The Authors Guild v. Google, Inc.

Filing 41

JOINT APPENDIX, volume 1 of 6, (pp. 1-300), on behalf of Appellant Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles and The Authors Guild, FILED. Service date 04/07/2014 by CM/ECF.[1196245] [13-4829]

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A-46 312112014 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 ADJUDICATION. Docwrent fred by Digital Humanities Scholars and Law Proressors.(Siavoshy, Babak) (Entered: 08/03/2012) 08/0312012 1052 BRIEF re: 1051 MOTION to File Amicus BriefIN PARTIAL SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARYJUDGMENT ORIN THE ALTERNATIVE SUMMARYADJUDICATION.. DoC\llrent fred by Digital Humanities Scholars and Law Proressors.(Siavoshy, Babak) (Entered: 08/0312012) 08/03/2012 1053 DECLARATION ofJoanne Zack in Support re: 1049 MOTION fur Summary Judgrrem Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (public Version) .. DocUllJilllt filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1-22, # 2 Exhibit 23, part 1, # .3. Exhibit 23, part 2, # 1 Exhibit 24-32, # ~ Exhibit 33-35, # QExhibit 36-37, # 7. Exhibit 38-41, # .!! Exhibit 42, part 1, # .2 Exhibit 42, part 2-43)(Zack, Joanne) (Entered: 08/03/2012) 08/03/2012 1054 RULE 56.1 STA1EMENT. DocUlllCnt fred by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goukien, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Zack, Joanne) (Entered: 08/0312012) 08/0312012 ~ BRIEF re: lQll MOTION to File Amicus BriefIN PARTIAL SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARYJUDGMENT ORIN THE ALTERNATIVE SUMMARYADJUDICATION. (CORRECTED). DocUllJilllt filed by Digital Hmnaniti-ls Scholars and Law Proressors.(Siavoshy, Babak) (Entered: 08/0312012) 08/0912012 .w!i MEMORANDUM OF LAW inOppositionre: .l.!l.ll MOTION to FikJ AIm:us Brief IN PARTIAL SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE SUMMARYADJUDICATION., .l.!M1 MOTION fur Leave to FikJ Amici Curiae Brief in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs'Memorandum in Opposition to Motionsfor Leave to File Amicus Brief DocUllJilllt filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Boni, Mi:haeI) (Entered: 08/0912012) 08114/2012 .w.z TRUE COPY ORDER ofUSCA USCA Case Nwnber 12-2402. Petitioner, through cO\mse~ IlDveS, pursuant to FederalRu1e of Civil Procedure 23(f), fur leave to appeal the Dis1ri:t Court's order granting Respondents' IIDtim fur class certificatbn Upon due consneration, it is hereby ORDERED that the petition is GRANTED. Catherine O'Hagan Wolfu, Clerk USCA fur the Secoud Circuit. Certified: 08/1412012. New Case No. 12-3200. (nd) Modified on 8/2812012 (nd). (Entered: 0811412012) 08114/2012 Appeal Fee Dne: fur .l.Qll USCA Order granting leave to appeal $455.00 Appeal ree due by 8128/2012. (nd) (Entered: 08/1412012) 0811412012 1058 REPLY to Response to Motbn re: 1047 MOTION fur Leave to File Amici Cmiae Briefin Support of Defendant's Motionfor Summary Judgment .. DocUlllCnt filed by Am:rica Library Association, Assocation ofResearch Libraries, Association of College and Research Libraries, Electronic Frontier FoUlldatbn et al. (Band, Jonathan) (Entered: 08114/2012) 0811512012 1059 REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Support re: 1051 MOTION to File Amicus hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_0-1 18&'194 A-47 312112014 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 BriefIN PARTIAL SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE SUMMARYADJUDICATION.. Docmmnt filed by Digital HumaniOOs Scholars and Law ProreSSOfS. (Siavosby, Babak) (Entered: 08/1512012) 08115/2012 .l.Q6l) ORDER granting .1.!M1 Motion fur Leave to File Docummt; granting lQ5l Motion to File Ami:us Brief It i<; hereby ordered as fuJkJws: (1) The IIDtions fur leave to file amk:i curiae brielS are granted, and the proposed brielS are accepted fur filing. (2) PlaintiflS shall respond to the amk:i curiae brielS by September 17, 2012 in a IrelIDrandmn of law not to exceed 40 pages. (3) The amici cmiae may not file replies. (4) The parties' oppositions to the croSS-IIDoons fur smnmary judgmmt shall be filed by August 24,2012. (5) The parties' replies in support of the CroSS-IIDOOns fur smnmary jndgmmt shall be fikld by September 17, 2012. (6) Oral arguDllnt on the IIDtions fur smnmary judgmmt shallproceed on October 9, 2012 at 10 AM .. (Signed by Judge Deooy Chin on 8/15/2012) Ore) (Entered: 08/1512012) 0811512012 SetlReset Deadlines: (Responses due by 9117/2012), SetlReset He~~ Oral Argument set fur 10/9/2012 at 10:00 AM befure Judge Denny Chin.) Ore) (Entered: 0811512012) 08115/2012 SetlReset Deadlines as to llM2 MOTION fur Smnmary Judgmmt Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (Public Version)., l!!ll MOTION fur Smnmary Judgment Notice ofDefendant Google Inc. :so Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Atijudication .. Responses due by 8/2412012 Ore) (Entered: 08/15/2012) 0811712012 0812812012 0812912012 1061 ORDER.: It is hereby ordered as fuJkJws: (1) By October 24, 2012, the parties shall fikl their opposifuns to the CroSS-IIDOOns fur smnmary judgment. (2) By November 19,2012, plaintiflS shall file their opposifun to the amk:i curiae brielS, in a IrelIDrandmn of law not to exceed 40 pages. (3) By November 19, 2012, the parties shall fikl their replies in support ofthe croSS-lIDtions fur smnmary judgmmt. (4) Oral arguDllnt on the IIDOOns fur smnmary judgmmt shall proceed on December 4,2012 at 2PM., (Responses due by 1111912012., Replies due by 1111912012.), (Oral ArguDllnt set fur 12/412012 at 02:00 PM befure Judge Denny Chin.) (Signed by Judge Denny Chin on 8/1712012) (lmb) (Entered: 08/1712012) USCA Appeal Fees received $ 455.00 receipt mnnber 465401046514 on 0811612012 re: 1057 USCA Order granting leave to appeal pursuant to FRAP 23(t). (nd) (Entered: 08/2812012) .l.l!62 ORDER.: The Court i<; in receipt ofa letter from derendant Google, Inc. (''Google'~, dated August 17, 2012, requesting that the Court stay all proceedings in thi<; case pending review by the Second Circuit of thi<; Court's May 31, 2012 Order granting class certifi:aoon (the ''Class Cer1:ili:ation Order'~. Plainti1lS have not responded to Google's letter. For the fuJkJwing reasons, the appocaoon is denied as further set furth in this order. (Signed by Judge Denny Chin on 812812012) (lmb) (Entered: 0812912012) hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_Q.1 18Q'194 A-48 312112014 09/1712012 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 ll!23. ORDER ofUSCA (Certified Copy) USCA Case Number 12-3200. Appellant Googk:, Inc. bas filed a IOOtion to stay Distri:t Court proceedings pending appeal of the class certification order and appelk:es have filed a response stating that they consent to the stay, although not to the arguIIllnts put furward in the IIDtbn as to why Googk: expects to prevail on appeal. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the IOOtion to stay proceedings pending appeal is GRANTED. Catherine O'Hagan WoJre, Clerk USCA fur the Second Circuit. Issued As Order: 09/1712012. Certified: 09/1712012. (nd) (Entered: 09/17/2012) 04/0712013 ~ NOTICE OF CHANGE OF ADDRESS by Cindy A. Cohn on bebalfofElectronic Frontier FoUDdatbn et al.. New Address: Electrom,; Frontier Foundatbn, 815 Eddy Street, San Francisco, CA, USA 94109, 415-436-9333. (Cohn, Cindy) (Fntered: 04/0712013) 07/0112013 ~ 1RUE COPY ORDER ofUSCA USCA Case NUlDber 12-3200-cv. For the reasons stated, we VACATE the JUIle 11,2012 order of the District Court certifYing plaintillS proposed class and REMAND the cause to the District Court fur consIleration of the liIir use issues, without prejudice to any renewal of the IIDtbn fur class certification befure the District Court fullowing its decision on the liIir use defi:nse. In the interest of judi:ia1 economy, any further appeal from the decisDns of the Distri:t Court shall be assigned to this panel Catherine O'Hagan WoJre, Clerk USCA fur the Second Circuit. Certified: 07/112013. (nd) (Entered: 07/0112013) 07/0112013 1066 MANDATE ofUSCA (Certified Copy) USCA Case NUlDber 12-3200-cv. Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that the order of the Distri:t Court is VACATED and the case is REMANDED in accordance with the opinion of this Court. Catherine O'Hagan WoJre, Clerk USCA fur the Second Circuit. Issued As Mandate: 07/0112013. (nd) (Entered: 07/0112013) 07/0112013 !QQ1 ORDER: By August 5, 2013, the parties shall file their oppositions to the crossIOOtions fur swmnary judgmmt. The parties shall include any arguIIllnts in response to the arn£i curiae brieiS in their melOOranda in opposition to the CroSS-lOOtions. The parties' melOOranda of law shall not exceed 50 pages, including any response to the arn£i curiae brieiS. By August 19, 2013, inmelOOranda of law not to exceed 10 pages, the parties shall file their replies in support of the CroSS-lOOtions fur swmnary judgrrent. Oral argument on the CroSS-lOOtions fur swmnary judgmmt will be heard on September 5, 2013 at 10:00 AM. Responses due by 8/512013. Replies due by 8/1912013. Oral ArguIIllnt set fur 91512013 at 10:00 AM befure Judge Delll1Y Chin. (Signed by Judge D~Cbin Sitting by Designatbn on 7/112013) (ft) Modified on 7/1212013 (ft). (Entered: 07/0112013) 07/08/2013 l!!Q8. ORDER: The briefing schedule fur the parties' CroSS-lOOtions fur swmnary judgrrent is hereby IOOdified as fullows: (1) By August 26, 2013, the parties shall file their oppositions to the CroSS-lOOtions fur swmnary judgrrent. The parties shall include any arguIIllDts in response to the arn£i curiae brieiS in their meIOOranda in opposition to the CroSS-lOOtions. The parties' meIOOranda of law shall not exceed 50 pages, including any response to the arn£i curiae breiS. (2) By September 9,2013, in melIDranda of law not to exceed 20 pages, the parties shall file their replies in support ofthe cross- hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_0-1 19!Y194 A-49 312112014 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 lD.ltions fur sUlIl1Ila1Y judgtreDt. (3) Oral arglllIl)nt on the croSS-lD.loons fur SUIII1IIa1Y judgtrent will be heard on September 23,2013 at 2:30 PM. SO ORDERED. (Responses due by 812612013, Replies due by 91912013.), (OralArglllIl)nt set fur 9/23/2013 at 02:30 PM befure Judge Denny Chin.) (Signed by Judge Denny Chin Sitting by Designation on 7/812013) (rsh) (Entered: 07/0912013) 0812612013 .l.QQ2 ENDORSED LEI IER addressed to Judge Denny Chin, from Michael J. Boni, dated 812312013, re: on behalf of an parties, plaintiflS and Google, to request that the parties be able to file their respective, non-publi:: sealed versions of their brielS on Tuesday, August 27, 2013. The deadline to file their SUIII1IIa1Y judgtreDt opposition lriJlS is a day earlier, and on that date (August 26) the parties will file electronically their publi::, redacted versions of the brie~ and will also serve one another with their uudredacted versDns as well. ENDORSEMENT: Approved. SO ORDERED. (Brief due by 8/27/2013.) (Signed by Judge Denny Chin on 8/26/2013) Ga) (Entered: 0812612013) 0812612013 .l.!!1l! MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Opposition re: .l.!lll MOTION fur SUIII1IIa1Y Judgtrent Notice of Defendant Google Inc. ~ Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Atijudication .. Docwmnt filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Boni, Michael) (Entered: 08126/2013) 0812612013 1071 COUNTER STATEMENT TO 1043 Rule 56.1 Statement. Document fi1ed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Boni, Michael) (Entered: 0812612013) 0812612013 lQ12 MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Opposition re: l!M2 MOTION fur SUIII1IIa1Y JudgtreDt Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (public Version). Defendant Google Inc. ~ Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motionfor Partial Summary Judgment. Document filed by Goog1e Inc .. (Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 0812612013) 0812612013 1073 DECLARATION of ofMichaelJ. Boni in OppositDn re: 1031 MOTION fur SUIII1IIa1Y Judgtrent Notice ofDefendant Google Inc. ~ Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Atijudication .. Docwrent filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Attachrn:nts: # 1 Exhibit 1 (part 1 of3), # 1 Exhibit 1 (part 2 of3), # 1 Exhibit 1 (part 3 of3), # 1. Exhibit 2 (part 1 of3), # .i Exhibit 2 (part 2 013), # 2 Exhibit 2 (part 3 of3), # 1 Exhibit 3, # 8. Exhibit 4, # .2. Exhibit 5, # 10 Exhibit 6, # 11 Exhibit 7, # 12 Exhibit 8, # 13 Exhibit 9, # 14 Exhibit 1O)(Boni, Michael) (Entered: 0812612013) 0812612013 .!.!ill: DECLARATION ofPaul Aiken in Opposition re: l!!ll MOTION fur SUIII1IIa1Y Judgtrent Notice of Defendant Google Inc. ~ Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Atijudication .. Docwrent filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Guild. (Attachrn:nts: # 1 Exhibit A, # 1 Exhibit B, # 1 Exhibit C, # 1. Exhibit D, # ~ Exhibit E, # QExhibit F, # I Exhibit G, # .!! Exhibit Ii) (Boni, Michael) (Entered: 08126/2013) 08126/2013 .!.!ill. DECLARATION ofJoseph C. Gratz in OppositDn re: .llM2 MOTION fur SUIII1IIa1Y Judgtrent Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (public hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_0-1 1911194 A-50 312112014 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 Version} .. Docmnent filed by Google Inc .. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2. Exhibit 2, # J. Exhibit 3, # 1. Exhibit 4, # ~ Exhibit 5, # .!i Exhibit 6, # 1 Exhibit 7, # ll. Exhibit 8, # .2 Exhibit 9, # 10 Exhibit 10, # 11 Exhibit 11, # 12 Exhibit 12, # II Exhibit 13, # 14 Exhibit 14, # 15 Exhibit 15, # 16 Exhibit 16, # 17 Exhibit 17, # 18 Exhibit 18, # 19 Exhibit 19, # 2Q Exhibit 20)(Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 08/26/2013) 08/26/2013 .l.lllii DECLARATION of Scott Do~ in Opposition re: .l.!M2 MOTION fur Summary Judgrrent Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (public Version) .. Docmnent filed by Google Inc .. (Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 08/26/2013) 08/26/2013 1077 COUNTER STATEMENT TO 1054 Rule 56.1 StateJmnt. Docmnent filed by Google Inc .. (Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 08/26/2013) 08/26/2013 1078 AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE ofGoogle Inc.'s Responses and Objections to PlaintillS' StateJmnt of Undisputed Facts in Support of their Motion fur Partial Summary Judgrrent (provisionally filed umler seal) served on Mi:hael J. Boni and Joanne E. Zack, Counsel fur PlaintifIS on August 26, 2103. Docmnent filed by Google Inc .. (Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 08/26/2013) 08/27/2013 1079 SEALED DOCUMENT placed in vauh.(mps) (Entered: 08/27/2013) 08/27/2013 1080 SEALED DOCUMENT placed in vauh.(mn) (Entered: 08/27/2013) 08/29/2013 l!lll.l ORDER: The Cowt is in receipt of a letter from pIaintiflS' counse~ dated August 28, 2013, requesting a two-week extensIm oftbe schedule fur briefing and argmmnt of the parties' summary judgrrent motions. Defendant Google, Inc. opposes thi; request The request i; granted in part and denied in part, as fulhws: The deadline fur plaintiflS to submit tbeirreplybriefis extended to Monday, September 16, 2013. The request fur adjowmnent of oral argurrent is denied. The date ofSeptemher 23,2013 was set on July 8, 2013, more than five weeks ago. The Cowt will not adjomn oral argurrent because new counsel in this eight-year okllitig;ltion i; unavailable on September 23rd because he will be attending a confurence on copyright law. (Replies due by 9/16/2013.) (Signed by Judge Denny Chin, Sitting by Designation on 8/29/2013) Qa) (Entered: 08/29/2013) 09/04/2013 .l.l!82. NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Edward Hemy Rosenthal on behalf of The Authors Gnikl. 09/04/2013 (Ros~ Edward) (Entered: 09/04/2013) .l.!!ll.3. NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Jeremy Seth Goldman on behalfofThe Authors Gnikl. (Goldman, Jeremy) (Entered: 09/04/2013) 09/09/2013 1084 REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Support re: 1031 MOTION fur Summary Judgrrent Notice of Defendant Google Inc. s Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Adjudication .. Docmnent filed by Google Inc .. (Gratz, Joseph) (Entered: 09/09/2013) 09116/2013 ~ REPLY MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Support re: l!M2 MOTION fur Summary Judgrrent Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotionfor Partial Summary Judgment (public Version) .. Docmnent filed by Jim Bouton, Joseph Goulden, Betty Miles, The Authors Gnikl. (Bom, Mi:hael) (Entered: 09/16/2013) hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g""cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_0-1 192/194 A-51 312112014 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 10/0312013 .l.QRQ TRANSCRIPT ofProceedings re: ARGUMENT held on 912312013 befure Judge DellllY Chin. Court ReporterlTranscriber: Thomas Murray, (212) 805-0300. Transcq,t may be vX:wed at the court public terminal or purchased through the Court ReporterlTranscriber befure the deadline fur Release ofTranscq,t Restricfun After tbat date it may be obtained through PACER. RedacfunRequest due 1012812013. Redacted Transcq,t Deadline set fur l1nt2013. Release ofTranscq,t Restricfun set fur 1I4/2014.(Rodriguez, Soman) (Entered: 10/03/2013) 10/0312013 !QR1 NOTICE OF FILING OF OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT Notice is hereby given tbat an ofli:ial transcq:,t of a ARGUMENT proceeding held on 9123/13 has been filed by the court reporter/transcriber in the above-captioned matter. The parties have seven (7) calendar days to file with the court a N olice of Intent to Request Redaction of this transcq,t. If no such Notice is filed, the transcq,t may be made remJteIy electronically available to the public without redacfun after 90 cak:ndar days ... (Rod.riguez, Soman) (Entered: 10/0312013) 1111412013 ~ OPINION re: #103753 .l.!!ll MOTION fur Surnrmry Judgment Notice of Defendant Google Inc. Motion for Summary Judgment or in the Alternative Summary Acijudication filed by Google Inc., 1049 MOTION fur Swmnary Judgment Plaintiffs' Notice ofMotion for PartiLlI Summary Judgment (public Version) filed s by Betty Miles, The Authors Guild, Joseph Goulden, Jim Bouton For the reasons set furth in this Opinion, plaintiflS' Imtion fur partial swmnary judgm:nt is denied and Google's Imtion fur swmnary judgm:nt is granted. Judgment will be entered in mvor of Google dismissing the Complaint. Google shall submit a proposed judgm:nt, on notice, within five business days hereof (Signed by Judge D~ Chin on 11/1412013) (tro) (MainDoc\llIllnt 1088 replaced on 1111412013) (tro). Modified on 11119/2013 (ca). (Entered: 11114/2013) 1112712013 .l.!!R2 JUDGMENT tbat, 1. Plaintiffi;' Motion fur Partial Swmnary Judgment is denied; 2. Defendant's Motion fur Surnrmry Judgment is granted; 3. PlaintiflS' claims are dismissed with prejudice; 4. Costs in this action are awarded to Defendant, as the prevailing party in this acfun; and 5. Any application fur attorneys' rrmst be made within 14 days after entry ofjudgm:ntpursuant to Fed. R Civ. P. 54(d)(2)(B)(i). (Signed by Circuit Judge ~ Chin on 11127/13) (Attacbtrents: # 1 Notice ofRigbt to Appeal)(ml) (Entered: 1112712013) 11127/2013 12/0612013 12/0912013 Tenninate Transcq,t Deadlines (ml) (Entered: 1112712013) 1090 FILING ERROR - DEFICIENT DOCKET ENTRY - FIRST MOTION fur Attorney Fees. Docwmnt filed by Writers' Representatives LLC.(Chn, Lynn) Modified on 12/912013 (db). (Entered: 12/06/2013) ***NOTE TO ATTORNEY TO RE-FILE DOCUMENT - DEFICIENT DOCKET ENTRY ERROR. Note to Attorney Lyon T. Chu to RE-FILE Document 1ll2ll FIRST MOTION for Attorney Fees. ERROR(S): No Signature or s/. (db) (Entered: 12/0912013) hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_Q.1 193'194 A-52 312112014 12110/2013 SONY CMIECF Versioo 4.2 ll!2l AMENDED JUDGMENT am:nding ~ Judgnrnt, that, 1. PlaintifIS' Motion fur Partial SUIII!IIIII)' Judgnrnt is denied; 2. Delendant's Mofun fur SUIII!IIIII)' Judgnrnt is granted; 3. PlaintiflS' claims are dismissed with prejudice; 4. Costs in this action are awarded to Defundant, as the prevailing party in this action; aud 5. Any application fur attorneys' lees must be IIllde within 14 days of the final resolution of all appeals or, if no appeal is taken, within 14 days after the expirationofti= fur filing a ootice of appeal; 6. The Cklrk of the Comt shaD close this case. (Signed by Judge Denny Chin on 12/10/13) (Attachments: # 1 Notice ofRigbt to Appeal)(ml) (Entered: 12/11/2013) 12/23/2013 .l.Q22 NOTICE OF APPEAL from ll!2l Amended Judgnrnt" .!Q82 Judgnrnt". Docurrent fikJd by Association of American Publishers, Inc., Jim Bouton, Canadian Standard Association, Paullli:kson, Jobn Wiley & Sons, Inc., Herbert Mitgang, Pearson Educafun, Inc., The Authors Guild, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc .. Filing lee $ 505.00, receiptmnnber 0208-9204161. FormC and FormD are due within 14 days to the ComtofAppeals, Second Circuit. (Rosentha~ Edward) (Entered: 12/23/2013) 12/23/2013 TransmissDn ofNotice ofAppeal and Certified Copy ofDocket Sheet to US Comt of Appeals re: 1092 Notice ofAppe~. (00) (Entered: 12/23/2013) 12/23/2013 Appeal Record Sent to USCA (Electronic Fik:). Certified Indexed record on Appeal Electronic Files ONLY fur 1092 Notice of Appe~ fikJd by The Authors Guild, Canadian Standard Association, Herbert Mitgang, Jim Bouton, Jobn Wiley & Sons, Inc., Paullli:kson, Association of American PubJiclhers, Inc., The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Pearson Educafun, Inc. were transmitted to the U.S. Court of Appeals. (APPELLANT'S COUNSEL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRYSICALSUPPLE~NTALINDEXFORANYANDALLNON~CF DOCU~NTS, ONCE THE CASE IS OPENED IN THE SECOND CIRCUIT) (nd) (Entered: 12/23/2013) I I PACER Service Center Transaction Receipt I IpAClRLogIn: IIfg0108 IDe. cripion: 03/2112014 15:33:52 liruent Code: 1019894.800 1 IInoclret Report IIsearch Criteria: 11:05-cv-08136-DC 1 IBilIahle Pages: 130 1 hllpstlecf.I1)Sd.USC<U1s.g"'cgl-~riD~RpI.pl?462246930017763-L_452_0-1 IICo.t: 13.00 1 19<11194 A-53 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 1 of 49 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ---------------------------------------------------------------x The Authors Guild, Inc., et al., : : Plaintiffs, : Case No. 05 CV 8136-DC : vs. OBJECTION OF AMAZON.COM, : Google, Inc. : INC., TO PROPOSED : SETTLEMENT : Defendant. : Filed Electronically ---------------------------------------------------------------x AMAZON.COM, INC. David Zapolsky, Esq. (DZ-8058) davidz@amazon.com Vice President & Associate General Counsel Litigation & Regulatory Affairs 1200 12th Avenue South Suite 1200 Seattle, Washington 98144 Telephone: (206) 266-1323 Facsimile: (206) 266-7010 IRELL & MANELLA LLP David Nimmer (CA State Bar No. 97170) (Pro Hac Vice Application Pending) dnimmer@irell.com Alexander F. Wiles (CA State Bar No. 73596) (Pro Hac Vice Application Pending) awiles@irell.com 1800 Avenue of the Stars Suite 900 Los Angeles, California 90067-4276 Telephone: (310) 277-1010 Facsimile: (310) 203-7199 Counsel for Objector Amazon.com, Inc. 2043089 A-54 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 9 of 49 INTRODUCTION Amazon.com, Inc. (“Amazon”) objects to the proposed settlement of this action and gives notice that it intends to appear at the fairness hearing currently scheduled to be held on October 7, 2009. Amazon is a member of the class by virtue of its ownership of a copyright duly registered with the United States Copyright Office. Amazon also brings a unique perspective to this Court because it has engaged in a book scanning project very similar to Google’s, with one major distinction: As to books still subject to copyright protection, Amazon has only scanned those for which it could obtain permission to do so from the copyright holder. Amazon’s scanning project has to date resulted in the lawful scanning of over 1 million English-language works and 3 million books in total. The settlement proposed by the parties to this case should not be approved. It is unfair to authors, publishers, and others whose works would be the subject of a compulsory license for the life of the copyright in favor of Google and the newly created Book Rights Registry. It is anticompetitive and violates antitrust laws because it provides Google an effective monopoly in the scanning and exploitation of millions of works whose copyright holders cannot be located or choose not to involve themselves in this class action. It also creates a cartel of authors and publishers—the Books Rights Registry—operating with virtually no restrictions on its actions, with the potential to raise book prices and reduce output to the detriment of consumers and new authors or publishers who would compete with the cartel members. Indeed, the agreement is even arguably unlawful on its face because it constitutes price fixing by horizontal competitors— namely, the Rightsholders, who are agreeing collectively on a mechanism for setting the highest possible prices to be charged for their works. Finally, the proposed settlement improperly seeks to stretch the boundary of this Court’s power beyond its lawful limits, using the class action mechanism embodied in Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to create a massive and complex business arrangement of perpetual duration among class members, Google and the Registry. The settling parties propose to force this business arrangement upon class members by requiring, in contravention of controlling Second Circuit authority, that, as part of the settlement, 2043089 -1- A-55 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 10 of 49 they release Google and others from claims of copyright infringement for future uses of copyrighted works, some of which are totally divorced from the current facts and connected to this case only under the guise of being an anticipated project of the business venture created by the Settlement Agreement. Amazon recognizes the surface appeal of the proposed settlement: Digitization of books creates tremendous opportunities for public benefit, and the digitization of so-called “orphan works” that this settlement allows would enhance those benefits. Indeed, Amazon has long supported efforts to pass copyright reform legislation that would make it easier for booksellers and the public to gain access to these books. Digitization of books, however, is far from the first technological advance requiring harmonization of the potential public benefits with existing copyright law. As detailed below, in each such instance in the past, that task has been performed by the United States Congress. Class actions, though a common vehicle to challenge the infringement made possible by new technologies, have never until this case been used to set out nationwide the rules and regulations by which use of those new technologies would be determined to be lawful or unlawful. The reasons for this history seem obvious, especially when juxtaposed against the public policy issues raised by the current settlement: Class actions can resolve disputes between parties and can clarify the law for others, but they cannot make changes to the rules in a way that applies evenhandedly to the entire universe of copyright holders and potential users of the new technologies. Nor is a court holding a hearing on the fairness of a class action settlement equipped to balance and make the adjustments necessary to accommodate the many public interests at stake when a new technology emerges that offers both the promise of public benefit and the danger of abuse of both copyright holders and consumers. FACTUAL BACKGROUND Amazon was founded in 1994. It started as an online seller of books. While Amazon has since diversified to sell a wide range of consumer products, sales of media products accounted for 58 percent of Amazon’s net sales in 2008. Prior to January 5, 2009, Amazon duly submitted 2043089 -2- A-56 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 11 of 49 to the United States Copyright Office an application, deposit, and fee to register the work: DVD On Demand: A CustomFlix® Guide to Profitably Distributing Your Film with Inventory-Free Fulfillment by Darren Giles. Beginning in 2002, Amazon commenced a book-scanning program in order to enhance the quality of services it offered to customers who use its web-based bookstore. Amazon initially started its program by scanning only the front and back covers and small excerpts of books. It then made those parts available for viewing by customers on the web pages of Amazon.com where the books were displayed for sale. Amazon called this program “Look Inside the Book.” In 2003, Amazon dramatically expanded this program, now called “Search Inside.” It approached publishers for permission to scan the entire contents of books and then to display to customers up to 20 percent of those books in response to specific customer queries. Today, Amazon has 3 million unique titles scanned and available worldwide to customers who wish to search inside those books and display the text surrounding the words they have queried. Amazon estimates that its book detail pages are viewed tens, if not hundreds, of millions of times each week. Amazon has been able to accomplish this level of scanning and electronic availability even though it has scanned only books in the public domain and books for which it has obtained permission from the copyright owner. Amazon does not scan or display on its website in-copyright works for which no rightsholder can be located (referred to as “orphan works”). Google first announced its book scanning project in October 2004. According to published reports, this program has two components. Google’s “Partner Program” allows authors or publishers to sign up with Google and provide copies of their books to Google for electronic display on the Google website. According to Google, that program now has over 20,000 publisher participants, with published reports suggesting that about 1 million books have been scanned, made fully searchable and available to be previewed on Google’s website as a result of this program.1 (“Previewing” refers to the capability of searching the text of a book and 1 See Posting of David Drummond, New chapter for Google Book Search, to The Official Google Blog, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/new-chapter-for-google-book-search.html 2043089 -3- A-57 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 12 of 49 then displaying the text surrounding the word for which the user has searched.) Plaintiffs did not challenge the Google “Partner Program” in their complaint. Beginning in late 2004, Google also entered into a series of “Digitization Agreements” with various public and university libraries to create digital archives of the libraries’ collection of books. The Authors Guild, Inc., et al.’s Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 4, 47. Those agreements allow Google “to reproduce and retain for its own commercial use a digital copy of the libraries’ archives.” Id. ¶ 4. They also require Google to provide each library with a digital copy of what Google had scanned from that library’s collection. Declaration of David Nimmer in Support of Objection of Amazon.com, Inc. (“Nimmer Decl.”), Exs. A & B (Digitization Agreement between Google and the University of Michigan, and Amendment). Google never sought to obtain permission from copyright owners to copy, use or display works included in the library collections and thus made no effort to exclude “orphan works” from its digitization program. According to Google, it has now scanned seven million books. See Posting of Drummond, New chapter for Google Book Search, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/10/new-chapter-for-google-book-search.html. Of the incopyright works that Google has digitized, only those that are in its partner program are available for previewing on Google’s website. Id. Google displays only “snippets” of in-copyright books scanned without copyright holder permission (i.e., in response to a user query, Google displays portions of the affected work that contain the queried language, plus a few surrounding lines on either side). Google also has announced that it expects to scan in the future millions more books of which it has not yet made digital copies. Id. In their Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), filed several days after the parties announced the tentative settlement, plaintiffs allege that Google’s unauthorized digitization and (Oct. 28, 2008, 7:14 AM and 7:55 AM); see also Juan Carlos Perez, In Google Book Settlement, Business Trumps Ideals, PC World, Oct. 30, 2008, available at: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/153085/in_google_book_settlement_business_tr umps_ideals.html. 2043089 -4- A-58 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 13 of 49 display of their works constitutes copyright infringement. Plaintiffs assert that by engaging in these acts “Google has derived, and intends to continue to derive, revenue from this program by attracting more viewers and advertisers to its website.” SAC ¶ 7; see id. ¶¶ 49, 63. Nowhere in their complaint do plaintiffs accuse Google of selling printed or electronic copies of their books or even of having a plan to do so. In October 2008, the parties announced that they had reached a settlement subject to certain conditions, among them court approval. The settlement is not so much a release of claims for past conduct as an agreement on behalf of a class of millions of authors and publishers, both known and unknown, to engage in a complex business arrangement with Google for the perpetual exploitation of millions of copyrighted works. The settlement releases Google both for its past infringement and for future infringement in exchange for an upfront payment and an agreement by Google to pay 63 percent of the revenues Google earns from future exploitation of the copyrighted works. Settlement Agreement dated October 28, 2008 (“Proposed Settlement”) §§ 2.1, 10.1, 10.2. Many of the contemplated uses of those works are things that Google has not yet done, e.g., sales of subscriptions to an electronic book database and sale of online access to books. See, e.g, id. §§ 4.1, 4.2. The settlement also releases nonparties, including specifically the libraries that made, or in the future choose to make, their collections available to Google to be digitized. See id. §§ 10.1, 10.2. The Proposed Settlement creates a new entity, called the Books Rights Registry (the “Registry”), consisting of the entire “Author Sub-Class” and “Publisher Sub-Class.” See id. § 6.1, see also id. §§ 1.14, 1.120. The Proposed Settlement charges the Registry, acting as a cartel for its members, and Google with responsibility for determining the prices to be charged institutions who purchase subscriptions to the digitized collection and provides that, under Registry and Rightsholder oversight, Google will use a Google “Pricing Algorithm” to set prices for consumers who purchase books. Id. §§ 4.1, 4.2. Those provisions explicitly provide that Google’s task will be to “find the optimal . . . price for each Book and, accordingly, to maximize revenue for each Rightsholder.” Id. § 4.2(b)(i)(2). 2043089 -5- A-59 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 14 of 49 The Registry is also charged with negotiating collectively on behalf of the entire class to allow Google to pursue “new revenue models” such as “Print on Demand,” “Custom Publishing,” “PDF download,” “Consumer Subscription Models,” and the provision of “Summaries, Abstracts and/or Compilation” of books. Id. § 4.7. The Registry has no ability to enter into similar business arrangements with entities besides Google except in two limited circumstances: (1) if an individual author or publisher explicitly gives it permission to do so, see id. § 6.2(b)(iii), Attach. I § 8.B; or (2) if Google fails within five years to implement a consumer book purchasing program and fails to begin selling institutional subscriptions, the Registry can negotiate substitute arrangements with third parties.2 Id. §§ 3.7(c), 1.34. Other provisions of the Proposed Settlement set forth circumstances under which a Rightsholder may ask that his or her work not be digitized, used or displayed by Google and state that the authority of the Registry to negotiate on behalf of Rightsholders is non-exclusive, i.e., Rightsholders retain the authority to engage in separate negotiations. See id. §§ 3.5, 2.4. Yet another provision of the Proposed Settlement addresses the certainty that many Rightsholders will not sign up with the Registry, either because they choose not to do so or because they cannot be found, and thus will not be entitled to share in the revenues the Registry receives, leaving substantial “unclaimed funds.” Id. § 6.3. That provision mandates that the Registry distribute “unclaimed funds” in such a way that Rightsholders who do sign up with the Registry will benefit from Google’s exploitation of works of those who do not sign up. Id. 2 If Google enters into an agreement with the Registry that covers new revenue models, the settlement provides that Google is released from liability, including liability for copyright infringement, for actions taken pursuant to such an agreement. Id. § 10.1. Similarly, for third parties who copy or use copyrighted works in reliance on an agreement with the Registry negotiated following Google’s failure to pursue a business model, the settlement purports to provide a release of claims of infringement that could otherwise be brought by the copyright holder. Id. § 3.7(c). Both releases apply even though the rightsholder in such a situation never gave the Registry permission to negotiate on his or her behalf. Id. 2043089 -6- A-60 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 15 of 49 ARGUMENT I. The Proposed Settlement Should Be Rejected Because Congress, Not This Court, Is The Proper Body to Establish a Regime for the Digitization and Use of Works Whose Copyright Holders Cannot Be Found. A. Class actions in copyright infringement cases have never been used to legislate changes in the law. Digitization presents an enormous opportunity for public good. The existence of large numbers of “orphan works” and works whose copyright holders choose to remain aloof from licensing poses a barrier to the full exploitation of this new technology. Amazon knows this as well as anyone, given that it has devoted massive resources over the past seven years to obtaining the rights to digitize books and then actually doing so. But, what the parties seek to do through the Proposed Settlement—using Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to impose a compulsory license on all Rightsholders who do not affirmatively opt out of the class and then applying that license to millions of “orphan works”—represents an unprecedented rewriting of copyright law through judicial action. The problem posed by the advance of technology in this case is far from unique in the annals of copyright. Indeed, the history of copyright law is one of accommodation to technology. Not only was the world’s first copyright statute enacted as a consequence of the invention of the printing press, but successive advances in communications throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have confronted the law time and again with challenges about how it will adapt. Myriad and distinct rules now govern, depending on whether the subject exploitation is webcasting of musical compositions, making a sound-alike version of a popular recording, cablecasting over-the-air television signals, and on and on. But, amidst all of these myriad rules, one thing stands out—the complexity that marks the various features of the law does not result from settlements of class action lawsuits; rather, it uniformly comes from Congressional intervention. If class actions for copyright infringement arising from technological advances were new or rare, the absence of any examples of systemic change through settlements might be less telling. But, they are not. To the contrary, class actions have been numerous and varied, and 2043089 -7- A-61 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 16 of 49 none of them has ended in an agreement that operates like a legislative initiative. Rather, whether settled or not, those class actions have addressed the dispute between the parties over the subject activity and, depending upon how they resolved it, the conduct has either proceeded or stopped. One good example arises from the advent of the photocopying machine. In American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., 802 F. Supp. 1 (S.D.N.Y. 1992), publishers brought a class action “on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated.” Id. at 1. The district court found that Texaco’s use of copying machines to copy journal articles constituted copyright infringement and awarded judgment to plaintiffs. Id. at 28. On appeal, a divided panel of the Second Circuit affirmed. 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1995). The result of that successful class action was to resolve the pertinent legal doctrines in favor of the copyright owners. Following similar results in other suits against photocopying services, business practices in the United States adjusted to the now clarified legal rules. See Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko’s Graphics Corp., 758 F. Supp. 1522, 1547 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (granting injunctive relief against copyshop chain); Princeton Univ. Press v. Michigan Doc. Servs., Inc., 99 F.3d 1381 (6th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (holding that copyshop engaged in copyright infringement in producing coursepacks and remanding for issuance of tailored injunction, which would apply against present and future copyrighted works). The history of photocopying litigation is as notable for what it did not accomplish. The plaintiffs in the litigation did not agree that Texaco and Kinko’s could continue to engage in their photocopying conduct, and increase its scope exponentially, in exchange for payment to the class members. Neither did the parties purport to bind to any such agreement a large class of rightsholders who may not even have known about the lawsuit. Instead, the class plaintiffs used the court system for its designated purpose—to obtain judicial redress of their grievance. Having prevailed, they thereafter enforced their rights, and affected businesses largely altered their practices lest they be held culpable again for copyright infringement. 2043089 -8- A-62 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 17 of 49 Another example, involving a class action against digital taping, illustrates how the parties to a class action can advance copyright law to address the challenges posed by new technologies. In Cahn v. Sony Corp., No. 90 Civ. 4537 (S.D.N.Y. filed July 9, 1990), veteran songwriter Sammy Cahn brought a class action “on behalf of all owners of copyrights in musical compositions. . . .” Nimmer Decl., Ex. C (Complaint in Cahn v. Sony) ¶ 10. The suit targeted the imminent sale of digital audio tape (“DAT”) recorders and blank cassettes, alleging that Sony has “inaugurat[ed] a new era in unauthorized home taping of copyrighted musical compositions. For the first time, a home taper will be able to make perfect copies of . . . compact discs.” Id. ¶ 1. The complaint in this class action prayed for injunctive relief against that impending technology. Id. ¶ B. But matters never went that far. Instead, the parties resolved their dispute by settling the litigation and jointly agreeing to ask Congress to amend the Copyright Act. Congress passed the resulting bill on October 28, 1992. See Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237. The result was the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, an act whose legislative history even recounts the role that the litigation played on the path towards formulating that legislation. H.R. Rep. 102-873, pt. 1, at 10 (1992) (noting that bills before Congress resulted from successful settlement negotiations among litigants). The history of this litigation is again notable for what the parties did not do. In theory, the parties to Cahn v. Sony could have agreed to a settlement agreement that would have operated solely for the benefit of the named defendant, empowering Sony Corp. to be the only entity within the United States authorized to purvey DAT recorders, and channeling monopoly profits on that basis to the members of the plaintiff class. But, the parties did not choose that path. Due regard for the different roles assigned the legislature and the judiciary constrained them to present their overhaul of copyright laws to the only body empowered to bring them to fruition, namely the Congress of the United States. 2043089 -9- A-63 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 33 of 49 purchase books and use book databases. As the sole representative of the Rightsholders, the Registry itself would create a danger to healthy competition, but the Proposed Settlement adds an additional dimension to that threat by anointing a sole distributor, Google, for “orphan works” and perhaps millions of other works. In stark contrast to the non-discriminatory dealing imposed by the consent decrees on ASCAP and BMI, the Proposed Settlement presents the imminent danger of installing Google as a monopolist through an arrangement that results in Google, and only Google, having access to a large percentage of the titles in existence. This danger arises directly from the Proposed Settlement—by compelling participation in a business arrangement with Google by all who do not affirmatively opt out, the Proposed Settlement itself is the mechanism for collective action by Rightsholders in selecting a distributor. Even though ASCAP and BMI represent only members who affirmatively elected to join, both were compelled to submit to consent decrees that require them to license all similarlysituated users on a non-discriminatory basis. See ASCAP Decree, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23707, at *10, *12-*14, *15; BMI Decree, 1966 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10449, at *7-*8, *10, *11. The Proposed Settlement’s provisions work in the opposite manner. Section 6.2(b)(iii) provides that the Registry will be allowed “to the extent permitted by law, [to] license Rightsholders’ U.S. copyrights to third parties,” which, as interpreted by the Settlement Notice, means that the Registry would “represent the interests of the Rightsholders . . . including with companies other than Google (subject to the express approval of the Rightsholders of the Books involved in such other commercial arrangements),” Proposed Settlement Attach. I § 8.B (emphasis added); see also Proposed Settlement § 2.4 (authorizations to Google are non-exclusive, so individual Rightsholders may license others). For the “orphan works,” however, the Registry cannot license entities besides Google (because, by definition, the Registry cannot obtain an express authorization to do so from missing Rightsholders).18 18 By definition, the magnitude of this state of affairs is also impossible to quantify—but it is indisputably very large. A recent book published by Yale University Press estimates over 95% of books published in the twentieth century are under copyright protection yet commercially unavailable, and a “substantial proportion of that total is made up of orphan works.” James Boyle, The Public Domain 10 (2008). 2043089 - 25 - A-64 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 206 Filed 09/01/09 Page 47 of 49 The sale of books or subscriptions to a database of scanned works is conduct in which Google has not yet engaged and, because of criminal sanctions, likely would never engage without a clear license to do so. See 17 U.S.C. § 506(a) (defining copyright infringement as criminal offense when undertaken willfully and for commercial advantage). That conduct is thus not at issue in the litigation. Likewise, “new revenue models” and “future amendments” to the settlement are by definition not at issue in this litigation as they do not yet exist.28 More egregiously still, the settling parties purport to limit relief against Google even when it operates outside the parameters of the business arrangement contemplated by the Proposed Settlement. A review of the dense language of the Settlement Agreement reveals that it extends to “Other Google Programs” (which may or may not yet be in existence); in effect, it creates a private copyright universe in which Rightsholders who do not opt out of the class have fewer rights following infringement by Google than they would have under copyright law against third parties, such as Amazon, who engage in exactly the same conduct. See, e.g., Proposed Settlement § 3.5(c)(ii)(5). Of course, this conduct could not conceivably fall within the “identical factual predicate” of the ongoing litigation.29 This benefit to Google from the 28 Even Dan Clancy, Engineering Director for Google Book Search, acknowledges the breadth of the settlement’s releases compared to what Google could have achieved through litigation and final judgment. In an interview with the Library Journal, Clancy said: The settlement was driven by what we felt was, in the end, better for everyone and better for users in particular. . . . This settlement is an opportunity to do what, I think, from a user perspective is far better. The snippets we’ve been showing are a far cry from what the user wants, and really the only solution was a partnership. We assume we would have gone through the courts and won. But once we won, we still would’ve had snippets. Andrew Richard Albanese & Norman Oder, Corner Office: Google’s Dan Clancy, Libr. J., May 1, 2009, at 26, 26, available at http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6652445.html. 29 This portion of the Settlement Agreement focuses on books licensed before 1992 with no explicit grant of electronic rights. Given that copyright subsists in works published since 1923, it affects seven decades of literary production, with correspondingly great effects. To appreciate that status, let us imagine that Google has already scanned Lonesome Dove and included it in the Google Books Program, that Technology X is invented in 2016, and that Google decides in 2020 to inaugurate widescale exploitation of books via that new technology, including Lonesome Dove. To the extent that author Larry McMurtry objects to that exploitation in 2021 (in the same way that previous litigation contested the scope of his grant of book rights to his publisher in Lonesome Dove at the dawn of the age of audio books), a dispute may develop between author and publisher. The Settlement Agreement goes out of its way to immunize Google from any liability for copyright infringement under those circumstances. Proposed 2043089 - 39 - A-65 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 1 of 28 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ---------------------------------------------------------------x The Authors Guild, Inc., Association of American : Publishers, Inc., Associational Plaintiffs, and : : Herbert Mitgang, Betty Miles, Daniel Hoffman, : Paul Dickson, Joseph Goulden, The McGraw-Hill : Companies, Inc., Pearson Education, Inc., Penguin : Group (USA) Inc., Simon & Schuster, Inc., and : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., individually and on : behalf of all others similarly situated, : : Plaintiffs, : : v. : : Google Inc., : : Defendant. : : ---------------------------------------------------------------x MICROSOFT CORPORATION Thomas C. Rubin (TR8845) Chief Counsel for Intellectual Property Strategy tom.rubin@microsoft.com Jule L. Sigall Senior Policy Counsel jsigall@microsoft.com Legal and Corporate Affairs One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 (425) 882-8080 Case No. 05 CV 8136 (DC) OBJECTIONS OF MICROSOFT CORPORATION TO PROPOSED SETTLEMENT AND CERTIFICATION OF PROPOSED SETTLEMENT CLASS AND SUB-CLASSES MONTGOMERY, McCRACKEN, WALKER & RHOADS, LLP Charles B. Casper 123 South Broad Street Philadelphia, PA 19109 (215) 772-1500 ccasper@mmwr.com R. Montgomery Donaldson 1105 N. Market Street Suite 1500 Wilmington, DE 19801 (302) 504-7800 rdonaldson@mmwr.com Attorneys for Microsoft Corporation Dated: September 8, 2009 A-66 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 3 of 28 INTRODUCTION “The final settlement is a complex license, involving a worldwide class of millions of copyright owners, and resembles a joint venture among publishers, authors, Google and the libraries that provide books to Google for scanning.” -- Counsel for the Publisher Sub-Class1 The purpose of class action is to resolve a legal dispute, not launch a “joint venture.” Google and the three authors and five publishers who filed these actions ask the Court to conscript the vast majority of the world’s copyright owners in books into this “joint venture” that would create a monopoly in digital books. The proposed settlement is unrelated to the narrow legal dispute before the Court and, if approved, would constitute an unprecedented misuse of the judicial system. It invades the exclusive power over copyright that Article I of the Constitution grants to Congress and exceeds the Court’s authority under Rule 23 and Article III of the Constitution. The proposed settlement must be rejected. The complaints that commenced these cases in 2005 challenged the Google Library Program, which scanned books from library shelves to make them electronically searchable on Google’s website in order to display brief excerpts in response to searches. The proposed settlement does not resolve this narrow issue, but rather confers on Google a new monopoly by authorizing Google (and Google alone) to engage in the wholesale commercial exploitation of entire copyrighted books. The broad uses granted Google include “Institutional Subscriptions,” “Consumer Purchases” and “New Revenue Models,” as well as “Non-Display Uses” 1 Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, Debevoise advises worldwide class of publishers and Association of American Publishers in landmark settlement with Google, Nov. 25, 2008, available at http://www.debevoise.com/newseventspubs/news/RepresentationDetail.aspx?exp_id=a3dba5c6-7e25-4b70-a9c70156917fee0d. (Ex. A). A-67 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 4 of 28 encompassing a wide array of valuable uses for which no compensation whatsoever will be paid to class members.2 Millions of copyright owners around the world who did not participate in and do not even know about this litigation – many of whose works Google has not even scanned – stand on the verge of having their copyrights infringed in ways exponentially greater than the conduct challenged in the complaints. A class action settlement is the wrong mechanism, this Court is the wrong venue, and monopolization is the wrong means to carry out the worthy goal of digitizing and increasing the accessibility of books. Indeed, Congress and numerous academic, non-profit and commercial providers are working towards that goal by way of legitimate legislative and contractual efforts. Microsoft Corporation has substantial interests in this proceeding.3 It owns Microsoft Press, a large technical publisher, and is a member of both the Publisher Sub-Class and the Author Sub-Class defined in Section 1.142 of the proposed settlement agreement with thousands of copyrighted works covered by its terms. It also operates Bing, an Internet search engine that provides users with access to all types of digital information and would be harmed by the anticompetitive effects of the proposed settlement. Until May 2008, Microsoft operated a book digitization project like Google Books but with the clear distinction that Microsoft did not scan and display any copyrighted books without permission of the copyright owner. As explained last 2 As one commentator explained: “It seems likely that the ‘nondisplay uses’ of Google’s scanned corpus of text will end up being far more important than anything else in the agreement. Imagine the kinds of things that data mining all the world’s books might let Google’s engineers build: automated translation, optical character recognition, voice recognition algorithms. And those are just the things we can think of today. Under the agreement, Google has unrestricted, royalty-free access to this corpus.” Fred von Lohmann, Google Book Search Settlement: A Reader’s Guide, Electronic Frontier Foundation Deep Links Blog, Oct. 31, 2008 (emphasis added), http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/10/google-books-settlement-readers-guide. (Ex. B). 3 Microsoft intends to appear at the Fairness Hearing on October 7, 2009 to present the arguments made in these Objections. -2- A-68 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 5 of 28 year, Microsoft was and remains interested in search technology to improve access to digital books, an interest that would be substantially harmed by approval of the proposed settlement.4 Finally, as an owner, user and licensee of copyrighted works, including books, Microsoft has a strong interest in the copyright rules and business arrangements that govern such works. No one can object to the laudable goal of creating universal and broadly accessible repositories of digital books. Numerous entities – public (including the U.S. Copyright Office and Library of Congress), non-profit (including the Internet Archive), educational (including leading universities) and commercial (including Google, Amazon, Yahoo and Microsoft) – have invested countless time and hundreds of millions of dollars in such efforts. Breakthroughs in digital technology and progress in copyright reform before Congress – efforts that Microsoft actively supports – have brought achievement of that goal closer than ever. These competitive and transparent efforts affirm the benefits of an open market, and the Constitutionally mandated legislative process ensures that the diverse interests of the many stakeholders are considered and balanced, accommodating copyright owners, online services, libraries and the public. The proposed settlement, on the other hand, pursues an illegitimate approach. Following closed-door negotiations that excluded millions of copyright owners and the very public that copyright law serves,5 Google and the plaintiffs seek to arrogate public policymaking to themselves, bypass Congress and the free market, and force a sweeping “joint venture” – built on copyrights owned by a largely absent class – via this Court’s order. The proposed settlement would usurp the role that Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution vests in Congress alone to alter 4 See generally Microsoft, Book Search Winding Down, Bing Search Blog, May 23, 2008, http://www.bing.com/community/blogs/search/archive/2008/05/23/book-search-winding-down.aspx. (Ex. C). 5 See Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 219 (1954) (“The economic philosophy behind the clause empowering Congress to grant patents and copyrights is the conviction that encouragement of individual effort by personal gain is the best way to advance public welfare through the talents of authors and inventors in ‘Science and useful Arts.’”). -3- A-69 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 6 of 28 the copyright laws in the face of new technologies, a role that Congress actively pursues in legislation to make orphan works more widely available, to enact copyright exceptions for libraries to further their mission, and to meet other changing needs.6 Four basic facts about the proposed settlement highlight problems that render it inappropriate to foist on millions who had no role in its negotiation yet would be bound by its terms: First, the plaintiffs no longer seek redress only for past or continuing infringement – the proper bounds of a copyright lawsuit. Rather, the settling parties now seek this Court’s approval of a “joint venture” that would authorize new future infringements and expropriate and impair the exclusive rights of millions of absent class members for the life of their copyrights. Second, the proposed settlement seeks to divvy up rights that would never be the subject of contested litigation. Unlike the infringement claims and fair use defense for displaying brief excerpts alleged in the pleadings, the wholesale uses of entire books that the proposed settlement would authorize are unquestionably infringing, as Google acknowledges.7 In other words, the class representatives bargained away millions of absent class members’ incontestable rights to prevent the reproduction, distribution, public display, public performance and other uses of their copyrighted books – rights that are not remotely in dispute in this case. Third, each of the five Publisher Sub-Class representatives that negotiated the proposed settlement already has a commercial partnership with Google and its own side deal that contains terms that have not been disclosed to class members. These separate agreements are likely to be 6 See, e.g., Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of 2008, S. 2913, 110th Cong. (2008) (passed by Senate on Sept. 26, 2008). 7 See Andrew R. Albanese, Deal or No Deal: What if the Google Settlement Fails?, Publishers Weekly, May 25, 2009, available at http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6660295.html (“Even if Google had prevailed with its fair use claim, [Google Engineer Dan] Clancy explains, that ruling would only have facilitated its book scanning. Its display still would have been limited to brief ‘snippets.’”) (emphasis in original). (Ex. D). -4- A-70 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 7 of 28 different and more advantageous than the proposed settlement negotiated for the absent class members. Unlike the class representatives, however, the millions of class members would become participants in Google Books by means of conscription, not volition. Fourth, the Publisher Sub-Class representatives that negotiated the proposed settlement are widely expected to exclude their own books from its terms. The class representatives intend to walk away from the deal that they seek to impose on millions of absent copyright owners. These facts and many others cited in objections filed with the Court demonstrate that the sweeping scope of the proposed settlement is improper and that the parties that negotiated it do not represent the diverse interests of the massive class.8 The settling parties seek to misuse Rule 23 to create their “joint venture” via an unprecedented “compulsory license for the benefit of one company,” as U.S. Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters calls it.9 This would have profound anticompetitive effects.10 Potential customers of the proposed commercial venture, including libraries,11 universities12 and 8 As Publishers Weekly concluded: “[O]ur take is this: there is simply too much confusion and too little support for anyone to feel comfortable. … [F]or all the good and bad scenarios raised by the deal, was it ever reasonable to think that such a revolutionary, unprecedented pact, negotiated in secret over three years by people with loose claims of representation, concerning a wide range of stakeholders, both foreign and domestic, involving murky issues of copyright and the rapidly unfolding digital future, could be pushed through as a class action settlement within a period of months, in the teeth of a historic media industry transition?” Andrew R. Albanese, Unsettled: The PW Survey on the Google Book Settlement, Publishers Weekly, Aug. 24, 2009, available at http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6685412.html. (Ex. E). 9 Miguel Helft, It’s Not Just Microsoft Balking at Google’s Book Plans, New York Times BITS Blog, Apr. 4, 2009, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/its-not-just-microsoft-thats-balking-at-googles-book-plans/. (Ex. F) 10 The U.S. Department of Justice has informed the Court of a pending antitrust investigation of the proposed settlement. See Order dated July 2, 2009 (Doc. No. 120). In light of that pending investigation, this brief does not address the legality of the proposed settlement under federal antitrust law, including its implications for Google’s already dominant position in search advertising and potential monopoly in the markets for digitized books and library subscription services. 11 See, e.g., Library Association Comments (Doc. No. 100) at 6 (“there is no foreseeable threat to the control Google and the Registry have over this essential research facility”); Urban Libraries Council Comments (Doc. No. 158) at 4 (“The practical effect of the proposed settlement will be a monopolistic situation.”); Robert Darnton, Google & the Future of Books, The New York Review of Books, v. 56, n.2, Feb. 12, 2009, available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281 (“Google will enjoy what can only be called a monopoly – a monopoly of a new kind, not of railroads or steel but of access to information.”). (Ex. G). -5- A-71 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 8 of 28 consumer groups,13 criticize it for creating a concentrated market power, as do leading academics in the fields of intellectual property and competition.14 Even the parties that negotiated the proposed settlement acknowledge that it would forestall competition: Richard Sarnoff, chairman of the Association of American Publishers, said that the structure of the registry will be “tough to replicate for [Google’s] competitors.”15 Michael J. Boni, the lead lawyer representing the Authors Guild, conceded that “Google will always have the advantage of having access to 100 percent of the orphan works.”16 Google and its chosen partners would receive immunity from the purported class for massive copyright infringement that no other entity could obtain. Facilitating the digitization of books is a worthy goal, but the profound interests implicated here can only be resolved by Congress, not this Court. ARGUMENT I. THE PROPOSED SETTLEMENT USURPS CONGRESS’S EXCLUSIVE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE TO DEFINE AND ALTER THE RIGHTS AND REMEDIES OF COPYRIGHT OWNERS The proposed settlement goes well beyond the legitimate role of a copyright lawsuit – ….Continued See, e.g., Letter to J. Michael McMahon from Mary Croughan, et al. (University of California Faculty) of Aug. 13, 2009 (Doc. No. 134) at 3 (“there are at least three serious impediments to meaningful non-exclusivity of that license”). 12 13 See, e.g., Jef Pearlman, Public Knowledge and the Google Book Search Settlement, Public Knowledge Blog, May 1, 2009, http://www.publicknowledge.org/node/2129 (Ex. H); Wendy Davis, Consumers Not Considered In Google Book Search Settlement, Consumer Watchdog, Apr. 7, 2009, http://www.consumerwatchdog.org/corporateering/articles/?storyId=26151. (Ex. I). 14 See, e.g., Pamela Samuelson, Legally Speaking: The Dead Souls of the Google Booksearch Settlement, O’Reilly Radar, Apr. 17, 2009, http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/04/legally-speaking-the-dead-soul.html (“The proposed settlement agreement would give Google a monopoly on the largest digital library of books in the world.”) (Ex. J); Elise Ackerman, Google’s Book Club, San Jose Mercury News, May 3, 2009 (quoting Randal C. Picker) (“Google will walk away from the settlement agreement with a huge competitive advantage”). (Ex. K). 15 Timothy B. Lee, Publisher speculates about Amazon/Google e-book “duopoly,” Ars Technica, Feb. 23, 2009, available at http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/02/publisher-speculates-about-amazongoogle-e-bookduopoly.ars. (Ex. L). 16 Miguel Helft, Google’s Plan for Out-of-Print Books Is Challenged, New York Times, Apr. 4, 2009, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/technology/internet/04books.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2. (Ex. M). -6- A-72 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 9 of 28 resolving claims for infringement – and imposes a slew of provisions that would restructure the rights and remedies of absent copyright owners throughout the world. The proposed settlement would improperly: (1) require copyright owners to comply with formalities, including registration and notice, to preserve and enforce their copyrights against Google; (2) permit clearly infringing reproduction, distribution and other uses of copyrighted works without the owner’s affirmative consent; (3) force owners to allow Google and its partners to make farreaching and lucrative “non-display” uses of copyrighted books; (4) impose a private arbitration system to resolve various copyright disputes; and (5) grant broad immunities not only to Google but to libraries, contractors and others not party to this litigation. A class action cannot restructure copyright rights, remedies, immunities and defenses as the proposed settlement seeks to do. Such changes can only come from Congress, which alone has the “constitutional authority and institutional capability” to determine the rights and remedies of copyright. Sony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984). Accordingly, the Court should reject the proposed settlement and instruct the parties to litigate or settle the claims actually raised in the complaints. A broader resolution must be left to Congress, where it can be publicly vetted – and, if appropriate, enacted – with the participation of all impacted stakeholders. See Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 821 (1999) (reversing class certification and settlement in “litigation [that] defies customary judicial administration and calls for national legislation”) (citing Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 598 (1997)). A. The Constitution Vests Authority to Restructure Copyrights Exclusively in Congress, Not the Courts The Constitution empowers Congress to “promote the progress of science …, by securing for limited times to authors … the exclusive right to their respective writings ….” U.S. Const., art. I, § 8. “[I]t is generally for Congress, not the courts, to decide how best to pursue the -7- A-73 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 10 of 28 Copyright Clause’s objectives.” Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186, 212 (2003). “[I]t is Congress that has been assigned the task of defining the scope of the limited monopoly that should be granted to authors … to give the public appropriate access to their work product.” Id. at 205 (quoting Sony Corp., 464 U.S. at 429). This role is particularly important in the face of new technology, as here. “Congress has the constitutional authority and the institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology.” Sony Corp., 464 U.S. at 430-31 (footnotes and citations omitted). Congress has worked hard on legislation to revise copyright law to meet the challenges of the digital age. Microsoft and scores of others (including the settling parties) are active participants in those deliberations. Many aspects of the proposed settlement, including its treatment of orphan and non-U.S. works and of libraries, run afoul of legislative efforts. While some of these provisions may have benefits as a policy matter, their inclusion in the proposed settlement amounts to an end run around Congress to further the parties’ private “joint venture.” B. Congress Has Resolved Similar Matters Many Times, Including Those That First Arose in Class Action Litigation Congress has a long record of amending copyright law to respond to advances in technology, including enacting industry-specific mechanisms that recognize and reconstruct the rights of copyright owners. See, e.g., 17 U.S.C. § 111 (compulsory license for retransmission of television signals by cable systems); § 112(e) (compulsory license for ephemeral reproduction of sound recordings by webcasters and other digital music services); § 114 (compulsory license for public performance of sound recordings by certain digital music services); § 115 (compulsory license for making phonorecords of musical compositions); § 116 (compulsory license for use of music by jukeboxes); § 118 (compulsory license for use of works by public television stations); §§ 119, 122 (compulsory license for retransmission of television signals by satellite carriers); -8- A-74 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 11 of 28 § 1001 et seq. (resolving disputes over reproduction of copyrighted music by digital audio recording devices). Congress can do so here as well. In Cahn v. Sony Corp., No. 90 Civ. 4537 (S.D.N.Y. complaint filed July 9, 1990), music publishers filed a class action asserting copyright infringement claims against the manufacturer of digital audio tape recorders, which consumers could use to make digital copies of copyrighted musical works. At the urging of the litigating parties, Congress effectively resolved the case by enacting the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (“AHRA”).17 In contrast, the proposed settlement improperly seizes the legislative function of Congress by attempting to mimic the AHRA and compulsory license schemes. It provides immunity from copyright liability for the users of the copyrighted works;18 requires payment from some of those users to the copyright owners;19 creates a mechanism for collecting payments, making claims on those payments and distributing payments to copyright owners;20 and includes procedures to resolve disputes about payments, claims and related matters.21 But these Congressional solutions differ in three fundamental ways from the “compulsory license” the proposed settlement would impose. Unlike the proposed settlement, legislated changes to copyright owners’ rights and remedies: (1) result from an open and transparent process; (2) balance and accommodate the legitimate concerns of all stakeholders; 17 17 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. Counsel for the Publisher Sub-Class represented the defendants in the Cahn litigation and were instrumental in transforming that class action litigation into Congressional legislation. 18 Compare Settlement Agreement (“SA”) Art. X (“Releases”) with 17 U.S.C. § 1008 (“Prohibition on Certain Infringement Actions”). 19 Compare SA Art. IV (“Economic Terms for Google’s Use of Books”) with 17 U.S.C. § 1004 (“Royalty payments”). 20 Compare SA Art. VI (“Establishment and Charter of Registry”) with 17 U.S.C. §§ 1005-07 (“Deposit of royalty payments and deduction of expenses”; “Entitlement to royalty payments”; & “Procedures for distributing royalty payments”). 21 Compare SA Art. IX (“Dispute Resolution”) with 17 U.S.C. §§ 1009-10 (“Civil remedies” & “Determination of certain disputes”). -9- A-75 Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 276 Filed 09/08/09 Page 12 of 28 and (3) are available to all similarly situated entities, not just to a “joint venture” involving one company and its chosen partners. Congress has the “constitutional authority and institutional capability” to resolve the issues that the proposed settlement raises. See Sony Corp., 464 U.S. at 431. Congress has done it before and can do it again. C. The Proposed Settlement Would Interfere with Congress’s Resolution of Important Copyright Issues The proposed settlement would alter and abridge class members’ substantive rights, including those to which Congress has devoted considerable attention in recent years. Some of the proposed settlement’s changes may be beneficial reforms that, if enacted by Congress, would improve the copyright system for the digital age. But they may only be enacted by Congress, not imposed through the misuse of a class action lawsuit. Orphan Works. Congress and the Copyright Office have been studying the orphan works issue intensively for the past four years and received input from hundreds of interested parties, including Microsoft.22 In contrast to the parties’ closed-door discussions, the legislative process is extensive, transparent and public,23 as the Copyright Office explained in its 2006 Report on Orphan Works: The response from the public to this study was extraordinary. We received over 850 written comments, most of which were filed by individuals who have concerns about the use of orphan works. As you know, the roundtable discussions we held in Washington, 22 See Letter from Thomas C. Rubin, Microsoft, to U.S. Copyright Office of Mar. 25, 2005, available at http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/comments/OW0695-Microsoft.pdf; Orphan Works: Proposals for a Legislative Solution: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. (Apr. 6, 2006) (Testimony of Thomas Rubin), available at http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1847&wit_id=5223. 23 See, e.g., Oversight Hearing on the “Report on Orphan Works”: Hearing Before the House Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, 109th Cong. (Mar. 8, 2006); Orphan Works: Proposals for a Legislative Solution: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. (Apr. 6, 2006); H.R. 5439, 109th Cong. (2006); Hearing on Promoting the Use of Orphan Works: Balancing the Interests of Copyright Owners and Users: Hearing Before the House Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, 110th Cong. (Mar. 13, 2008); H.R. 5889, 110th Cong. (2008); S. 2913, 110th Cong. (2008). -10-

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