WI-LAN Inc. v. Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc. et al

Filing 167

OPENING CLAIM CONSTRUCTION BRIEF filed by WI-LAN Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit DECLARATION OF JEFFREY T. HAN IN SUPPORT OF WI-LANS OPENING CLAIM CONSTRUCTION BRIEF, # 2 Exhibit A-U.S. Patent No. 6,088,326, # 3 Exhibit B-U.S. Patent No. 6,195,327, # 4 Exhibit C-U.S. Patent No. 6,222,819, # 5 Exhibit D-U.S. Patent No. 6,381,211, # 6 Exhibit E-copy of The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (6th ed. 1996), # 7 Exhibit F-copy of Alan Freedman, The ComputerGlossary (7th ed. 1995), # 8 Exhibit G-copy of Harry Newton, Newtons Telecom Dictionary (11th ed. 1996), # 9 Exhibit H-copy of Ramjee Prasad, CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications (1996), # 10 Exhibit I-copy of Theodore S. Rappaport,Wireless Communications (1996), # 11 Exhibit J-copy of Shing-Fong Su, The UMTS Air-Interface in RF Engineering (2007), # 12 Exhibit K-copy of 3GPP TS 25.211,v.6.10.0 (Release 6), # 13 Exhibit L-copy of Jean Conan & Rolando Oliver, Hardware and Software Implementation of the Viterbi Decoding Algorithm for Convolutional Codes, in MIMI 76: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mini and Micro Computers (M.H. Hamza ed., 1977), # 14 Exhibit M-Definition of Overlay, OxfordDictionaries Online, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/overlay?q=overlay, # 15 Exhibit N-copy of the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (6th ed. rev. 3, July 1997))(Weaver, David)

EXHIBIT I

DEFS0011162

Wireless
Communications
Principles and Practice

Theodore S. Rappaport

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Reprinted with corrections July, 1999
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Ch. 8 • Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

400

Code

,..;

r'l

"a:l

"a:l

~

~

"a:l

= = =
; ell ell

= =
.: i;,) i;,)
.: .:
i;,)

- - --

"a:l

Frequency

=
a
-=

o

Time

Figure8.2
FDMA where different channels are assigned different frequency bands.

Example 8.2
If B t is 12.5 MHz, Bguard is 10 kHz, and
channels available in an FDMA system.

Be

is 30 kHz, find the number of

Solution to Example 8.2
The number of channels available in the FDMA system is given as
N

= 12.5xlO

6

3

-2(lOxlO)

= 416

3

30x 10

In the U.S., each cellular carrier is allocated 416 channels.
8.3

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA) systems divide the radio spectrum
into time slots, and in each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or
receive. It can be seen from Figure 8.3 that each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot, so a channel may be thought of as particular time slot that reoccurs
every frame, where N time slots comprise a frame. TDMA systems transmit data
in a buffer-and-burst method, thus the transmission for any user is noncontinuous. This implies that, unlike in FDMA systems which accommodate analog FM,
digital data and digital modulation must be used with TDMA. The transmission
from various users is interlaced into a repeating frame structure as shown in
Figure 8.4. It can be seen that a frame consists of a number of slots. Each frame
is made up of a preamble, an information message, and tail bits. In TDMAlTDD,
half of the time slots in the frame information message would be used for

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

401

the forward link channels and half would be used for reverse link channels. In
TDMAlFDD systems, an identical or similar frame structure would be used
solely for either forward or reverse transmission, but the carrier frequencies
would be different for the forward and reverse links. In general, TDMA/FDD systems intentionally induce several time slots of delay between the forward and
reverse time slots of a particular user, so that duplexers are not required in the
subscriber unit.
Code
ChannelN

/
/
r.-------<-------""7f
Channel 3
9-'"/----...:=;.::==-"---,(
~
Channel 2
"'$'/------=====--...,,(
Channell

~

Frequency

Time

Figure 8.3
TDMA scheme where each channel occupies a cyclically repeating time slot.

In a TDMA frame, the preamble contains the address and synchronization
information that both the base station and the subscribers use to identify each
other. Guard times are utilized to allow synchronization of the receivers between
different slots and frames. Different TDMA wireless standards have different
TDMA frame structures, and some are described in Chapter 10. The features of
TDMA include the following:
• TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users, where each user
makes use of nonoverlapping time slots. The number of time slots per frame
depends on several factors, such as modulation technique, available bandwidth, etc.
• Data transmission for users of a TDMA system is not continuous, but occurs
in bursts. This results in low battery consumption, since the subscriber
transmitter can be turned off when not in use (which is most of the time).
• Because of discontinuous transmissions in TDMA, the handoff process is
much simpler for a subscriber unit, since it is able to listen for other base
stations during idle time slots. An enhanced link control, such as that provided by mobile assisted handoff(MAHO) can be carried mit by a subscriber

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402

•

•
•

•

•

Ch. 8· Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

by listening on an idle slot in the TDMA frame.
TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception, thus duplexers are not required. Even if FDD is used, a switch rather than a duplexer
inside the subscriber unit is all that is required to switch between transmitter and receiver using TDMA.
Adaptive equalization is usually necessary in TDMA systems, since the
transmission rates are generally very high as compared to FDMA channels.
In TDMA, the guard time should be minimized. If the transmitted signal at
the edges of a time slot are suppressed sharply in order to shorten the guard
time, the transmitted spectrum will expand and cause interference to adjacent channels.
High synchronization overhead is required in TDMA systems because of
burst transmissions. TDMA transmissions are slotted, and this requires the
receivers to be synchronized for each data burst. In addition, guard slots are
necessary to separate users, and this results in the TDMA systems having
larger overheads as compared to FDMA.
TDMA has an advantage in that it is possible to allocate different numbers of
time slots per frame to different users. Thus bandwidth can be supplied on
demand to different users by concatenating or reassigning time slots based
on priority.
One TDMA Frame
Information Message

Information Data

Trail Bits

Guard Bits

Figure 8.4
TDMA frame structure.

Efficiency of TDMA - The efficiency of a TDMA system is a measure of
the percentage of transmitted data that contains information as opposed to providing overhead for the access scheme. The frame efficiency, llf' is the percentage
of bits per frame which contain transmitted data. Note that the transmitted data
may include source and channel coding bits, so the raw end-user efficiency of a
system is generally less than llf' The frame efficiency can be found as follows.
The number of overhead bits per frame is [Zie92],

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403

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

bOH = Nrb r + Ntb p + Ntb g + Nrb g

(8.2)

where, N; is the number of reference bursts per frame, N, is the number oftraffie bursts per frame, b; is the number of overhead bits per reference burst, bp is
the number of overhead bits per preamble in each slot, and bg is the number of
equivalent bits in each guard time interval. The total number of bits per frame,
b T , is
bT = TfR

(8.3)

where Tf is the frame duration, and R is the channel bit rate. The frame efficiency llf is thus given as
llf = ( 1-

b~H) x 100%

(8.4)

T

Number ofchannels in TDMA system - The number of TDMA channel
slots that can be provided in a TDMA system is found by multiplying the number
ofTDMA slots per channel by the number of channels available and is given by
N = m (Btot-2Bguard)

Be

(8.5)

where m is the maximum number ofTDMA users supported on each radio channel. Note that two guard bands, one at the low end of the allocated frequency
band and one at the high end, are required to ensure that users at the edge of the
band do not "bleed over" into an adjacent radio service.

Example 8.3
Consider Global System for Mobile,which is a TDMNFDD system that uses 25
MHz for the forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200 kHz. If 8
speech channels are supported on a single radio channel, and if no guard band
is assumed, find the number of simultaneous users that can be accommodated
in GSM.
Solution to Example 8.3
The number of simultaneous users that can be accommodated in GSM is given
as
25 MHz

N = (200 kHz) /8 = 1000

Thus, GSM can accommodate 1000 simultaneous users.

Example 8.4
If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of 8 time slots, and
each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in
the channel, find (a) the time duration of a bit, (b) the time duration of a slot,
(c) the time duration of a frame, and (d) how long must a user occupying a single time slot must wait between two simultaneous transmissions.

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404

Ch. 8· Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

Solution to Example 8.4
13

(a) The time duration of a bit, T b = 270.83 kbps = 3.692 us.
(b) The time duration of a slot, T s10t = 156.25 x T b = 0.577 ms.
(c) The time duration ofa frame, Tt = 8 x T s 10t = 4.615 ms.
(d) A user has to wait 4.615 ms, the arrival time of a new frame, for its next
transmission.

Example 8.5
If a normal GSM time slot consists of 6 trailing bits, 8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
Solution to Example 8.5
A time slot has 6 + 8.25 + 26 + 2 (58) = 156.25 bits.
A frame has 8 x 156.25 = 1250 bits/frame.
The number of overhead bits per frame is given by
bOH = 8 (6) + 8 (8.25) + 8 (26) = 322 bits
Thus, the frame efficiency
TIt = [1- 322] x 100
1250

8.4

= 7424 %
.

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) uses signals which have a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth. A pseudo-noise (PN) sequence (discussed in
Chapter 5) converts a narrowband signal to a wideband noise-like signal before
transmission. SSMA also provides immunity to multipath interference and
robust multiple access capability. SSMA is not very bandwidth efficient when
used by a single user. However, since many users can share the same spread
spectrum bandwidth without interfering with one another, spread spectrum systems become bandwidth efficient in a multiple user environment. It is exactly
this situation that is of interest to wireless system designers. There are two main
types of spread spectrum multiple access techniques; frequency hopped multiple
access (FH) and direct sequence multiple access (OS). Direct sequence multiple
access is also called code division multiple access (COMA).
8.4.1 Frequency Hopped MUltiple Access (FHMA)

Frequency hopped multiple access (FHMA) is a digital multiple access system in which the carrier frequencies ofthe individual users are varied in a pseudorandom fashion within a wideband channel. The digital data is broken into
uniform sized bursts which are transmitted on different carrier frequencies. The

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