard 6 in. (150 mm) weld cap convex surface face down, as identified in Fig. 4 instead of the specified wood block. Include the weight of the weld cap in the 50 lb (22.7 kg) weight. In this test DO NOT restrict the bouncer mechanism from folding or bottoming out. Observe visually the action of all supporting, locking, and adjusting components to make sure that they do not create a hazardous condition as defined in 5.4. 7.1.3 Leg Openings Test (see 6.2.3): 7.1.3.1 If the seat is adjustable, adjust the seat to obtain the largest leg opening. 7.1.3.2 Rotate the test probe shown in Fig. 3 to the orientation most likely to fail and gradually apply a force of 25 lbf (111 N). Apply the force perpendicular to the base of the probe within a period of 5 s and maintain it for an additional 10 s. 7.2 Latching or Locking Mechanisms (see 5.3) 7.2.1 Erect the walker in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and adjust to the highest and most upright recommended use position. 7.2.2 Position the walker so that the normal folding motion is not impeded. 7.2.3 Apply a force of 10 lbf (44 N) in the direction normally associated with folding the walker in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Apply the force gradually over a 5-s period and maintain for an additional 10 s before releasing the force. 7.2.4 Perform this procedure for a total of five times within a 2 min period. 7.3 Stability Test (see 6.1) 7.3.1 Tipping Resistance Against An Immovable Object (see 6.1.1)— Establish a horizontal test plane with a piece of ½ in. (13 mm) high by ¾ in. (19 mm) wide aluminum angle stop affixed thereto. Its length shall be a minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) wider than the width of the walker being tested. 7.3.2 Forward Tip Resistance: 7.3.2.1 Place the walker on the horizontal test plane and adjust it to the manufacturers highest recommended use position. If the walker has a reclinable seat, place it in its most upright position. Place a six month old CAMI Infant Dummy Mark II4 in the walker and affix it in a position so that its feet just touch the test plane and its abdomen is positioned firmly against the forward edge of the occupant area (see Fig. 5). If the Dummy’s feet do not touch the test plane when the walker is in its highest use position, lower the walker until the Dummy’s feet just touch the test plane. FWD. FACING OCCUPANT AREA Strap Attached To Tray And Buckled Behind Child. Note: Use 1" To 11 /4" Nylon Webbing With Two Piece https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 8 of 19 Webbing With Two-Piece Adjustable Buckle Or Other Positive Attachment Method. FWD. FACING OCCUPANT AREA Strap Around Child, Over Front Tube And Tray, Back Around Clasped Behind. FIG. 5 Placement of CAMI Infant Dummy 7.3.2.2 Position the walker so that its two most forward wheels are touching and perpendicular to the aluminum stop. For walkers that have offset wheels, place the wheels in the most disadvantageous position. 7.3.2.3 Pretension by gradually applying 3 lbf (13 N) forward horizontal force at a level just below the CAMI Dummy’s4 armpits in a direction perpendicular to the axis connecting the two most forward wheels and centered halfway between the wheels (see Fig. 6). Then increase the horizontal force until the walker tips over forward. TIP RESISTANCE SETUP FORCE ALUM. STOP PULL SCALE PULL GUAGE ALUM. STOP FIG. 6 Tip Resistance Setup 7.3.2.4 If during the application of the force the front edge of the walker contacts the test plane and the wheels contacting the aluminum stop begin to lift upward, release the force allowing the walker to rest upon the test plane, remove the stop from the wheels and position a suitable stop against the front edge of the walker. Then reapply the force as specified in 7.3.2.3 until the walker tips over forward. 7.3.2.5 Record the distance pulled in inches after pretensioning and the maximum force exerted in pounds (including pre-tensioning). The sum of the distance pulled and maximum force exerted shall be considered the stability index. 7.3.3 Rear Tip Resistance: 7.3.3.1 Without adjusting the seat height or the height of the CAMI Dummy4 relative to the horizontal test plane, position the Dummy so that its back is firmly against the rear of the occupant area. ⁴ CAMI Infant Dummy (Mark II), Department of Transportation, Memorandum Report AAC-119-74-14, Revision II, Drawing No. SA-1101 (see Fig. 7). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers NOTE — Page 9 of 19 This CAMI Infant Dummy was constructed in accordance with the Department of Transportation Specification dated April 29, 1975. FIG. 7 CAMI Infant Dummy—Mark II 7.3.3.2 Position the walker so that its two most rearward wheels are touching and perpendicular to the aluminum stop. For walkers that have offset wheels, place wheels in the most disadvantageous position. 7.3.3.3 Pretension by gradually applying a 3 lbf (13 N) horizontal force in a rearward direction perpendicular to the axis connecting the two most rear wheels and centered between the wheels. Apply the force at a level just below the CAMI Dummy’s4 armpits. Then increase the force until the walker tips over. If the walker has a seat pad whose back is higher than the Dummy’s armpits, apply the horizontal force at the same height as that of the Dummy’s armpits. 7.3.3.4 Record the distance pulled in inches after pretensioning and the maximum force exerted in pounds including pre-tensioning. The sum of the distance pulled and the maximum force exerted shall be considered the stability index. 7.3.4 Occupant Leaning Outward Over Edge of Walker (see 6.1.2 ): 7.3.4.1 Position walker in the manufacturer’s recommended use position with all wheels on the floor (flat horizontal plane). For walkers that have offset wheels, place wheels in the most disadvantageous position. If the walker is adjustable, adjust to its highest use position. 7.3.4.2 Clamp a 1 by 1 in. (25 by 25 mm) rigid aluminum angle to the uppermost front and rear horizontal frame members of the walker in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the two most forward wheels and centered between the wheels. The length of the aluminum angle should be such that it extends forward at least 12 in. (300 mm) beyond the front edge of the occupant seating area (see Fig. 8). CLAMPS TRAY OCCUPANT SEATING AREA 17 LBS. "Y" NOTE — 17 LBS' X inches depends on height of walker, Y = height of walker tray or uppermost frame member. FIG. 8 Leaning Over Setup 7.3.4.3 Locate the point on the aluminum angle that is 1 in. (25 mm) less than one half the difference between 32 in. (810 mm), and the height of the walker at the top edge of the tray adjacent to the seating area (see Fig. 8). Over a period of 5 s, gradually apply a vertically downward force of 17 lb to this point and maintain it for an additional 10 s. NOTE 4 — 32 in. is the maximum height of the user. 7.3.4.4 Repeat the steps in 7.3.4.1, 7.3.4.2, and 7.3.4.3, except position the aluminum angle in a sideward direction perpendicular to the axis connecting the two most sideward wheels and centered halfway between the wheels. Be sure the aluminum angle extends at least 12 in. (300 mm) beyond the inside edge of the tray or horizontal frame member. Placement of the 17 lb (7.7 kg) weight to the side shall not cause the walker to tip over. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 10 of 19 7.4 Permanency of Labels and Warnings (see 5.7) 7.4.1 A paper label (excluding labels attached by a seam) shall be considered permanent if, during an attempt to remove it without the aid of tools or solvents, it cannot be removed, it tears into pieces upon removal, or such action damages the surface to which it is attached. 7.4.2 A non-paper label (excluding labels attached by a seam) shall be considered permanent if, during an attempt to remove it without the aid of tools or solvents, it cannot be removed or such action damages the surface to which it is attached. 7.4.3 A warning label attached by a seam shall be considered permanent if it does not detach when subjected to a 15 lb pull force applied in any direction most likely to cause failure using a ¾ in. diameter clamp surface. Apply the force evenly over 5 s and maintain for an additional 10 s. 7.4.4 Adhesion Test for Warnings Applied Directly onto the Surface of the Product: 7.4.4.1 Apply the tape test defined in Test Method B-Cross-Cut Tape Test of Test Methods D3359 eliminating parallel cuts. 7.4.4.2 Perform this test once in each different location where warnings are applied. 7.4.4.3 The warning statements will be considered permanent if the printing in the area tested is still legible and attached after being subjected to this test. 7.4.5 A non-paper label, during an attempt to remove it without the aid of tools or solvents, shall not be removed or shall not fit entirely within the small parts cylinder defined in 16 CFR 1501 if it can be removed. 7.5 Removal of Components (see 5.8) 7.5.1 Test components in accordance with each of the following methods in the sequence listed. 7.5.2 Secure the walker so that it cannot move during the performance of the following tests. 7.5.3 Torque Test— A torque of 3 lbf·in. (0.3 N·m) shall be applied evenly within a period of 5 s in a clockwise direction until a rotation of 180° from the original position has been attained or 3 lbf·in. (0.3 N·m) has been exceeded. The torque or maximum rotation shall be maintained for an additional 10 s. The torque shall then be removed and the test components permitted to return to a relaxed condition. This procedure shall then be repeated in a counter-clockwise direction. 7.5.4 Tension Test: 7.5.4.1 Attach a force gauge to the cap, sleeve or plug by means of any suitable device. For components that cannot reasonably be expected to be grasped between thumb and forefinger, or teeth, on their outer diameter but have a gap of at least 0.040 in. (1.00 mm) between the rear surface of the component and the structural member of the walker to which they are attached, a clamp such as the one shown in Fig. 9 may be a suitable device. 15 lbf (67 N) Maximum Tension https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 11 of 19 FIG. 9 Tension Test Adaptor/Clamp 7.5.4.2 Be sure that the attachment device does not compress or expand the component so that it hinders any possible removal. 7.5.4.3 Gradually apply a 15 lbf (67 N) force in the direction that would normally be associated with the removal of the component over a 5 s period and hold for an additional 10 s. 7.6 Step(s) Tests (see 6.3) (Refer to Table 1 and Fig. 10) 7.6.1 Walker and Dummy Positioning for Step Tests: 7.6.1.1 Adjust the walker seat and tray to the manufacturer’s highest recommended use position. If the walker has any consumer controllable features (that is, manual brakes, toy bars, etc.), place them in the configuration deemed most likely to cause failure of this test. 7.6.1.2 The dummy may be secured to the tray to maintain contact during the test. Raise the dummy’s legs just enough so its feet do not touch the platform during the performance of the test and position using the rope specified in Fig. 10. The dummy’s head shall remain unrestrained for all the step tests. THE TEST TABLE SHALL BE OF ADEQUATE LENGTH TO ACCOMMODATE THE MAXIMUM CALCULATED LAUNCHING DISTANCE d w 20 in. (510 mm) d 0.5w 4.0 in. (100 mm) PLANE A 36.0 in. (914 mm) FRONT EDGE IS CUT SQUARE (90°) ROPE: 7-STRAND FIBROUS MILITARY ROPE WITH 660 lb TENSILE STRENGTH. ROPE ANGLE SHALL BE HORIZONTAL (0° ± 0.6°) 1.25 in. (32 mm) OD STAINLESS STEEL BALL BEARING PULLEY 48 in. (1200 mm) SURFACE - OAK HARDWOOD FLOORING PRE-FINISHED WITH POLYURETHANE VARNISH. WOOD GRAIN PATTERN SHALL BE PARALLEL TO THE ROPE AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE FRONT EDGE. USE THE MILITARY ROPE AS SPECIFIED IN SECTION 7.8.3.3 FOR LEG POSITIONING SUPPORT. d CAMI -HEAD SHALL REMAIN UNRESTRAINED FOR ALL STEP TESTS IN ALL DIRECTIONS NOTE: THE PLATFORM MAY BE CLEANED WITH MILD SOAP AND WATER THE TEST TABLE APPARATUS SHALL BE RIGID WITH MINIMAL FLEXURE. THE SPRING RATE FOR THE PULLEY BRACKET SHALL BE ≥ 100 lb/in IN THE HORIZONTAL https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 12 of 19 AND VERTICAL DIRECTIONS. 8 lb. MASS (3.6 kg) FIG. 10 Test Platform 7.6.2 Establish a vertical Plane A that passes through the center of the seating area and is parallel to the direction the child faces. Establish a vertical Plane B that is perpendicular to Plane A and passes through the center of the seating area. 7.6.3 Forward Facing Step Test: 7.6.3.1 Center the walker on the test platform facing forward so that Plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and the walker is distance d from the center of the most forward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform. dCAMI = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (1) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI ) TABLE 1 Summary of Step(s) Tests Section Number Facing Direction of Walker Weight of CAMI Dummy, lb Simulated Speed, ft/s 7.6.3 forward 17 4 Apply Tipover Test yes 7.6.3.7 forward 28 (vest) 4 yes 7.6.4 sideward 17 2 yes 7.6.4.7 sideward 28 (vest) 2 yes 7.6.5 rearward 17 4 no 7.6.5.6 rearward 28 (vest) 4 no where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (4 ft/s) Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI = measured weight of CAMI dummy Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) NCAMI = normal force (for CAMI dummy scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) Position the swivel wheels in such a way that the walker moves forward in a straight line parallel to Plane A. 7.6.3.2 Place a CAMI Infant Dummy Mark II in the walker and position it as shown in Fig. 11 with the torso contacting the front of the occupant seating area and arms placed on the walker tray. Direction of Travel FIG. 11 Dummy Position for Forward Facing Test https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 13 of 19 7.6.3.3 While holding the walker stationary, attach an 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight to the front of the walker base at Plane A by means of a 7-strand military rope with a 550 lb tensile strength (for example, paracord 550) and a stainless steel ball bearing pulley with an outside diameter of 1.25 in. (32 mm) and adjust the pulley so that the force is applied horizontally (0 ± 0.5° with respect to the table surface). 7.6.3.4 Release the walker. When the walker comes to rest the 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight must still be applied to the walker. 7.6.3.5 If any part of the walker extends over the edge of the test platform, perform the following tipover test. Without repositioning the walker, remove the CAMI dummy and the 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight. Perform the tipover test as specified in 7.3.4.2 and 7.3.4.3 except that the aluminum angle should be positioned in Plane A. 7.6.3.6 Repeat 7.6.3.3-7.6.3.5 two additional times. 7.6.3.7 Repeat 7.6.3.1-7.6.3.6 using the CAMI dummy with the weighted vest (see Fig. 12) and with distance computed using the following equation: dCAMI w/vest = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI w/vest +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (2) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI w/vest ) where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (4 ft/s) Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI w/vest = measured weight of CAMI dummy and weighted vest Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) NCAMI w/vest = normal force (for CAMI dummy fitted with 11 lb vest scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + vest + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) FIG. 12 Weighted Vest 7.6.4 Sideward Facing Step Test: 7.6.4.1 Center the walker on the test platform facing sideways so that Plane B is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and the walker is distance d from the center of the most sideward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform. dCAMI = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (3) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI ) where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (2 ft/s) https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 14 of 19 Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI = measured weight of CAMI dummy Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) NCAMI = normal force (for CAMI dummy scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) Position the swivel wheels in such a way that the walker moves sideward in a straight line parallel to Plane B. 7.6.4.2 Place a CAMI Infant Dummy Mark II in the walker and position it as shown in Fig. 13 with the torso contacting the side of the occupant seating area. Direction of Travel FIG. 13 Dummy Position for Sideward Test 7.6.4.3 While holding the walker stationary, attach an 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight to the side of the walker base at Plane B by means of a rope (as specified in 7.6.3.3) and a pulley (as specified in 7.6.3.3) and adjust the pulley so that the force is applied horizontally (0 ± 0.5° with respect to the table surface). 7.6.4.4 Release the walker. When the walker comes to rest the 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight still must be applied to the walker. 7.6.4.5 If any part of the walker extends over the edge of the test platform, perform the following tipover test. Without repositioning the walker, remove the CAMI dummy and the 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight. Perform the tipover test as specified in 7.3.4.2 and 7.3.4.3 except that the aluminum angle should be positioned in Plane B. 7.6.4.6 Repeat 7.6.4.3-7.6.4.5 two additional times. 7.6.4.7 Repeat 7.6.4.1-7.6.4.6 using the CAMI dummy with the weighted vest (see Fig. 12) and with distance computed using the following equation: dCAMI w/vest = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI w/vest +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (4) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI w/vest ) where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (2 ft/s) Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI w/vest = measured weight of CAMI dummy and weighted vest Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 15 of 19 NCAMI w/vest = normal force (for CAMI dummy fitted with 11 lb vest scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + vest + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) 7.6.5 Rearward Facing Step Test: 7.6.5.1 Center the walker on the test platform facing rearward so that Plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and the walker is distance d from the center of the most rearward wheel(s) to the edge of the test platform. dCAMI = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (5) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI ) where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (4 ft/s) Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI = measured weight of CAMI dummy Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) NCAMI = normal force (for CAMI dummy scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) Position the swivel wheels in such a way that the walker moves rearward in a straight line parallel to Plane A. If the walker has an open back base design, attach the ends of a lightweight bar to the back of the walker near the wheels using loops of cord to allow the bar to float. The distance between the attachment points on the bar and those on the walker must be equal to prevent pulling the wheels inward or outward during the test. The cord from the 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight is then attached to the bar halfway between the attachment points (see Fig. 14). 8 lb (f) FIG. 14 Open Back Base 7.6.5.2 Place a CAMI Infant Dummy Mark II in the walker and position it as shown in Fig. 15 with the torso contacting the back of the occupant seating area. Direction of Travel https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 16 of 19 FIG. 15 Dummy Position for Rear Facing Test 7.6.5.3 While holding the walker stationary, attach an 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight to the rear of the walker base at Plane A by means of a rope (as specified in 7.6.3.3) and a pulley (as specified in 7.6.3.3) and adjust the pulley so that the force is applied horizontally (0 ± 0.5° with respect to the table surface). 7.6.5.4 Release the walker. When the walker comes to rest the 8 lb (3.6 kg) weight must still be applied to the walker. 7.6.5.5 Repeat 7.6.5.3 and 7.6.5.4 two additional times. 7.6.5.6 Repeat 7.6.5.1-7.6.5.5 using the CAMI dummy with the weighted vest (see Fig. 12) and with distance computed using the following equation: dCAMI w/vest = (Vf2 −Vo2 )*(WCAMI w/vest +Wwalker +Wdrop weight ) (6) 2g(Wdrop weight -µk NCAMI w/vest ) where: Vf = maximum velocity of walker at edge of platform (4 ft/s) Vo = initial velocity (0) WCAMI = measured weight of CAMI dummy Wwalker = weight of walker Wdrop weight = drop weight (8 lb) µk = dynamic coefficient of friction (0.05) NCAMI = normal force (for CAMI dummy scenario) (weight of CAMI dummy + walker) g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/s²) 7.7 Parking Device Test (see 6.4) 7.7.1 Perform the parking device test using a Test Mass that is A rigid cylinder 6.30 ± 0.04 in. (160 ± 1 mm) in diameter, 11.02 ± 0.04 in. (280 ± 1 mm) in height with a mass of 16.9 lb (7.65 kg), with its center of gravity in the center of the cylinder. 7.7.2 Adjust the walker seat to the highest position (if applicable). Place the Test Mass vertically in the walker seat. Set any manual speed control to the fastest position (if applicable). Establish a vertical plane A that passes through the center of the seating area and is parallel to the direction the child faces. Establish a vertical plane B that is perpendicular to plane A and passes through the center of the seating area. 7.7.3 Perform the parking device test in the forward, sideward, and rearward directions. 7.7.4 Forward Facing Test of Parking Devices: 7.7.4.1 Position the walker including the Test Mass facing forward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform (see Fig. 10) and passes through the center of the pulley. Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 7.7.4.2 Within 1 min of placing the walker with the Test Mass on the platform, attach an 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight gradually within 5 s to the walker frame base at plane A by means of a rope and a pulley per the test apparatus specifications in the step test procedure, adjusted so that the force is applied horizontally (rope angle shall be 0 ± 0.5°). Remove the 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight after 1 min. Measure the displacement. 7.7.5 Sideward Facing Test of Parking Devices: 7.7.5.1 Position the walker including the Test Mass facing sideward so that plane B is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the center of the pulley. Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 7.7.5.2 Within 1 min of placing the walker with the Test Mass on the platform, attach an 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight gradually within 5 s to the walker frame base at plane B by means of a rope and a pulley per the test apparatus specifications in the step test procedure, adjusted so that the force is applied horizontally (rope angle shall be 0 ± 0.5°). Remove the 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight after 1 min. Measure the displacement. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 17 of 19 7.7.5.3 If the walker is equipped with fixed direction rear wheels and the walker is displaced in a curved path, establish the location of the rope attachment as the reference point and measure the linear displacement of that reference point after performing the procedure as described in 7.7.5.1 and 7.7.5.2. 7.7.6 Rearward Facing Test of Parking Devices: 7.7.6.1 Position the walker including the Test Mass facing rearward so that plane A is perpendicular to the front edge of the platform and passes through the center of the pulley. Engage all parking devices in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions. 7.7.6.2 Within 1 min of placing the walker with the Test Mass on the platform, attach an 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight gradually within 5 s to the walker frame base at plane A by means of a rope and a pulley per the test apparatus specifications in the step test procedure, adjusted so that the force is applied horizontally (rope angle shall be 0 ± 0.5°). Remove the 8-lb (3.6-kg) weight after 1 min. Measure the displacement. 8. Marking and Labeling 8.1 Each product and its retail package shall be marked or labeled clearly and legibly to indicate the following: 8.1.1 The name of the manufacturer, distributor, or seller and either the place of business (city, state, and mailing address, including zip code) or telephone number, or both. 8.1.2 A code mark or other means that identifies the date (month and year as a minimum) of manufacture. 8.1.3 The markings on the product shall be permanent. 8.1.4 Any upholstery label required by law shall not be used to meet the requirements of 8.1. 8.2 Each walker shall be labeled with warning statements. The warning statements shall be in contrasting color(s), permanent, conspicuous, and in sans serif style font. 8.2.1 In warning statements, the word “ WARNING” shall not be less than 0.2 in. (5 mm) high and the remainder of the text shall be in letters not less than 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) high except as specified. 8.2.2 The warnings shall include the following exactly as stated below: ⚠ WARNING Never leave child unattended. Always keep child in view while in walker. 8.2.3 Additional warnings shall address the following: 8.2.3.1 Use only on flat surfaces free of objects that could cause the walker to tip over. 8.2.3.2 To avoid burns, keep the child away from hot liquids, ranges, radiators, space heaters, fireplaces, etc. 8.2.3.3 If the walker is equipped with a parking brake, a warning statement shall address the following: WARNING: Parking brake use does not totally prevent walker movement. Always keep child in view when in the walker, even when using the parking brakes. 8.2.4 Each walker shall be labeled with a separate stairs warning visible to the consumer when placing the child in the walker. 8.2.4.1 In the stairs warning, the safety alert symbol “⚠” and the word “WARNING” shall not be less than 0.2 in. (5 mm) high and shall be black lettering on orange background surrounded by a black border. The remainder of the text shall be characters whose upper case shall be at least 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) high and shall be black lettering on white background. 8.2.4.2 The stairs warning shall be stated exactly as follows: ⚠ WARNING—STAIR HAZARD Avoid serious injury or death Block stairs/steps securely before using walker even when using parking brake 1. The statement “even when using parking brake” applies only to walkers equipped with a parking brake. 9. Instructional Literature https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 18 of 19 9.1 Instructions must be provided with the walker, and shall be easy to read and understand. Assembly, maintenance, cleaning, operating, folding instructions, and warnings, where applicable, must be included. 9.1.1 The instructions shall include the following: Read all instructions before assembly and use of the walker. Keep instructions for future use. 9.2 Warning Statements with the Instructional Literature: 9.2.1 In warning statements located in the instructional literature, the letters of the word “WARNING” shall not be less than 0.2 in. (5 mm) high and the remainder of the text shall be in letters not less than 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) high. 9.2.2 If the unit is designed with a restraint, the instructions must advise that the restraint system be used. 9.2.3 The instructions must indicate the manufacturer’s recommended height, weight, or age, or combination thereof, of the child for which the walker is intended. If the walker is not intended for use by a child who can already walk unassisted, the instructions shall so state this limitation. 9.2.4 The instructions shall contain warning statements which address the following: 1. Do not use the walker if it is damaged or broken. 2. Do not use until baby can sit up by itself. 3. Address the following if the walker uses friction devices to pass the stair test: Clean (friction components) regularly to maintain stopping performance. 9.2.5 The instructions must include all warnings in 8.2. 10. Keywords 10.1 infant walker APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1. RATIONALE X1.1 The 8 lb falling weight is based on the horizontal force generated when ten different children were tested in walkers. The children ranged in age from 6 ½ to 11 months and in weight from 15 to 23 lb. The children were placed in walkers on several different floor surfaces and the force they generated to move the walker was measured. The highest measured force out of approximately 125 readings was 7.5 lb. X1.2 The use of the falling weight simulates a child in a walker approaching a step at approximately 4 ft/s (for the forward and rearward directions) or 2 ft/s (for the sideward direction). It assumes the walker’s weight is 8 lb, the child’s weight is 17 lb (or 28 lb), and the walker has normal caster wheels with normal rolling friction. By varying distance d, the desired number of ft/s can be achieved. X1.3 The 4 ft/s is based on the test results of seven different children in walkers. The maximum speed attained was 4.02 ft/s. It should be noted that the children were selected because they were judged to be very active in a walker. Additionally, top speeds were sustained for only very brief moments under ideal conditions, that is, smooth floors with plenty of space to get up speed. X1.4 The test is performed at both ends of the weight range for children who use walkers. The CAMI Infant Dummy Mark II represents the 50th percentile weight of 6 to 8 month old children. The 28 lb CAMI Infant Dummy (CAMI with weighted vest) represents the 95th percentile weight of 12 to 15 month old children. X1.5 The 17 lb weight in the tipover test simulates a child leaning forward or sideways over the edge of the occupant seating area. Seventeen pounds represents the upper body weight of children in the 12 to 15 month age range (17 lb = ⅗ of 28 lb, the 95th percentile weight of 12 to 15 month old children.) X1.6 The tipover sequence is not included in the rearward facing tests since the walker seat back prevents a child from leaning backward in a walker to any significant degree. X1.7 The use of a 36 in. opening on the test platform is based on a CPSC study of walker stair/step incidents in which approximately 80 % of the openings the walkers passed through prior to going over steps were 36 in. or less. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015 Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Walkers Page 19 of 19 X1.8 Sections 6.2.3 and 7.1.3— This test is to address entrapment in the leg openings. Leg openings are evaluated after application of a 25lbf force to the small head probe. This is the same force used in evaluating leg openings in passive restraint systems in high chairs, entrapment in non-full-size crib/play yard attachments, entrapment in shelves in changing tables, and for evaluating mattress support systems in full-size cribs and non-full-size cribs/play yards. Users of these products are of similar developmental stage to users of infant walkers. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below. This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/). https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/astm.f977.2012.html 11/16/2015

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