Connectu, Inc. v. Facebook, Inc. et al

Filing 148

AFFIDAVIT of Monte M.F. Cooper in Support re #146 MOTION to Compel Response to Interrogatory No. 1 filed by Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, Christopher Hughes, Thefacebook LLC, Facebook, Inc., Mark Zuckerberg. (Attachments: #1 Exhibit 1#2 Exhibit 2#3 Exhibit 3#4 Exhibit 4#5 Exhibit 5#6 Exhibit 6#7 Exhibit 7#8 Exhibit 8#9 Exhibit 9#10 Exhibit 10#11 Exhibit 11#12 Exhibit 12#13 Exhibit 13#14 Exhibit 14#15 Exhibit 15#16 Exhibit 16#17 Exhibit 17)(Cooper, Monte)

Connectu, Inc. v. Facebook, Inc. et al

Doc. 148 Att. 16

Case 1:07-cv-10593-DPW

Document 148-17

Filed 11/14/2007

Page 1 of 40

EXHIBIT 16

Dockets.Justia.com

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DIVISION, DISTRICT OF UTAH

THE SCO GROUP INC. Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant, vs. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP. Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff.

: : : :

Case No. 2:03cv00294 DAK ORDER GRANTING IN PART IBM'S MOTION TO LIMIT SCO'S CLAIMS JUDGE DALE A. KIMBALL MAGISTRATE JUDGE BROOKE C. WELLS

This matter is before the court on Defendant/CounterclaimPlaintiff International Business Machines Corporation's (IBM) Motion to Limit The SCO Group Inc.'s (SCO) Claims Relating to Allegedly Misused Material.1 on April 14, 2006. A hearing on IBM's motion was held

At the hearing, SCO sought leave to file the The court granted SCO's request

declaration of Marc Rochkind.

and out of a sense of fairness gave IBM 10 business days to respond to the Rochkind declaration because this was originally IBM's motion.2 The court has thoroughly considered the relevant

1

Docket no. 619.

SCO sought further leave of court to file another rebuttal declaration to Mr. Davis' rebuttal declaration. The court denied SCO's request. See Order dated May 10, 2006.

2

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law, expert declarations, the parties' memoranda, and has reviewed the 198 items at issue in this motion.3 During a recent hearing this court stated,

Obviously what I don't want is either side to use information that has been withheld in support of a summary judgment motion or in support of their case at trial, all evidence need[s] to be on the table for the other party to analyze and take a look at.4 After the evidence is "on the table" then the fact finder will be able to determine the merits of both SCO's and IBM's claims and counterclaims. The current motion focuses on the interpretation

of the court's prior orders and exactly what evidence should have been provided pursuant to these orders. The sanction IBM seeks -

precluding SCO from using certain alleged misappropriated items because of a lack of specificity - is very serious. As outlined

in greater detail below, the court finds that SCO has failed in part to meet the level of specificity required by this court's orders and the order entered by Judge Kimball. It is also

apparent that SCO in some instances failed to meet the level of specificity it required of IBM. Further, this failure was Therefore, the

willful under case law and prejudicial to IBM.

court GRANTS IBM's Motion to Limit SCO's Claims Relating to Allegedly Misused Material in PART.

SCO submitted its alleged misappropriated materials on CDROM. The court has reviewed all of the disputed items individually.
4

3

Hearing held on February 24, 2006, transcript p. 50. 2

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BACKGROUND The instant dispute does not take place in a vacuum. As

mentioned, the crux of the latest dispute centers around the interpretation of court orders which have been entered over the course of a couple of years. The court finds the following

background, including SCO's public statements, helpful in framing the issues involved in IBM's motion. In March 2003 SCO filed the instant action against IBM alleging, inter alia, that IBM had misappropriated portions of SCO's copyrighted code and contributed these portions to Linux. SCO alleges that "a significant amount of UNIX protected code and materials are currently found in Linux 2.4, 2.5x and Linux 2.6 releases in violation of SCO's . . . copyrights."5 In addition,

SCO alleges that IBM is "improperly extracting and using the confidential and proprietary information it acquired from UNIX and dumping that information into the open source community."6 SCO further alleges that IBM has "infringed, [has] induced the infringement of, and [has] contributed to the infringement of, copyright registrations of SCO and its predecessors."7 In sum,

according to SCO, "Linux is a clone of UNIX, including protected UNIX System V Technology, including modifications and derivatives

5

Second Am. Compl. at ¶ 79. Id. ¶ 110. Id. ¶ 179. 3

6

7

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thereof."8 I. SCO's Public Statements As repeatedly noted by IBM, concurrent with SCO's court filed allegations has been SCO's siren song sounding the strength of its case to the public. At a trade show in 2003 SCO shared

with the public a presentation outlining SCO's claims against IBM.9 SCO identified four categories of alleged

misappropriation: (1) literal copying ("[l]ine-for-line code copied from System V into Linux kernels 2.4+");10 (2) derivative works which arose from "[m]odifications of System V created by vendors contributed to Linux kernels 2.4+ in violation of contracts";11 (3) obfuscation ("[c]opying, pasting, removing legal notices, reorganizing the order of the programming structures");12 and (4) non-literal transfers ("[m]ethods, structures and sequence from System V contributed to Linux kernels 2.4+").13 Finally, in the presentation SCO also gave

"one example of many" of line by line copying between the System V Code and Linux kernel code.14
8

Id. ¶ 83. IBM's Mem. in Supp. 1st Motion to Compel ex. F. Id. p. 8. Id. Id. Id. See id. p. 10-14. 4

9

10

11

12

13

14

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In April 2003, SCO's Senior Vice President Chris Sontag stated that, "We are using objective third parties to do comparisons of our UNIX System V source code and Red Hat [Linux] as an example. We are coming across many instances where our

proprietary software has simply been copied and pasted or changed in order to hide the origin of our System V code in Red Hat. This is the kind of thing that we will need to address with many Linux Distribution companies at some point."15 In June 2003 SCO took "its case against the Linux operating system and IBM on the road."16 SCO "began showing to U.S.

analysts code that, it claims, proves that the source code to the Linux operating system contains sections of code lifted directly from SCO's Unix code base."17 Senior Vice President Chris Sontag

stated that, "The one specific example that I'm showing right now is [Unix] code, line by line copied into Linux."18 A SCO

spokesman went on to state that SCO had hired three teams of experts, including a group from MIT's math department to analyze Linux and UNIX code for similarities. "All three found several

MozillaQuest The On-Line Computer Magazine: SCO Clears Linux Kernel but Implicates Red Hat and SuSE, p. 2 (April 2003) (emphasis omitted), available at http://www.mozillaquest.com/Linux03/ScoSource-10_Story01.html. Computerworld: SCO shows Linux code to analysts (June 2003), available at http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticl eBasic&articleId=81973.
17 16

15

Id. Id. (alterations in original). 5

18

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instances where our Unix source code had been found in Linux."19 Chris Sontag stated in November 2003 during an interview that, "There are other literal copyright infringements that we have not publicly provided, we'll save those for court. But

there are over one million lines of code that we have identified that are derivative works by IBM and Sequent that have been contributed into Linux that we have identified . . . ."20 In December 2003, SCO sent a letter to Linux users identifying a portion of their copyrighted code which had been incorporated into Linux without authorization.21 SCO stated that

files in Linux version 2.4.21 which incorporated copyrighted binary interface code must be removed. And, that "SCO's review

is ongoing and will involve additional disclosures of code misappropriation."22 Also in December, Darl McBride and Chris Sontag were asked during an interview, "Have you identified exactly what code is at issue here?"23
19

In response Mr. Sontag stated, "We've identified

Id.

CRN Interview: Darl McBride & Chris Sontag, SCO Group (November 2003), available at http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=18831088&flatPage= true. Decl. of Todd Shaugnessy Re: cross motion for summary judgment ex. 13.
22 21

20

Id.

CRN Interview: Darl McBride & Chris Sontag, SCO Group (December 2003), available at http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=DUWHLXLGZKHNMQSND BOCKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=18831200&queryText=crn+interview+sco's+ 6

23

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a lot of different things.

Early on when we filed against IBM, Even though we're fighting a

people wanted us to show the code.

legal case and [a courtroom] is where it's appropriately vetted, we decide to take at least one example and show it."24 Sontag

continues, "A substantial amount was a cut-and-paste job, a few lines changed, but a substantial body of code. You don't have to It wasn't

be a programmer at all to see copying has occurred.

just 10 lines of code, that example was over 80 to 100 lines of code."25 II. Motions and Orders In October 2003 IBM filed its first Motion to Compel Discovery.26 In the motion IBM sought an order from the court

compelling SCO to "respond fully to IBM's First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for Production of Documents, served June 13, 2003."27 The following is a sampling from IBM's

First Set of Interrogatories which is attached to their memorandum in support.

INTERROGATORY NO. 1: Please identify, with specificity (by product, file and line of code, where appropriate) all of the alleged trade secrets and any confidential

darl+mcbride.
24

Id. (alterations in original). Id. See Motion, Docket no. 44. Id. p. 2. 7

25

26

27

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or proprietary information that plaintiff alleges or contends IBM misappropriated or misused, . . . INTERROGATORY NO. 4: Please describe, in detail, each instance in which plaintiff alleges or contends that IBM misappropriated or misused the alleged trade secret or confidential or proprietary information, . . .; and (d) with respect to any code or method plaintiff alleges or contends that IBM misappropriated or misused, the location of each portion of such code or method in any product, such as AIX, in Linux, in open source or in the public domain.28 Based on a plain reading of these interrogatories, it is apparent to the court that IBM was not only seeking information about SCO's trademark claims but information about "any confidential or proprietary information that plaintiff alleges or contends IBM misappropriated or misused."29 In November 2003 SCO filed its first Motion to Compel.30 In

its motion SCO sought an order from the court compelling IBM to respond fully to SCO's First Request for Production of Documents and First Set of Interrogatories. production of Specifically, SCO sought the

(1) the source code for all of IBM's versions of UNIX (known as "AIX"), together with all notes and documentation for the software development methods used in the design and modification process; (2) the source code for all of Sequent's version of

IBM's First Set of Interrogatories and First Request for The Production of Documents (third emphasis added).
29

28

Id. See Docket no. 66. 8

30

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UNIX (known as "Dynix"), . . . .31 The following definition of identify is found within SCO's first set of interrogatories, which was served upon IBM in June 2003. This was also part of SCO's first motion to compel.32

7.

The term "identify" shall mean:

e. in the case of alleged trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information, whether computer code, methods or otherwise, to give a complete and detailed description of such trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information, including but not limited to an identification of the specific lines and portions of code claimed as trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information, and the location (by module name, file name, sequence number or otherwise) of those lines of code within any larger software product or property.33 After reviewing the record, the court has not found any evidence that SCO abandoned the level of specificity it required from IBM in its first set of interrogatories, to wit, "identification of the specific lines and portions of code"34 for methods or other "confidential or proprietary information."35 Shortly after SCO filed its First Motion to Compel, IBM filed its Second Motion to Compel Discovery on November 6,
31

SCO's Mtn. to Compel p. 2. See Docket no. 66.

32

SCO's First Request for Production of Documents and First Set of Interrogatories p. 3-4 (emphasis added).
34

33

Id. Id. 9

35

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2003.36

In this motion IBM sought to compel SCO to fully answer

IBM's second set of interrogatories and to produce certain agreed upon documents.37 the following: IBM's second set of interrogatories contains

INTERROGATORY NO. 12: Please identify, with specificity (by file and line of code), (a) all source code and other material in Linux (including but not limited to the Linux kernel, any Linux operating system and any Linux distribution) to which plaintiff has rights; and (b) the nature of plaintiff's rights, including but not limited to whether and how the code or other material derives from UNIX. INTERROGATORY NO. 13: For each line of code and other material identified in response to Interrogatory No. 12, please state whether (a) IBM has infringed plaintiff's rights, and for any rights IBM is alleged to have infringed, describe in detail how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights; and (b) whether plaintiff has ever distributed the code or other material or otherwise made it available to the public, as part of a Linux distribution or otherwise, . . . .3 8 On December 5, 2003 this court heard oral argument on IBM's First and Second Motions to Compel and SCO's First Motion to Compel. The court granted IBM's motions and stayed action on

SCO's motion until it complied with the court's order that was entered on December 12, 2003.39 The court ordered SCO:

36

See Docket no. 68. See id. p. 2.

37

IBM's Second Set of Interrogatories and Second Request for the Production of Documents p. 2.
39

38

See Docket no. 94. 10

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1. To respond fully and in detail to Interrogatory Nos. 1-9 as stated in IBM's First Set of Interrogatories. 2. To respond fully and in detail to Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13 as stated in IBM's Second Set of Interrogatories. 4. To identify and state with specificity the source code(s) that SCO is claiming form the basis of their action against IBM. 6. If SCO does not have sufficient information in its possession, custody, or control to specifically answer any of IBM's requests that are the subject of this order, SCO shall provide an affidavit setting forth the full nature of its efforts, by whom they were taken, what further efforts it intends to utilize in order to comply, and the expected date of compliance.40 On February 6, 2004 the court heard arguments concerning SCO's compliance with the court's December 12, 2003 order. After

reviewing the progress of the case up to that point, the court lifted the discovery stay in light of "SCO's good faith efforts to comply with the Court's prior order."41 This order - dated

March 3, 2004 - specifically ordered both IBM and SCO to provide certain items pursuant to discovery requests. The court does not

recite the order in its entirety due to its length but a few of the salient portions include the following: IBM is ordered 1. To provide the releases of AIX and Dynix consisting of "about 232 products" as was represented by Mr. Marriott at the February 6, 2004 hearing. . . . Following this production, SCO is to provide additional memoranda to the Court indicating if and how these files support its position and how they are relevant. The memorandum is to include with specificity, and to the extent possible, identification of additional files
40

Order dated December 12, 2003. Order dated March 3, 2004 p. 3. 11

41

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SCO requests and the reasons for such requests. The Court will then consider ordering IBM to produce more code from AIX and Dynix. 2. Pursuant to Rule 26(b), SCO should use its best efforts to obtain relevant discovery from the Linux contributions that are known to the public, including those contributions publicly known to be made by IBM. IBM, however, is hereby ordered to provide to SCO any and all non-public contributions it has made to Linux. 5. IBM is ordered to provide further responses to SCO's interrogatory numbers two, five and eleven.42 SCO, on the other hand was ordered 1. To fully comply within 45 days of the entry of [the March 3, 2004] order with the Court's previous order dated December 12, 2003. This is to include those items that SCO had difficulty in obtaining prior to the Court's previously ordered deadline of January 12, 2004. 2. As previously ordered, SCO is to provide and identify all specific lines of code that IBM is alleged to have contributed to Linux from either AIX or Dynix. This is to include all lines of code that SCO can identify at this time. 3. SCO is to provide and identify all specific lines of code from Unix System V from which IBM's contributions from AIX or Dynix are alleged to be derived. 4. SCO is to provide and identify with specificity all i lnes of code in Linux that it claims rights to. 5. SCO is to provide and identify with specificity the lines of code that SCO distributed to other parties. This is to include where applicable the conditions of release, to whom the code was released, the date and under what circumstances such code was released.43 In May 2004 IBM filed a cross-motion for partial summary

42

Id. p. 4-5. Id. p. 2. 12

43

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judgment on its claim for declaratory judgment of noninfringement.44 In opposing IBM's motion SCO argued that they

needed additional discovery in order to properly respond to IBM's motion. SCO filed a Rule 56(f) motion seeking to continue any

consideration of IBM's motion until "sufficient discovery has been conducted."45 Consistent with SCO's arguments regarding the need for more discovery, SCO filed a renewed motion to compel discovery on July 6, 2004. SCO sought to obtain documents and information that SCO

argued IBM was required to produce pursuant to the court's March 3 order. SCO's motion also sought information from IBM's

Configuration Management Version Control (CMVC) and Revision Control System (RCS). These systems contained "information

regarding the individuals who worked on developing source code for IBM's AIX, Dynix and Linux products and the contributions of these persons to these products."46 This court heard oral argument on SCO's Renewed Motion to Compel on October 19, 2004 following supplemental briefing by the parties.47 On January 18, 2005 the court granted in part and Specifically, the court -

denied in part SCO's renewed motion.48

over IBM's objection - ordered IBM to "provide in a readily
44

Docket no. 152. SCO's Rule 56(f) Motion p. 1. SCO's Renewed Mtn. to Compel p. 2. Docket no. 327. Order dated January 18, 2005. 13

45

46

47

48

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accessible format all versions and changes to AIX and Dynix."49 IBM was also required to file with the court an affidavit detailing the efforts it undertook to deliver the code. Unfortunately some older code was unavailable because it was discarded after it became obsolete. IBM did, however, provide

what amounted to volumes and volumes of code pursuant to SCO's requests and this court's order.50 On February 9, 2005 Judge Kimball entered a memorandum decision denying IBM's cross motion for partial summary judgment without prejudice.51 Judge Kimball also stated that he would

"not entertain any dispositive motions until after discovery is complete, unless both parties stipulate that resolution of the motion is possible prior to the close of discovery."52 In an order signed by Judge Kimball on July 1, 2005, both SCO and IBM were given two important dates, October 28, 2005 and December 22, 2005 respectively. These dates were court ordered

deadlines for the parties "to disclose with specificity all allegedly misused material."53 With the October date being the

49

Id. p. 9-10 (emphasis in original).

In May 2005, IBM stated that, "The total amount of . . . Dynix source code produced from RCS represents more than 17 GB of uncompressed data." Decl. of Todd Shaughnessy p. 9. This data alone would fill over 12,000 floppy disks. Floppy disks were among one of the most popular forms of portable memory not long ago, although now, they are somewhat obsolete.
51

50

Order dated February 8, 2005 p. 17. Id. p. 18. Order dated July 1, 2005 p. 4. 14

52

53

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interim deadline and the December date being the final deadline. Pursuant to this same order, the parties were also ordered to "update interrogatory responses."54 In September 2005 SCO filed a Renewed Motion to Compel seeking the production of "ALL non-public Linux contribution information."55 SCO also sought "the development history of

Linux contributions . . . programmer's notes, design documents, white papers, and iteration, revision, and interim versions of those contributions."56 After hearing oral argument on SCO's

motion, the court denied SCO's request finding that the court's prior orders did not contemplate the production of every single document relating to the development of Linux. Further, the

court found that SCO's interpretation of this court's orders was taken out of context and that SCO failed to timely seek clarification of any unclear portions. Notwithstanding the

court's decision, IBM offered to produce Linux information from specified Linux developers. Therefore, IBM was required to

undertake a reasonable search for and produce nonprivileged and non-public Linux programmer's notes, design documents, white papers, and interim or draft versions of Linux contributions from the files of 20 of the IBM Linux developers whom SCO identifies as potential deponents and whose files it would like IBM

54

Id. SCO's Renewed Motion p. 2 (emphasis in original). Id. p. 2. 15

55

56

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to search.57 SCO filed an objection to this court's decision with Judge Kimball on October 27, 2005. In its objection SCO argued that

this court "concluded that it had not previously ordered IBM to produce the requested materials, but did not address SCO's argument that the court should now order IBM to produce them."58 In December 2005, Judge Kimball overruled SCO's objection and affirmed this court's decision.59 On October 21, 2005 pursuant to this court's request SCO filed a Renewed Motion to Compel Discovery.60 This motion

largely mirrored SCO's original motion which unfortunately was not set for a hearing because of a docketing error.61 SCO's

motion primarily dealt with the production of documents from IBM's senior level management and the depositions of these individuals. On December 20, 2005 this court granted in part

SCO's renewed motion. Finally, on February 24, 2006 the court denied without prejudice SCO's most recent Motion to Compel.62 SCO was given 30

57

Order dated October 12, 2005 p. 3-4 (emphasis added).

Mem. in Supp of SCO's Objection to the Magistrate Court's Order of October 12, 2005 p. 2.
59

58

See Order dated December 16, 2005. Docket no. 534. See id. p. 2. Docket no. 592. 16

60

61

62

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days to file a more concise and detailed motion but did not do so.63,
64

IBM'S MOTION TO LIMIT SCO'S CLAIMS IBM seeks to limit the scope of SCO's claims relating to allegedly misused material.65 The items in dispute include item

numbers 3-112, 143-149, 165-182, 186-193, 232-271, 279-293.66 IBM argues that SCO has failed to identify the allegedly misused material "with the most basic detail"67 despite requests from IBM and court orders that required such specificity. In essence,

without greater specificity than that provided by SCO, IBM claims it is "left to guess as to SCO's claim[s]."68 Because this is

prejudicial to IBM, and in direct conflict with three orders from the court, the appropriate remedy according to IBM is "an order precluding [SCO] from pursuing undisclosed elements of [their] claim."69

63

Docket no. 633.

On May 5, 2006 SCO filed a motion for in camera review of allegedly privileged documents. The court granted this motion in part and is currently awaiting further briefing by SCO. Initially, IBM sought to limit 201 of the 294 items identified by SCO in its Final Disclosures. After further clarification by SCO, SCO's abandonment of one of the items (No. 294), and IBM's acknowledgment that it initially improperly included item no. 2, 198 items remain in dispute.
66 65

64

See Mem. in Supp. p. 10. Id. p. 2. Id. p. 6. Id. p. 8. 17

67

68

69

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In opposition, SCO argues that it "has fully complied with this [c]ourt's July 1, 2005 order to the parties to identify with specificity the material they allege has been misused."70 SCO

states that, "Collectively, the report and supporting exhibits show that IBM improperly disclosed over 290 items, consisting of over 450,000 lines of source code and hundreds of confidential methods and concepts."71 I. Standards of Review A court has "wide discretion in imposing sanctions, including severe sanctions, under Rule 37(b)(2), . . ."72 "Severe sanctions are justified . . . when the failure to comply with a court order is due to willfulness or bad faith, or is otherwise culpable."73 Pursuant to Rule 37(b)(2) a court may sanction a party for failing to comply with an order. For example, a court may enter,

"An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting that party
70

Op. p. 1. Id.

71

Daval Steel Prods. v. M/V Fakredine, 951 F.2d 1357, 1365 (2d Cir. 1991); see also Orjias v. Stevenson, 31 F.3d 995, 1005 (10th Cir. 1994) ("The impositions of sanctions for abuse of discovery under Fed.R.Civ.Pro 37 is a matter within the discretion of the trial court); Eisenberg v. Univ of N.M., 936 F.2d 1131, 1136 (10th Cir. 1991) (stating that a district court is afforded "wide discretion in selecting an appropriate sanction"). Daval, 951 F.2d at 1367 (emphasis added); see also In re Standard Metal Corp., 817 F.2d 625, 628 (10th Cir. 1987). 18
73

72

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from introducing designated matters in evidence."74

Courts have

imposed sanctions, including severe sanctions like those permitted in Rule 37(b)(2), when warranted.75 A court may also enter sanctions for failing to disclose required information pursuant to Rule 37(c).

"A party that without substantial justification fails to disclose information required by Rule 26(a) [for written interrogatories] or 26(e)(1) [for supplementation of disclosure and responses] shall not, unless such failure is harmless, be permitted to use as evidence at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion any witness or information not so disclosed."76 II. Discussion At the outset, the court wishes to address two of SCO's central arguments against IBM's motion. First, SCO argues that

the "preclusionary order of the type that IBM seeks is a severe

74

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(B).

See e.g., Daval, 951 F.2d at 1363 (affirming district court's decision to prohibit the presentation of certain evidence due to discovery violations); In re Standard Metals Corp. 817 F.2d at 633 (affirming lower court's dismissal of holder's claim for failing to appear at a deposition); Nike, Inc. v. Top Brand Co. Ltd., 216 F.R.D. 259, 274 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (precluding the defendants from introducing evidence concerning damages because of providing evasive or incomplete discovery); Tenen v. Winter, 15 F.Supp.2d 270, 272-73 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) (affirming magistrate's imposition of Rule 37 sanctions where alleged copyright infringer failed to provide discovery concerning court ordered interrogatories); Kern River v. 6.17 Acres of Land et al., 2005 WL 3257509 at *2-4 (10th Cir. 2005) (affirming district court's sanctions against property owner that included precluding presentation of expert evidence and documents).
76

75

Orjias v. Stevenson, 31 F.3d 995, 1005 (10th Cir 1994). 19

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sanction reserved for instances where there is a willful or badfaith failure to comply."77 According to SCO, IBM cannot Second, SCO argues that

establish the requirement of bad faith.

IBM's motion is in essence an attempt to obtain summary judgment.78 While the court agrees with SCO that the sanction IBM seeks is severe, the court disagrees that bad faith must be shown. Instead, willfulness is sufficient.79 Next, "A trial court has the power to dismiss a claim for the failure to obey a discovery order."80 Thus, contrary to

SCO's suggestion, IBM's motion is not essentially about the merits of SCO's case but about "whether SCO complied with IBM's discovery requests and the Court's orders."81 A. Methods and Concepts and Specificity One of the principle disagreements in the instant dispute is the parties' disagreement over how methods and concepts are properly disclosed. A large portion of SCO's alleged "Of the 294

misappropriated items are methods and concepts.

Items in the December Submission, about a third are cases of

77

Op. p. 4. See id. p. 5.

78

See Daval, 951 F.2d at 1367; In re Standard Metals Corp., 817 F.2d at 628.
80

79

In re Standard Metals Corp., 817 F.2d at 628. Reply p. 9 fn. 9. 20

81

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misused code, and about two-thirds are cases of misused methods and concepts."82 IBM argues that under the court's orders SCO should have provided more specificity, including version, file, and line information, for the items SCO claims were misappropriated. IBM's expert Randall Davis' states, "The methods and concepts employed in an operating system (or any computer program) are in the source code.83 Hence, under IBM's view of the court's

specificity requirement the source code behind methods and concepts should have been disclosed by SCO. In contrast, SCO's expert Marc Rochkind states, "Contrary to disclosures of source code, disclosures of methods and concepts neither require an accompanying disclosure of source code, nor is the method and concept defined or identified by source code."84 Mr. Rochkind continues, "Many textbooks on computer programming discuss methods and concepts without providing accompanying source code for actual systems."85 After considering the expert declarations and the parties' memoranda, the court finds that methods and concepts are at least on some basic level comprised of source code. The court agrees

with Mr. Rochkind, SCO's expert, that methods and concepts can be

82

Decl. Marc Rochkind p. 3. Reb. Decl. Randall Davis p. 11 (emphasis in original). Decl. Marc Rochkind p. 4. Id. 21

83

84

85

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discussed without disclosing source code.

But it is possible,

and even preferable in many instances, to provide the code behind methods and concepts. In fact, Mr. Rochkind's own publication

Advance Unix Programming (2d ed. 2004), provides many examples of code when discussing "fundamental concepts." Closely related to the methods and concepts question is in this court's view the heart of the dispute - what level of specificity is required by the court's orders? If the court's

orders required the production of specific source code for alleged misappropriated items, including methods and concepts, then many of SCO's arguments and much of Mr. Rochkind's declaration miss the mark. If however, the level of specificity

did not require specific source code then IBM has fired a wayward shot off the starboard bow in its attempt to sink SCO's ship. IBM argues that SCO has failed to identify the allegedly misused material "with the most basic detail."86 Although the

court only specifically said "lines" in its orders, IBM argues that it was also necessary to provide the version and file information for SCO's alleged misappropriate items. Otherwise,

IBM is left to undertake a "massive analysis, potentially of every single version, file and line of Unix System V code, . . . AIX and Dynix, and . . . Linux."87 For example,

86

Mem. in Supp. p. 2. Id. p. 8. 22

87

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Unix System V R4.2 ES/MP consists of 22,222 files and 7,339,157 lines of code; AIX 4.3.3 for Power consists of 111,964 files and 138,420,329 lines of code; and Linux 2.6.15 consists of 18,811 files and 7,290,070 lines of code.88

In direct contrast to IBM's arguments, SCO argues that it has met the level of specificity required by the court's orders. Indeed, SCO states it has provided "over 450,000 lines of source code and hundreds of confidential methods and concepts."89 SCO represents that there are different categories of information supporting its alleged misused material. First, for

improper source code contributed by IBM to Linux, SCO "ha[s] named the particular files of infringing source code IBM contributed," and has provided some "color-coded illustrations lining up the code in Dynix/ptx that IBM took and placed into Linux files."90 Second, with respect to methods and concepts, "the disclosure is not of specific lines of code."91 Instead, SCO

"identifies and appends as exhibits actual smoking-gun communications whereby IBM developers violated SCO's rights and disclosed confidential methods and concepts."92 This includes,

88

Id. p. 7. Op. p. 1. Id. p. 7. Id. Id. 23

89

90

91

92

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"numerous e-mails, other communications, and memoranda evidencing the hundreds of individual disclosures by IBM . . . ."93 continues, SCO

It should be remembered that it is IBM, not SCO, that made these contributions. IBM has ready access to the engineers who made the disputed disclosures to assist in identifying the nature of the contribution, whether it originated independently from protected material, how it is used, and whether it was in fact disclosed to the Linux community.94

In sum, "for each source code contribution, SCO identifies the source code; and for each method and concept disclosure, SCO identifies and details the method and concept disclosed."95 Finally, SCO alleges IBM's complaints about specificity are unwarranted because of the "roadblocks IBM has placed along the way to hinder SCO [in] identifying the particular misused material."96 For example, SCO says IBM resisted providing the

CMVC and RCS systems which contain AIX and Dynix materials along with other information. In May 2005, the information was

produced pursuant to court order but "IBM has been unable to produce all versions of its AIX source code, claiming that they

93

Id. p. 6 (emphasis in original). Id. Id. Id. p. 3. 24

94

95

96

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cannot be located."97 In considering the parties' positions the court first looks to the language in SCO's own requests and the language in the court's orders. In June 2003 SCO sought "specific lines and portions of code" for all alleged "trade secrets or confidential or proprietary information, whether computer code, methods or otherwise."98 This request was part of SCO's first motion to

compel which was eventually granted in part. On December 12, 2003 this court ordered SCO to "respond fully and in detail to Interrogatory Nos. 12 and 13" and to "identify and state with specificity the source code(s) that SCO is claiming form the basis of their action against IBM."99 Interrogatory 12 requested "with specificity (by file and line of code)," all source code and material in Linux that SCO claimed rights to. Interrogatory 13 sought further clarification of

Interrogatory 12. For each line of code and other material identified in response to Interrogatory No. 12, please state whether (a) IBM has infringed plaintiff's rights, and for any rights IBM is alleged to have infringed, describe in detail how IBM is alleged to have infringed plaintiff's rights; and (b) whether plaintiff has ever distributed the code or other material or otherwise made it available to the public, as part of a Linux

Id. As noted supra, some code was discarded because it was antiquated. SCO's First Request for Production of Documents and First Set of Interrogatories p. 3-4.
99 98

97

Order dated December 12, 2003 p. 2 (emphasis added). 25

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distribution or otherwise, . . . .100 In March of 2004 this court ordered SCO to "provide and identify all specific lines of code that IBM is alleged to have contributed to Linux from either AIX or Dynix."101 Next, SCO was

ordered to "provide and identify all specific lines of code from Unix System V from which IBM's contributions from AIX or Dynix are alleged to be derived."102 SCO was further ordered to

"provide and identify with specificity all lines of code in Linux that it claims rights to."103 SCO was also to "provide and

identify with specificity the lines of code that SCO distributed to other parties."104 Finally, in July 2005 Judge Kimball ordered the parties to "disclose with specificity all allegedly misused material"105 by December 22, 2005. Based on the language of the orders, and SCO's own requests, the court finds that SCO was to provide source code, i.e. version, file and line information, for its alleged misappropriated items. Although the court did not specifically

IBM's Second Set of Interrogatories and Second Request for the Production of Documents p. 2.
101

100

Order dated March 3, 2004 p. 2. Id. Id. Id. Order dated July 1, 2005 p. 4. 26

102

103

104

105

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say version and file in its orders, the court finds that this information was inherent within the court's ordering of "specific lines." The court agrees with IBM's argument that line

information without version and file information is not very specific and makes the identification of what is at issue much more difficult. This court further finds that Judge Kimball intended the same level of specificity in his July 2005 order which provided what amounted to a date certain for the parties to define their case. Judge Kimball's order was entered after this court's And Judge Kimball did not

orders which dealt with specificity.

provide a different definition of specificity in his order. Further, in an earlier decision, Judge Kimball in essence rebuked SCO for a lack of specificity. "Nevertheless, despite the vast

disparity between SCO's public accusations and its actual evidence-or complete lack thereof-and the resulting temptation to grant IBM's motion, the court has determined that it would be premature to grant summary judgement . . . ."106 Given this

background this court believes that Judge Kimball intended the same level of specificity as this court did, to wit, version, file, and line information for misappropriated items. Most important to the court however, is the fact that SCO itself sought this level of specificity by asking for "identification of the specific lines and portions of code" for all alleged "trade secrets or confidential or proprietary
106

Order dated February 8, 2005, p. 10. 27

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information, whether computer code, methods or otherwise."107 Given SCO's track record in this case, the court is certain that if IBM had simply provided line information without version and file information for "methods," SCO would have filed motions to compel complaining about IBM's lack of specificity. The court

cannot find any reason why SCO should not be held to the same level of accountability that SCO held IBM to. Thus, SCO should

have supplied not only line but version and file information for whatever claims form the basis of SCO's case against IBM.108 In further support of this court's finding that version, file, and line information was the required level of specificity the court points to the testimony of SCO's own Chief Technology Officer, Sandeep Gupta. Sandeep Gupta testified about the

importance of having version, file and line information in respect to methods and concepts.

Q: Okay, How would you determine whether a particular description was specific enough to describe an aspect of System V as a method? A: I have to look at the source code. Q: Okay. What would you do if you looked at the source code? A: I look at various steps that are taken, specific for that particular method." Q: Okay. So in order to determine what a particular method or concept is, you would actually have to look at the source code? A: In some cases, yes. ....

SCO's First Request for Production of Documents and First Set of Interrogatories p. 3-4 (emphasis added).
108

107

See Order dated December 12, 2003 p. 2. 28

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Q: . . . would you have to look at the source code to be able to accurately describe a method or concept in UNIX? A: That's my opinion, yes.109 Finally, the court notes that the deposit requirements for copyright registration also support this court's decision. copyright registration requires printouts of program source code.110 Even though registration is not a condition of copyright For example, The

protection it is often advantageous to register.

timely registration establishes prima facie evidence in court of the validity of a copyright. And, if certain conditions are met

statutory damages and attorneys fees are available to the copyright owner in court actions. The copyright registration requirements include:

(A) For published or unpublished computer programs, one copy of identifying portions of the program, reproduced in a form perceptible without the aid of a machine or device, either on paper or in microform. For these purposes "identifying portions" shall mean one of the following: (1) The first and last 25 pages or equivalent units of the source code if reproduced on paper, . . . .1 1 1 Thus even the copyright law, from which SCO seeks protection, prefers the production and identification of specific source

109

Gupta Dep. Tr. attached as Ex. E to Reb. Decl. Randall See 37 C.F.R. § 202.20(C)(2)(vii). Id. (emphasis added). 29

Davis.
110

111

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code. Based on the foregoing the court finds that methods and concepts can be identified in source code and that under the court's orders SCO was required to provide the source code behind them. SCO approved the orders as to form. SCO also never sought And in fact, from

further clarification of the court's orders.

the start of this case SCO has repeatedly sought source code on the grounds that it was necessary to substantiate its case.112 On

more than one occasion SCO has argued that it could not respond to IBM's requests without further production from IBM. Thus, it

really should come as no surprise to SCO that they were required to produce version, file, and line information to substantiate their claims. III. Willfulness A willful failure has been defined as "any intentional failure as distinguished from involuntary noncompliance. wrongful intent need be shown."113 No

In contrast, "The courts that

have concluded that the failure to comply with a discovery order was not willful have emphasized the inability of the party to comply with the order."114

112

See SCO's Mem. Re: Discovery

Patterson v. C.I.T. Corp., 352 F.2d 333, 336 (10th Cir. 1965) (quoting United States v. 3963 Bottles, 265 F.2d 332, 337 (7th Cir. 1959)).
114

113

In re Standard Metals Corp., 817 F.2d at 629. 30

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There is no evidence before the court to indicate that SCO lacked the ability to comply with the court's orders. In fact,

given SCO's own public statements outlined in part supra, it would appear that SCO had more than enough evidence to comply with the court's orders. In December 2003, near the beginning of this case, the court ordered SCO to, "identify and state with specificity the source code(s) that SCO is claiming form the basis of their action against IBM."115 Even if SCO lacked the code behind methods and

concepts at this early stage, SCO could have and should have, at least articulated which methods and concepts formed "the basis of their action against IBM."116 At a minimum, SCO should have

identified the code behind their method and concepts in the final submission pursuant to this original order entered in December 2003 and Judge Kimball's order entered in July 2005. Additionally, pursuant to the Federal Rules a party is obligated to update their interrogatory responses.117 Here, SCO

was ordered on multiple occasions to answer IBM's interrogatories which in this court's view covered methods and concepts and a request for the code behind them. Thus, SCO's failure to provide

code for the methods and concepts it claims were misappropriated is also a violation of Rule 26(e) in addition to a violation of

115

Order dated December 12, 2003. Id. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e). 31

116

117

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this court's orders. Finally, after IBM received SCO's interim alleged misappropriated submissions, IBM informed SCO that the submissions were not specific enough. IBM warned SCO that if the

final submissions were of the same level of specificity court intervention would be sought. Tellingly, SCO did not seek court

guidance as to the required level of specificity after IBM disagreed with SCO's interpretation of the court's orders. Based on the foregoing, the court finds that SCO has had ample opportunity to articulate, identify and substantiate its claims against IBM. The court further finds that such failure

was intentional and therefore willful based on SCO's disregard of the court's orders and failure to seek clarification.118 In the

view of the court it is almost like SCO sought to hide its case until the ninth inning in hopes of gaining an unfair advantage despite being repeatedly told to put "all evidence . . . on the table."119 Accordingly, the court finds that SCO willfully failed to comply with the court's orders. IV. Prejudice IBM argues that SCO's lack of specificity is prejudicial because without more detail it would have to undertake a massive analysis of multiple versions, files, and lines in Unix, AIX,

118

See Patterson, 352 F.2d at 336; Hearing held on February 24, 2006, transcript p. 50. 32

119

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Dynix and Linux to defend itself.120

This analysis would

allegedly take substantial time and create additional delay in the resolution of this case. In rebuttal SCO states It should be remembered that it is IBM, not SCO, that made these contributions. IBM has ready access to the engineers who made the disputed disclosures to assist in identifying the nature of the contribution, whether it originated independently from protected material, how it is used, and whether it was in fact disclosed to the Linux community.121 Thus according to SCO, IBM should be able to determine what was misappropriated without being given substantial detail. Further,

SCO argues that it was IBM's own roadblocks that hindered SCO in identifying particular misused material so IBM cannot now claim that they were somehow prejudiced.122 The court finds SCO's arguments unpersuasive. SCO's

arguments are akin to SCO telling IBM sorry we are not going to tell you what you did wrong because you already know. SCO

received substantial code from IBM pursuant to the court's orders as mentioned supra. Further, SCO brought this action against IBM

and under the Federal Rules, and the court's orders, SCO was required to disclose in detail what it feels IBM misappropriated. Given the amount of code that SCO has received in discovery the court finds it inexcusable that SCO is in essence still not
120

See Mem. in Supp. p. 7-8. Op. p. 6. Id. 33

121

122

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placing all the details on the table.123

Certainly if an

individual was stopped and accused of shoplifting after walking out of Neiman Marcus they would expect to be eventually told what they allegedly stole. It would be absurd for an officer to tell Or,

the accused that "you know what you stole I'm not telling."

to simply hand the accused individual a catalog of Neiman Marcus' entire inventory and say "its in there somewhere, you figure it out." Without more specificity than SCO has provided some very important questions that could materially impact this case are nearly impossible to answer. For example, is the code that If not, Or,

comprised the method or concept still in use in Linux?

then damages may become nominal instead of in the billions.

it may be possible that the code comprising a method or concept was already disclosed pursuant to some other license such as the BSD License. Since Linux uses some BSD code this could have a Especially since SCO claims

substantial impact upon SCO's case.

to be a successor in interest to some of the technology involved in the dispute between Unix System Laboratories and The University of California.124 Without the code, however, there is

no way to ascertain exactly what the impact is of prior disclosures that may involve the code at issue in the instant
123

Hearing held on February 24, 2006, transcript p. 50.

Unix System Laboratories (USL) was at one time involved in a dispute with The University of California concerning copyrights and UNIX. Both parties claimed that the other had taken certain source code in violation of their rights. Eventually the parties reached a settlement. 34

124

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case. Requiring IBM to engage in an analysis of millions of lines of code to figure out which code is at issue in hopes of answering such questions is patently unfair given the fact that it was SCO's duty to provide more detailed code in the first place. For example, many of SCO's submissions are supported by a

presentation given by Richard Moore of IBM's Linux Technology Center in June 2005. In the presentation it appears Mr. Moore

discusses the uniqueness of Linux, Linux's advantages and how IBM has helped with Linux development. It briefly compares Linux to

other operating systems such as UNIX, Solaris, AIX, HPUX, IRIX, and Dynix. In the court's view this is largely a presentation to

help generate interest and business for IBM that does nearly nothing specific to demonstrate what SCO claims was misappropriated. While it discusses Kernel patches, thread locks

and NUMA there is nothing that links these back to being originally owned by SCO. And even with a related "smoking gun"

email there is once again little connection back to what is allegedly owned by SCO. under the court's orders. In essence, IBM is left to wade through all the code found in the operating systems, and then ask SCO are you claiming line X in the Read-Copy-Update method found in Linux because there is a somewhat similar line in the Read-Copy-Update in AIX? Such an This simply is not enough specificity

endeavor seems like a waste of resources and time because under the court's orders SCO should have already identified such 35

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information. Accordingly, based on the delays that would arise from SCO's lack of specificity, and the burden this places on IBM at such a late stage in this litigation, the court finds that IBM is prejudiced by the lack of specificity in SCO's disclosures. V. Specific Items IBM seeks to limit items numbers 3-112, 143-149, 165-182, 186-193, 232-271, 279-293.125 As argued by SCO in its opposition, some of SCO's misappropriated items relate to "negative know how." These items

include number 23 (discussing EES an "error event subsystem" in Dynix/PTX), number 43 (learning from TCP failures to help networking and storage for Linux), and number 90 (avoiding a logging event that caused problems in PTX). Although claiming

that negative know how is somehow prohibited seems like quite a tenuous position, the court nevertheless agrees with SCO that these items are not easily substantiated by source code. the court agrees that they were disclosed with sufficient specificity to survive the current motion. The court notes, And,

however, that just because an item cannot be easily supported by source code, this does not automatically absolve SCO of its duties under the court's orders to provide specificity for its alleged misappropriated items. Accordingly, IBM's motion is denied as to item numbers 23,

125

See Mem. in Supp. p. 10. 36

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43, and 90. In similar fashion SCO argues that, "Under SCO's interpretation of the contracts at issue, IBM is prohibited from having former Dynix/ptx developers write source code for Linux."126 Thus according to SCO, "IBM has breached its contracts

by permitting IBM developers exposed to Dynix/ptx methods and concepts to contribute to Linux in the same area where each developer worked."127 SCO then argues that item numbers 94, 186-

193, and 232-270 concern these types of contractual violations. After reviewing item numbers 94 and 186-192 the court finds that they are supported with enough specificity to survive the current motion. Item number 193, however, is only supported by

the Richard Moore presentation mentioned supra, and a few references to Linux files. The court finds that this does not

meet the level of specificity required under the court's orders. Therefore, IBM's motion is denied as to item numbers 94 and 186192. IBM's motion is granted as to item number 193. Item numbers 232-270 are supported by the Moore presentation, a link to a Linux Kernel archive and a brief list of Linux files. The court finds that these items should have

been substantiated by more information including more detailed disclosures of source code. If SCO revealed the files one would

believe that they would have line information to disclose.

126

Op. p. 15. Id. 37

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Unlike item numbers 94 and 186-192, there is not deposition testimony supporting these alleged misappropriated items. Thus,

the court finds that these items failed to meet the level of specificity required by the court's orders. motion is granted as to item numbers 232-270. After reviewing the remaining items at issue, the court reaches the same finding - SCO failed to support its alleged misappropriated items with the specificity required by the court's orders. Therefore, IBM's motion is granted as to the Therefore, IBM's

remaining items.128

The court notes that its decision to either strike or not strike certain alleged misappropriated items should not be viewed as a decision on the merits. The court's decision is based solely on whether or not SCO met the requisite disclosure threshold as required by the court's orders. 38

128

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CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, the court GRANTS in PART IBM's Motion to Limit SCO's Claims.

DATED this

28th

day of June, 2006. BY THE COURT:

BROOKE C. WELLS United States Magistrate Judge

39