AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS et al v. PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.

Filing 122

LARGE ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT(S) filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC. #121 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.. (Attachments: #1 Exhibit 1-10 Public, #2 Exhibit 11-20 Public, #3 Exhibit 21-40 Public, #4 Exhibit 41-60 Public, #5 Exhibit 61-80 Public, #6 Exhibit 81-100 Public, #7 Exhibit 101-120 Public, #8 Exhibit 121-140 Public, #9 Exhibit 141-157 Public)(Bridges, Andrew)

EXHIBIT 121

EXHIBIT 122

2011
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE®
STYLE MANUAL

1

FOREWORD
April 1999
The National Electrical Code is used nationally and internationally as the basis for
safeguarding persons, buildings, and their contents from hazards arising from the use of
electricity. It is vitally important that the text be as explicit as possible and that
maximum consistency be achieved in the language used in the text. The Code contains
those provisions considered necessary for safety and thus is widely used as a basis for
legal enforcement in the installation of electrical conductors and equipment in buildings
and certain other premises (as detailed in the Code itself); this places a major
responsibility on those involved in the preparation of the document to use forms of
expression that promote uniform interpretation.
The Technical Correlating Committee of the National Electrical Code Committee has
recognized these responsibilities and has issued this manual.
Preparation and Date of Adoption. This manual was originally prepared by the
Editorial Task Group of the National Electrical Code Committee and adopted by the
National Electrical Code Technical Correlating Committee on May 13, 1969. It was
amended September 22, 1975, October 11, 1984, October 12, 1989, and May 9, 1994.
In January 1999, the Technical Correlating Committee Task Group on the Usability of
the NEC rewrote the manual. It was adopted by the Technical Correlating Committee on
March 19, 1999 and by the Standards Council on April 15, 1999. It was amended March
1, 2001, January 15, 2003, and August 9, 2011
Valuable guidance in the preparation of this manual was provided by several members of
the Technical Correlating Committee.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword

2

Chapter 1 General
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.3 Regulatory Adoption
1.4 Examples

4
4
4
4
4

Chapter 2 Document Structure and Numbering
2.1 Subdivisions of the NEC
2.2 Content of NEC Subdivisions.............................................
2.3 Tables and Figures...............................................................
2.4 Numbering Practices............................................................
2.5 General References to Other Articles ...................................
2.6 Exceptions

5
5
8
9
10
11
12

Chapter 3 Editorial Guidelines
3.1 Mandatory Rules, Permissive Rules, and Explanatory
Information
3.2 Word Choices
3.3 Writing Style

13

Chapter 4 References and Extracts
4.1 References to Other NEC Rules
4.2 References to Other Standards
4.3 Extracts

22
22
22
23

Chapter 5 Editorial Administrative Responsibilities
5.1 General
5.2 Responsibilities of Committee Members
5.3 Responsibilities of NFPA Staff

24
24
24
24

Annex A — Editorial Guidance on Exceptions

25

Annex B — Standard Terms

27

Annex C — Conversion Reference Table

37

Index

40

3

13
15
18

NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NEC®)
STYLE MANUAL

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
1.1 Purpose. The National Electrical Code (NEC) Style Manual is prepared under the
guidance of the NEC Technical Correlating Committee and is used to advise members of
the Code-Making Panels on the required editorial style and arrangement of the NEC. It is
intended to be used as a practical working tool to assist in making the NEC as clear,
usable, and unambiguous as possible.
1.2 Scope. This Manual provides editorial and administrative requirements for writing
the National Electrical Code® (NFPA 70) and the Standard for Electrical Safety in the
Workplace (NFPA 70E). Except as otherwise specified in this manual, the NEC® and the
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace shall comply with the Manual of Style for
NFPA Technical Committee Documents.
1.2.1 Requirements Not Included. The NEC Style Manual does not include
many purely editorial and stylistic matters, including, but not limited to, the formatting of
tables, capitalization practices, use of hyphens, and units of measurement. For
information on these editorial guidelines, see the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical
Committee Documents..
1.2.2 Format. The NEC is formatted differently from other NFPA standards.
Examples of these differences include, but are not limited to, arrangement of the
document, its internal numbering system, and use of informational notes. The Secretary
of the NEC Technical Correlating Committee shall be responsible for recommending to
the NEC Technical Correlating Committee resolutions of any apparent conflicts or
discrepancies between the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents
and this manual.
1.3 Regulatory Adoption. Because the National Electrical Code is intended to be
suitable for adoption as a regulatory document, it is important that it contain clearly
stated mandatory requirements in the Code text. This should encourage uniform adoption
of the National Electrical Code without alterations.
1.4 Examples. The examples shown throughout this manual are intended to be
representative of the style and arrangement of the text. The actual text used in the
example may or may not match the current document text.

4

CHAPTER 2 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE AND NUMBERING
2.1 Subdivisions of the NEC. The National Electrical Code shall be organized as
follows.
2.1.1 Introduction. Article 90 contains the scope of the NEC and administrative
provisions.
2.1.2 Chapters. Chapters are major subdivisions of the NEC that cover broad
areas and are divided into articles. Chapters shall be organized as follows:
Chapter 1 General
Article 100 — Definitions
Article 110 — Requirements for Electrical Installations
Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection
Articles 200 – 299
Chapter 3 Wiring Methods and Materials
Articles 300 – 399
Chapter 4 Equipment for General Use
Articles 400 – 499
Chapter 5 Special Occupancies
Articles 500 – 599
Chapter 6 Special Equipment
Articles 600 – 699
Chapter 7 Special Conditions
Articles 700 – 799
Chapter 8 Communications Systems
Articles 800 – 899
Chapter 9 Tables
2.1.3 Articles. Articles are chapter subdivisions that cover a specific subject
such as grounding, overcurrent protection, lighting fixtures, and so on. Each article shall
have a title. Articles are divided into sections and sometimes into parts.

5

2.1.4 Parts. If an article is sufficiently large, or where necessary to logically
group requirements, it shall be permitted to be subdivided into parts that correspond to
logical groupings of information. Parts shall have titles and shall be designated by
Roman numerals. (See example.) Parts typically consist of a number of sections; see
2.4.2.1 for section numbering in articles that are subdivided into parts.

Example:
I Installation
II Construction Specifications
III Grounding

2.1.5 Subdividing Sections. Sections shall be permitted to be subdivided for
clarity, with each subdivision representing either a rule or a part of a rule. Up to three
levels of subdivisions shall be permitted, and any level shall be permitted to contain a list.
2.1.5.1 List Formats. Lists are a method of structuring the items necessary to
complete a rule. Lists in any subdivision level shall be numbered, and listed items shall
be single words, phrases, or sentences. Items in a list shall not contain titles.
2.1.5.2 Subdivision Titles. First and second level subdivisions shall have titles.
Third level subdivisions shall be permitted to have titles.

6

2.1.5.3 Subdivision Example. The following illustrates typical subdivision
numbering with lists (see also 2.4):

Example:
Chapter — Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection
Article —

Article 250 — Grounding

Part —

II Conductors

Section —

250.121 Identification and Size of Equipment Grounding Conductors.
Unless otherwise required in this Code, equipment grounding conductors shall be
permitted to be bare, covered, or insulated.

Level 1 —

(A) Identification of Conductors. An insulated or covered conductor larger
than No. 6 copper or aluminum shall be permitted to be identified, at the time of
installation, by one of the following means:

List item —
List item —
List item —

(1) Stripping the insulation or covering from the entire exposed length.
(2) Coloring the exposed insulation or covering green.
(3) Marking the exposed insulation or covering with green tape or green
adhesive labels.

Level 1 —

(B) Size of Conductors.

Level 2 —

(1) General. Copper, aluminum, or copper-clad aluminum equipment
grounding conductors of the wire type shall not be smaller than shown in
Table 250.122.

Level 2 —

(2) Adjustment for Voltage Drop. If conductors are adjusted to compensate
for voltage drop, equipment grounding conductors shall be adjusted according to
circular mil area.

Level 2 —

(3) Conductors in Parallel. If conductors are run in parallel, the equipment
grounding conductors shall be sized by either of the following methods.

Level 3 —

(a) Each parallel equipment grounding conductor shall be sized on the
basis of the ampere rating of the overcurrent protective device. If
ground-fault protection for equipment is installed, each parallel equipment
grounding conductor run in a raceway shall be to be sized in accordance with
Table 250.122.

Level 3 —

(b) Parallel equipment grounding conductors in multiconductor cables
shall be permitted to be sized in accordance with the Table 250.122
on the basis of the trip rating of the ground-fault protection if the
following conditions are met:

List item —
List item —
List item —

(1) Only qualified persons will service the installation.
(2) The trip rating is not greater than the ampacity of a single conductor.
(3) The ground-fault protection is listed for the purpose.

7

2.1.6 Annexes. Annexes (previously known as appendixes) shall contain
references, examples, calculations, tables, and similar nonmandatory material. Annexes
do not form part of the requirements of the National Electrical Code, and a statement to
that effect shall appear at the beginning of each annex. Annexes shall have titles and
shall be designated by capital letters.

Example:
Annex C
Conduit and Tubing Fill for Conductors and Fixture Wires
of the Same Size
This annex is not a part of the requirements of this
Code but is included for informational purposes only.

Annexes that are used to cross-reference material from one edition of the Code to
another edition of the Code shall remain as an annex for a minimum of two code cycles.
NFPA staff shall have the responsibility of updating any cross-reference annex.
2.2 Content of NEC Subdivisions.
2.2.1 Scopes. Each article shall have a scope, which shall be the first section of
the article. The approval of article scope statements is the responsibility of the Technical
Correlating Committee.

Example:
Article 422 — Appliances
422.1 Scope
Article 280 — Surge Arresters
280.1 Scope

2.2.2 Definitions. Definitions shall be in alphabetical order and shall not contain
the term that is being defined. Definitions shall not contain requirements or
recommendations.

8

2.2.2.1 Article 100. In general, Article 100 shall contain definitions of terms that
appear in two or more other articles of the NEC.

Examples:
Enclosure. The case or housing of apparatus, or the fence or walls surrounding an
installation to prevent personnel from accidentally contacting energized parts, or
to protect the equipment from physical damage.
Ground. A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an
electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that
serves in place of the earth.

2.2.2.2 Definitions in Other Articles. If an article contains one or more
definitions, the definition(s) shall be in the second section, shall be listed in alphabetical
order, and shall be styled as shown in the following examples.

Examples:
280.2 Definition.
Surge Arrester. A protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or
bypassing surge current, and it also prevents continued flow of follow current
while remaining capable of repeating these functions.
318.2 Definition.
Cable Tray System. A unit or assembly of units or sections and associated
fittings forming a rigid structural system used to securely fasten or support cables
and raceways.

2.3 Tables and Figures.
2.3.1 Mandatory. Tables and figures, including any accompanying notes,
represent mandatory requirements, unless specifically noted as in 2.3.2. Tables and
figures shall be referenced in the text and shall be designated by the number of the NEC
rule in which they are referenced. Each table shall have a title and each figure shall have
a caption. Titles and captions shall be as brief as possible, consistent with clarity.

9

Example:
500.5(D) Marking. Approved equipment shall be marked to show the class,
group, and operating temperature referenced to a 40oC ambient. Numbers marked
on the equipment nameplates shall be in accordance with Table 500.5(D).
Table 500.5(D) Identification Numbers.
2.3.2 Nonmandatory. When the NEC is adopted into law, graphics in the text of
the document become mandatory. If a Code-Making Panel wishes to use a table or figure
to illustrate only a typical situation, not a mandatory requirement, that table or figure
shall be identified as an informational note or be placed in an annex. Each table shall
have a title and each figure shall have a caption.
2.4 Numbering Practices. The following two practices are intended to improve NEC
usability by preventing the continual renumbering of articles and sections from one
edition to the next.
2.4.1 Parallel Numbering Within Similar Articles. To the extent possible,
Code-Making Panels are encouraged to use the same section numbers (and part numbers,
where applicable) for the same purposes within articles covering similar subjects.

Example: A typical family of articles might be organized as follows:
Article 399 — Future Products
I General
399.1 Scope
399.2 Definition
399.3 Other Articles
II Installation
399.10 Uses Permitted
399.11 Uses Not Permitted
399.13 Bends
III Construction Specifications
399.20 General
399.21 Sizes
399.22 Marking

2.4.2 Nonconsecutive Numbering. Articles and sections in the NEC are, in
general, numbered consecutively. However, gaps or unused numbers are sometimes left
for future articles and sections. Assigning numbers to new articles is the responsibility of
the NEC Technical Correlating Committee, advised by the NFPA Staff Editor. Assigning
numbers to new sections within articles is the responsibility of Code-Making Panels,
advised by the NFPA Staff Editor.

10

2.4.2.1 Parts. If an article is subdivided into parts, it is recommended that the
section numbering within each part start with the next decade as a minimum.

Example:
Article 498 — Future Equipment
I General
498.1 – 498.6
II Disconnecting Means
498.10 – 498.24
III Branch-Circuit Conductors
498.50 – 498.58
IV Provisions for Combination Loads
498.100 – 498.110

2.4.3 Numbering Informational Notes. If there are two or more consecutive
informational notes, each shall be numbered.

Example
210.12 Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection.
(A) Dwelling Units. All 120-volt, single phase, 15 and 20 ampere branch circuits
supplying outlets installed in dwelling unit family rooms, dining rooms, living
rooms, parlors, libraries, dens, bedrooms, sunrooms, recreation rooms, closets,
hallways, or similar rooms or areas shall be protected by a listed arc-fault circuit
interrupter, combination-type, installed to provide protection of the branch circuit.
Informational Note No.1: For information on types of arc-fault circuit
interrupters, see UL 1699-1999, Standard for Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters.
Informational Note No.2: See 11.6.3(5) of NFPA 72-2010, National Fire Alarm
and Signaling Code, for information related to secondary power supply
requirements for smoke alarms installed in dwelling units.
Informational Note No.3: See 760.41(B) and 760.121(B) for power-supply
requirements for fire alarm systems.

2.5 General References to Other Articles. If a listing is made of references to other
articles under the section title “Other Articles,” the listing shall be in table format and
shall comply with 2.3.
2.6 Exceptions.

11

2.6.1 Placement and Order. Exceptions shall immediately follow the main rule
to which they apply. Where exceptions are made to items within a numbered list, the
exception shall clearly indicate the items within the list to which it applies. Exceptions
containing the mandatory terms shall or shall not are to be listed first in the sequence.
Permissive exceptions containing shall be permitted are to follow any mandatory
exceptions and be listed in their order of importance as determined by the Code-Making
Panel.
2.6.2 Numbering. Where there are two or more consecutive exceptions, each
shall be numbered.

12

CHAPTER 3 EDITORIAL GUIDELINES
3.1 Mandatory Rules, Permissive Rules, and Explanatory Information.
3.1.1 Mandatory Rules. Shall, shall not, and shall not be indicate mandatory
NEC rules. Terms such as is to be, shall be not, and must, whose meanings are less clear,
shall not be used. The terms may or can shall not be used.
3.1.2 Permissive Rules. Shall be permitted and it shall be permissible indicate
allowed optional or alternate methods. (Note that these are still mandatory language and
constitute rules.) The term may shall only be used where it recognizes a discretionary
judgment on the part of an authority having jurisdiction.

Example:
The authority having jurisdiction may waive specific requirements
in the Code or permit alternate methods.

3.1.3 Informational Notes. Informational notes contain explanatory information
and shall be located directly after the rule they apply to. Informational Notes shall not be
written in mandatory language and shall not contain requirements, make interpretations,
or make recommendations. If an Informational Note is needed to explain the text of the
code, consideration should be given to rewriting the text of the code to make the rule
clear.

Examples of informational notes
Correct (D) 600 Volts Between Conductors. Circuits exceeding 277 volts, nominal, to
ground and not exceeding 600 volts, nominal, between conductors shall be permitted to
supply the following:
(1) The auxiliary equipment of electric-discharge lamps mounted in permanently
installed luminaires where the luminaires are mounted in accordance with one of the
following:
a. Not less than a height of 6.7m (22ft) on poles or similar structures for the
illumination of outdoor areas such as highways, roads, bridges, athletic fields or parking
lots
b. Not less than a height of 5.5m (18ft) on other structures such as tunnels
Informational Note: See 410.138 for auxiliary equipment limitations
(2) Cord-and-plug-connected or permanently connected utilization equipment other than
luminaires
13

(3) Luminaires powered from direct-current systems where the luminaire contains a
listed, dc-rated ballast that provides isolation between the dc power source and the lamp
circuit and protection from electric shock when changing lamps.
Incorrect (D) 600 Volts Between Conductors. Circuits exceeding 277 volts, nominal,
to ground and not exceeding 600 volts, nominal, between conductors shall be permitted
to supply the following:
(1) The auxiliary equipment of electric-discharge lamps mounted in permanently
installed luminaires where the luminaires are mounted in accordance with one of the
following:
a. Not less than a height of 6.7m (22ft) on poles or similar structures for the
illumination of outdoor areas such as highways, roads, bridges, athletic fields or parking
lots
b. Not less than a height of 5.5m (18ft) on other structures such as tunnels
(2)
Cord-and-plug-connected or permanently connected utilization equipment other
than luminaires
(3)
Luminaires powered from direct-current systems where the luminaire contains a
listed, dc-rated ballast that provides isolation between the dc power source and the lamp
circuit and protection from electric shock when changing lamps.
Informational Note: See 410.138 for auxiliary equipment limitations.

3.1.4 Exceptions. Exceptions to NEC rules shall be used sparingly. If used,
exceptions shall convey alternatives or differences to a basic code rule. It is the
responsibility of the Code-Making Panel to determine whether the principle can be
expressed most effectively as a separate positive code rule or as an exception to a rule.
Annex A contains commentary on exceptions.
3.1.4.1 Language. Exceptions shall be permitted to use the terms shall, shall
not, or shall be permitted depending on whether they specify a mandatory requirement
that is (1) different from the rule, or (2) diametrically opposite to the rule, or (3) whether
they permit, but do not require, a variance from the main rule. Exceptions shall be
written in complete sentences.
3.1.4.2 Excessive Numbers of Exceptions. When the number of exceptions to a
specific code rule becomes excessive, the Code-Making Panel should consider a revision
of the basic rule or a rearrangement of the section to better convey the objectives.

14

3.2 Word Choices.
3.2.1 Unenforceable Terms. The NEC shall not contain references or
requirements that are unenforceable or vague. The terms contained in Table 3.2.1 shall
be reviewed in context, and, if the resulting requirement is unenforceable or vague, the
term shall not be used.

Table 3.2.1 Possibly Unenforceable and Vague Terms

Many
May
Maybe
Might
Most(ly)
Near(ly)
Neat(ly)
Normal(ly)
Note
Periodic(ally)
Practical(ly)
Practices
Prefer(red)
Proper(ly)
Ready(ily)
Reasonable(y)
Safe(ly)(ty)
Satisfactory
Secure(ly)
Several
Significant
Similar
Substantial(ly)
Sufficient(ly)
Suitable
Usual(ly)
Workmanlike

Acceptable
Adequate
Adjacent
Appreciable
Appropriate
Approximate(ly)
Available
Avoid(ed)
Can
Care
Careful(ly)
Consider(ed)(ation)
Could
Designed for the purpose
Desirable
Easy(ily)
Equivalent(ly)
Familiar
Feasible
Few
Frequent(ly)
Firmly
Generally
Good
Lightly
Likely
Legible(y)

Examples of unenforceable or vague terms:
Correct: A manual pull station shall be located within 1 m of each exit.
Incorrect: A manual pull station shall be located near each exit.
Correct: Conduit shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 10 ft.
Incorrect: Conduit shall be adequately supported at periodic intervals.

15

3.2.2 Expressing Maximum and Minimum Limits. Maximum and minimum
limits shall be expressed with the following types of wording.

Examples:
Shall not exceed 300 volts to ground . . .
Shall have a clearance of not less than 5 cm . . .
Shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 1.5 m . . .

3.2.3 Acronyms and Uncommon Abbreviations. All acronyms and any
abbreviations that are not in common use shall be spelled out with the abbreviation
following in parentheses for the first use of the term in the body of each article. Each
subsequent use in the article shall be permitted to be the acronym or abbreviation only.

Examples:
(A) Dwelling Units. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles
installed in the locations specified below shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter
(GFCI) protection for personnel.
(B) Nondwelling Units. All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere
receptacles installed in the locations specified below shall have GFCI protection for
personnel.

3.2.4 Standard Terms. Standard terms have been established through accepted
use or by definition and are to be used in preference to similar terms that do not have
such recognition. Annex B provides guidance for syntax, spelling, punctuation, and usage
of many standard technical terms.
3.2.5 Special Terms.
3.2.5.1 Ampacity. The term ampacity, as defined in Article 100, applies to the
current-carrying capacity of conductors only. Therefore, this term shall be used in this
sense, but only in this sense. (The ampacity of a No. 14 copper conductor with 60°C
insulation is 20.) On the other hand, switches, motors, and similar equipment are not
rated in ampacities. Instead, they have current ratings, voltage ratings, horsepower
ratings, and so on. Such equipment, therefore, shall not be specified or referred to in
“ampacity” values.
3.2.5.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction. The term used to indicate any kind of
inspection authority, enforcement authority, or the like, shall be the authority having
jurisdiction. The use of this term will result in standardization, and it is in keeping with
the term used in all other NFPA standards. This term is fully developed and explained in
Paragraph 3-3.6.1 of the “NFPA Regulations Governing Committee Projects.”
16

3.2.5.3 Listed by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory. Use of the
terms "Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory" or "NRTL" shall be avoided. The
definition of "listed" in Article 100 provides the details necessary for application in the
NEC. The Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory program, also known as NRTL, is
an OSHA program for the accreditation of laboratories that test products for the
workplace and is not to be applied generally in the NEC. When used in NFPA 70 the
term “Qualified Electrical Testing Laboratory” is preferred.
3.2.5.4 Provisions on Guarding. Requirements for guarding shall be stated in as
complete a manner as possible and in as nearly standardized form as can be reasonably
achieved. For example, the two terms protected against contact with live parts and
protected against accidental contact with live parts do not mean the same thing. It may
be necessary for qualified persons to have access to live parts, or it may be desirable to
provide varying degrees of protection, depending on the location. Among other things,
this distinction could affect the type of ventilation louvers or drains that would be
acceptable for some types of equipment. The intent of the type and degree of protection
to be required should, therefore, be made clear if possible.
3.2.5.5 Provisions on Protection Against Physical Damage. If protection
against physical damage is to be one of the requirements, this can be standardized by the
use of this terminology instead of using the phrase provided with mechanical protection
to mean the same thing. In many cases, one or two acceptable methods of providing the
intended protection can be stated as examples for better understanding without restricting
the rule to a specification-type requirement. There have been some cases, such as in the
instance of grounding electrode conductors, where the means provided by the installer for
protection against physical damage has impaired the electrical function of the conductor
or equipment. This can be largely avoided by an explanatory note if the intent cannot be
otherwise made sufficiently clear.
3.2.5.6 Voltage. The term voltage is well understood and shall be used in
preference to other terms such as potential. Because voltage is expressed in volts, a
requirement should be written to avoid repetition of this term if it is possible to do so
without losing clarity.

Example:
Correct: A circuit supplying the primary of an isolating transformer shall not
exceed 300 volts between conductors.
Incorrect: The voltage of a circuit supplying the primary of an isolating
transformer shall not exceed 300 volts between conductors.

3.2.6 Formulas and Equations. Formulas and equations shall be expressed in
standard mathematical symbols.

17

3.2.7 Units of Measurement.
3.2.7.1 Measurement System of Preference. Metric units of measurement are
in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of
Units (SI).
3.2.7.2 Dual System of Units. The SI units shall appear first, and the inch-pound
units shall immediately follow in parenthesis. In tables the SI and inch-pound units shall
appear in separate columns.
3.2.7.3 Permitted Uses of Soft Conversion.
3.2.7.3.1 Trade Sizes. Where the actual measured size of a product is not the
same as the nominal size, trade size designators shall be used rather than dimensions.
Trade practices shall be followed in all cases.
3.2.7.3.2 Extracted Material. Where material is extracted from another
standard, the context of the original material shall not be compromised or violated. Any
editing of the extracted text shall be confined to making the style consistent with that of
the NEC.
3.2.7.3.3 Industry Practice. Where industry practice is to express units in inchpound units, the inclusion of SI units shall not be required.
3.2.7.3.4 Safety. Where hard conversion to SI would have a negative impact on
safety.
3.2.7.4 Approximate Conversion. The conversion from inch-pound units to SI
units shall be permitted to be an approximate conversion.
3.2.7.5 Standard Conversions. See Annex C for information on standard
conversions.
3.2.7.6 Units. For dimensions less than 1 m, the SI unit shall be expressed as
mm. For dimensions from 1 m to less than 1 km, the SI units shall be expressed in m. For
dimensions of 1 km or greater, the SI units shall be expressed as km.
3.3 Writing Style. These guidelines shall be
followed to help produce clear, unambiguous, NEC language.
3.3.1 General Guidelines.

18

1. Write in present tense; do not write in future tense.

Example:
Correct: No conductor shall be used in such a manner that its operating temperature
exceeds that designated for the type of insulated conductor involved.
Incorrect: No conductor shall be used in such a manner that its operating temperature
will exceed that designated for the type of insulated conductor involved.

2. Use simple declarative sentence structure, and keep sentences short. Writing
rules in long sentences full of commas, dependent clauses, and parenthetical expressions
often creates confusion and misunderstanding. The requirement can be written in two or
more short sentences, expressed using a list or table, or both.

Example:
Correct:
(D) Grounded and Grounding Conductors. If a circuit supplies portables or pendants
and the circuit includes a grounded conductor, then the following shall apply.
1. Receptacles, attachment plugs, connectors, and similar devices shall be of
the grounding type.
1. The grounded conductor of the flexible cord shall be connected to the
screw shell of any lampholder or to the grounded terminal of any
utilization equipment supplied.
Incorrect:
(D) Grounded and Grounding Conductors. Where a circuit supplies portables or
pendants and includes a grounded conductor as provided in Article 200, receptacles,
attachment plugs, connectors, and similar devices shall be of the grounding type, and the
grounded conductor of the flexible cord shall be connected to the screw shell of any
lampholder or to the grounded terminal of any utilization equipment supplied.

3. Use common words and avoid overly complex terminology (see
3.3.4).
4. Use positive language, rather than negative, wherever possible.

Example:
Correct: Boxes used in wet locations shall be listed for wet locations.
Incorrect: Ordinary electrical boxes shall not be used in wet locations.
19

5. If possible, avoid using dependent clauses, parenthetical phrases, and unclear
inverted word order.

Example:
Correct: The definitions in Part I of this article apply throughout the

Code.

Incorrect: Part I of this article contains definitions intended to apply
wherever the terms are used throughout this Code.

3.3.2 Lists and Tables. If possible, use lists or tables to present requirements,
rather than long text descriptions.
3.3.3 Plural. Unless referring to a single item of equipment, references to
electrical components and parts shall be plural rather than singular. This results in
greater consistency and makes it clear that the NEC provision refers to all components or
parts of a given type or class.

Examples:
Correct
Luminaires
Receptacles
Switches and circuit breakers
Outlet boxes and enclosures
Installations shall...

Incorrect
a luminaire
a receptacle
a switch or circuit breaker
an outlet box or enclosure
an installation shall...

3.3.4 Word Clarity. Words and terms used in the NEC shall be specific and
clear in meaning, and shall avoid jargon, trade terminology, industry-specific terms, or
colloquial language that is difficult to understand. NEC language shall be brief, clear,
and emphatic. The following are examples of old-fashioned expressions and word uses
that shall not be permitted:

Above or below (referring to text) — avoid using to describe the location of text.

Example:
Correct: ...shall be in accordance with (a), (b), and (c).
Incorrect: ...shall be in accordance with (a), (b), and (c) below.

20

And such, and the like — it is preferable to rearrange the sentence to use such as
followed by examples.
As allowed — Use allowed instead.
Herein — Usually this word can be dropped without affecting clarity.
Otherwise say “in this section” or whatever else is actually meant by herein.
If - Use to indicate a condition
Provided that — Use if instead.
Thereof — Rewrite sentence to say of or of them.
Utilize — Use use instead.
When - Use to express time.
Where — Use to convey a location or a situation. Not to be used to express time.
3.3.5 Parallel Construction. Parallel construction means stating similar
requirements in similar ways for greater consistency. This helps makes the NEC clear for
users. Lack of consistency often creates confusion, causing users to ask: Does this
difference in wording represent a different requirement? Or is it simply two different
ways of trying to say the same thing? There are several kinds of parallel construction:
Organization and Numbering. If practicable, the subsections of similar articles
should be numbered in the same order (see 2.4.1).
Sections. Different sections, within the same article, that reflect similar or closely
related subjects, should have similar structures.
Lists. All items in a list should be parallel (that is, singular or plural, written in
the same verb tense, using phrases or sentences but not a mix).

21

CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES AND EXTRACTS
4.1 References to Other NEC Rules. Use references to improve clarity of the rule.
Avoid redundant use of references. Do not use a reference if the requirement is already
covered by 90.3. Explanatory references shall be in informational notes.
4.1.1 References to a Part Within an Article. References shall not be made to
an entire article, such as “grounded in accordance with Article 250” unless additional
conditions are specified. References to parts within articles shall be permitted.

Example:
If a switch or circuit breaker serves as the disconnecting means, it shall be within sight
from the motor controller and shall comply with Part IX of Article 430.

4.1.2 Other References. Use references to other NEC rules to avoid repeating a
requirement. If used, references shall include only the number of the rule being
referenced; the words section, subsection, and paragraph shall not be used. References
shall indicate the subject of the rules being referenced; the subject shall follow the
number.

Example:
Wiring and equipment in Class I, Division 1 locations shall be grounded as specified in
Article 250 and with the following additional requirements...
Informational Note: See 336.10 for the definition of first floor.
Informational Note: See 440.22(B)(2), Exception No. 2, for branch-circuit
requirements for cord- and plug-connected equipment.

4.2 References to Other Standards. References to other standards shall not be in
mandatory Code text. References to product standards shall be in an informative annex.
References to other Standards shall be in the Informational Notes.

22

4.3 Extracts.
4.3.1 Extracting Material from an NFPA Document and Including It in the
NEC. Extracting provides an advantage over multiple references to requirements
contained within other NFPA documents. Extracting has the disadvantage of creating a
situation where the text of the source document and the user document are not identical
due to different revision cycles.
4.3.2 Extract Requirements. To extract material from another NFPA
document, the following requirements shall be met.
4.3.2.1 Reason. There shall be a specific technical reason for the extract.
4.3.2.2 Context. A section or paragraph being extracted from another document
shall represent a complete thought and shall be entirely extracted. The context of the
original material shall not be compromised or violated. Any editing of the extracted text
shall be confined to making the style consistent with that of the NEC and then only with
the concurrence of the committee having primary jurisdiction. Such concurrence shall be
obtained through the staff liaison for the source document.
4.3.2.3 Identification. The number, title, and edition of the NFPA document
from which the extract is taken shall appear at the beginning of the article in which the
extract is used. The document number and paragraph from which the extract is taken
shall appear in brackets at the end of the section in which the extract is used.

Example:
Article 514 — Gasoline Dispensing and Service Stations
Informational Note: Rules that are followed by a reference to [NFPA 30, xxx]
in brackets contain text that has been extracted from NFPA 30-1996, Automotive
and Marine Service Station Code (xxx represents the specific sections of that
document referenced). Only editorial changes were made to the extracted text to
make it consistent with this Code.
514.2 Class I Locations. Table 514.2 shall be applied where Class I liquids are
stored, handled, or dispensed and shall be used to delineate and classify service
stations. A Class I location shall not extend beyond an unpierced wall, roof, or
other solid partition.
[NFPA 30, 7-1 and 7-3].
514.5(B) Attended Service Stations. Emergency controls as specified in
Section 514.5(A) shall be installed at a location acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction (AHJ), but controls shall not be more than 100 ft (30 m) from
dispensers. [NFPA 30, 9-4.5]
4.3.3 Interpretations of Extracted Material in the NEC. Requests for
interpretations of, or proposed revisions to, the extracted text shall be referred to the
NFPA technical committee that is responsible for the source document.

23

CHAPTER 5 EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES
5.1 General. Both NFPA committee members and staff shall be responsible for ensuring
compliance with this manual.
5.2 Responsibilities of Committee Members.
5.2.1 Code-Making Panels. Panels shall be responsible for ensuring that the
Code text agreed on at meetings complies with all requirements of this manual. They
shall rely on the guidance of NFPA staff.
5.2.2 NEC Technical Correlating Committee. The NEC Technical Correlating
Committee shall act as needed to ensure that all text appearing in the Report on Proposals
(ROP), Report on Comments (ROC), and final National Electrical Code meets the
requirements of this Manual.
5.3 Responsibilities of NFPA Staff.
5.3.1 NEC Staff Editor. NFPA shall assign a staff editor to assist the NEC
Technical Correlating Committee in developing the final text of the NEC. This editor
shall be responsible for advising committees, panel liaisons, and the NEC Technical
Correlating Committee Secretary on matters of NEC style.
5.3.2 Panel Liaisons. NFPA staff serving at meetings of Code-Making Panels
shall advise panels on matters of NEC style.
5.3.3 NEC Technical Correlating Committee Secretary. The Secretary shall
be responsible for advising the NEC Technical Correlating Committee on creating Code
text that complies with the requirements of this manual. If text approved by CodeMaking Panels does not comply, the Secretary shall recommend administrative revisions
needed to bring the text into compliance, while preserving the panel’s intent.

24

Annex A
Editorial Guidance on Exceptions
Exceptions should be re-written into positive language, if positive language achieves
clarity. The elimination of all exceptions is not intended, nor is it desirable. In some
cases, deleting the word exception and incorporating the unedited language into a main
rule may not lead to clarity. The resulting rule may appear to be self-contradicting
instead.
But, in many cases, positive language is much clearer. Two good examples may be
found in Sections 240-3 and 240-21. In these instances, the Code language once
consisted of a short main rule followed by a number of exceptions.
Other good examples of writing exceptions into positive language may be found in the
ROP for the 1999 Code cycle. Proposed 520-68(A) consisted of a main rule with four
exceptions. The main rule was changed to (1) entitled “General.” It is clear that this rule
would generally apply. The exceptions then became (2) stand lamps, (3) high
temperature applications, and (4) breakouts. In 520-68(B), an exception was clearly the
easiest way to deal with the difference from the main rule, and Panel 15 retained the
exception.
520.68. Conductors for Portables.
(A) Conductor Type.
(1) General. Flexible conductors, including cable extensions, used to supply
portable stage equipment shall be listed extra-hard usage cords or cables.
(2) Stand Lamps. Reinforced cord shall be permitted to supply stand lamps
where the cord is not subject to severe physical damage and is protected by an
overcurrent device rated at not over 20 amperes.
Exceptions No. 1. Reinforced cord shall be permitted to supply stand lamps
where the cord is not subject to severe physical damage and is protected by an
overcurrent device at not over 20 amperes.
(3) High Temperature Applications. A special assembly of conductors in
sleeving no longer than 3.3 ft (1 m) shall be permitted to be employed in lieu of flexible
cord if the individual wires are stranded and rated not less than 125oC (257oF) and the
outer sleeve is glass fiber with a wall thickness of at least 0.025 in. (0.635 mm).
Portable stage equipment requiring flexible supply conductors with a higher
temperature rating where one end is permanently attached to the equipment shall be
permitted to employ alternate, suitable conductors as determined by a qualified testing
laboratory and recognized test standards.
Exception No. 2: A special assembly of conductors in sleeving no longer than 3.3
ft. (1 m) shall be permitted to be employed in lieu of flexible cord if the individual wires
are stranded and rated not less than 125 degrees C (257oF) and the outer sleeve is glass
fiber with a wall thickness of at least 0.025 in. (0.635 mm).
Exception 3: Portable stage equipment requiring flexible supply conductors with a
higher temperature rating where one end is permanently attached to the equipment shall
be permitted to employ alternate, suitable conductors as determined by a qualified testing
laboratory and recognized test standards.
(4) Breakouts. Listed, hard usage (junior hard service) cords shall be permitted
in breakout assemblies where all of the following conditions are met:
a. The cords are utilized to connect between a single multiple connector
containing two or more branch circuits and multiple two-pole, 3-wire connectors.
b. The longest cord in the breakout assembly does not exceed 20 ft (6.1 m).
25

c. The breakout assembly is protected from physical damage by attachment over
its entire length to a pipe, truss, tower, scaffold, or other substantial support structure.
d. All branch circuits feeding the breakout assembly are protected by overcurrent
devices rated at not over 20 amperes.
Exception No. 4: Listed, hard usage (junior hard service) cords shall be permitted
in breakout assemblies where all of the following conditions are met:
a. The cords are utilized to connect between a single multipole connector
containing two or more branch circuits and multiple two-pole, 3-wire connectors.
b. The longest cord in the breakout assembly does not exceed 20 ft. (6.1 m).
c. The breakout assembly is protected from physical damage by attachment over
its entire length to a pipe, truss, tower, scaffold, or other substantial support structure.
d. All branch circuits feeding the breakout assembly are protected by overcurrent
devices rated at not over 20 amperes.k
b. Conductor Ampacity. The ampacity of conductors shall be as given in
Section 400-5, except multiconductor listed extra-hard usage portable cords, that are not
in direct contact with equipment containing heat-producing elements, shall be permitted
to have their ampacity determined by Table 520-44. Maximum load current in any
conductor shall not exceed the values in Table 520-44.
Exception: Where alternate conductors are allowed in Section 520-68(a)(3),
Exception Nos. 2 and 3, their ampacity shall be as given in the appropriate table in this
Code for the types of conductors employed.

26

Annex B
Standard Terms
The following list provides guidance for syntax, spelling, punctuation, and usage for
many of the standard terms used in the NEC. Many words are listed with an abbreviation
to indicate usage. For example, adjective = a, noun = n, and verb = v.
A
abovegrade (a)
aboveground (a)
acknowledgment (no e)
adapter
adjustable-speed (a)
affect (v) = to influence; effect (n) = result
air conditioner (n)
air-condition (v)
air-conditioning (a)
airflow (a,n)
airtight (a)
airspace (a)
air-handling (a)
alternating current (n) (abbrev. ac)
alternating-current (a) (abbrev. ac)
American Wire Gage (abbrev. AWG)
ampacity
ampere (see units of measurement)
20-ampere–rated receptacle
and/or (try to avoid)
apparatus (singular and plural)
approved
arc fault (n)
arc-fault(a)
arrester (not arrestor)
at least (avoid; use not less than to indicate minimum dimension)
autoignition
authority having jurisdiction (abbrev. AHJ)
automatic-reset (a)
B
backfeed
backfill (n,v)
backup (a,n)
back-wiring spaces
belowgrade (a)
belowground (a)
bipolar
braid-covered (a)
branch circuit (n)
branch-circuit (a)
branch-circuit ground-circuit
branch-circuit overcurrent device
buildup (n)
build up (v)
busbar
buses
busing
C
cable tray
cablebus
capacitors

27

ceiling-suspended (paddle) fan
circuit-grounding connection
circuit-interrupting device
circuit-protective device
circular mil (a)
Class I location
Class I, Division 2, location
clean-up (n)
cleanup (v)
closed-circuit (a)
Code (initial cap and italic when referring to the NEC)
cold-storage warehouse
combination-load equipment
common-return (a)
communications system, utilities, equipment, and so on (not communication)
concrete-encased electrode
conductive-film heating elements
continuous current rating
control boards
control circuit (a)
constant-current systems
copper (Cu)
copper-clad (a)
cord- and plug-connected appliances
corner-grounded delta systems
corrosion-resistant (a)
counter space
counter-mounted (a)
countertop
crawl space
cross members
cross-connect arrays
cross section (n)
cross-sectional (a)
cubic inches (in.) (see units of measurement)
current-carrying (a)
current-limiting (a)
cut off (v)
cutoff (a,n)
cutouts (n)
D
data (singular and plural, use with plural verb)
dead-front switchboards
de-energize
deicing
delta [use symbol (∆) in equations]
delta-connected (a)
delta corner grounded
derating
Design B motor
dipole (a)
direct buried (n)
direct-buried (a)
direct current (n) (abbrev. dc)
direct-current (a) (abbrev. dc)
disconnecting means (not disconnection means)
dripproof
drywall
dual-element fuses
ducts (as in air-handling ducts, not for use with raceways)
ductwork

28

dust-ignitionproof (a)
dustproof (a)
dusttight (a)
E
effect (n) = result; affect (v) = to influence
e.g. (avoid using, use instead for example)
electric/electrical (use to be determined by staff)
electrical (as applied to requirements, standards, codes)
electric-discharge lighting
energized (electrically connected to a source of voltage
engine–generator set
ensure (not insure)
equipment (singular and plural)
equipment grounding conductor
etc. (try to avoid, use and so on, and so forth, or such as)
Exception No. 1 (when referring to specific exception)
Exception Nos. 1 and 2 (more than one exception)
exception (general, lowercase if used alone)
explosionproof
extra-hard usage
F
faceplate (n)
face-up position
fault-interrupting device
fault–current forces
fiberglass reinforced
field connection box
field-installed (a)
fire alarm circuit
fire-extinguishing equipment
fire-resistant construction
fireproof
firestopped
fixed, electric space-heating equipment
fixed-load (a)
fixed stage equipment
flame retardant (n)
flame-retardant (a)
flat-top raceways
fluxes
foamed-in-place material
forced-air system
full-load current
full-load rating
full-voltage resistor
fuseholder
G
gal (plural), 3-gal (a)
gas–air (a)
gauge, not gage
general-purpose (a)
general-use (a)
gray buses
grain-drying systems
grid-connected systems
grille
ground-fault circuit interrupter (n) (abbrev. GFCI)
ground-fault circuit-interrupter (a) (abbrev. GFCI)
ground-fault (a)

29

ground fault (n)
ground-fault protective device
grounding electrode conductor
guarding
guest rooms
H
hand-carried (n)
hand-held (a)
hand-supported (a)
handhole (n)
handlamp (n)
hazardous (classified) location
headroom (n)
heat-generating equipment
heat-resistant (a)
heavy-duty (a)
hertz (rather than cycles per second) (see units of measurement)
high-heat type
high-impedance grounded neutral system
high-leg (a)
high-pressure (a)
high-tension (a)
higher-rated (a)
horsepower (see units of measurement)
hour (do not abbreviate)
I
i.e. (avoid using, use that is)
if (indicates condition -- can usually be used instead of provided, provided that, or where)
igniter
ignitible (not ignitable)
impedance
impedance grounded neutral system
in-between (a,n)
indexes (not indices)
informational note (lower case when used alone in text)
inrush current
instantaneous-trip (a)
internal-combustion-driven (a)
K
knob-and-tube wiring
L
lampholder
lead-sheathed (a)
less-flammable transformers
let-through (n)
light-emitting diode (abbrev. LED)
likely (use instead of liable)
likely to become energized -- failure of insulation on
line-to-ground fault current
line-to-neutral loads
liquidtight (a)
live parts (electric conductors, buses, terminals, or components that are uninsulated or
exposed and shock hazard exists)
load-interrupter (a)
load-side (a)
locked-rotor (a,n)
locknut (n)
long-time rating

30

low-power-factor (a)
low-voltage (a)
lower-rated (a)
M
make-or-break (a)
manhole
maximum
meatpacking (a,n)
messenger-supported (a)
metal (instead of metallic)
metal-clad (a)
metal-enclosed switchgear (n)
metal-sheathed (a)
metal-shield connectors (n)
metallic (use only when directly related to material)
mineral-insulated (a)
minimum
minute (do not abbreviate)
mixer–amplifier (n)
motor control (a)
motor-circuit switch (n)
motor-compressors (n)
motor-driven (a)
motor-generator (a)
motor-generator set (abbrev. MG set)
motor-starting currents
multibuilding
multiconductor (instead of multiple-conductor or multi-conductor)
multimedia
multioutlet
multiphase
multipole

31

N
nameplate
nameplate rating load
NEC ® (always italic, with registered trademark on first reference)
network-powered (a)
No. 20 gauge sheet metal
non–current-carrying (a)
non–grounding-type (a)
non–power-limited (a)
nonaccessible
noncontinuous
noncurrent
nondwelling unit (a)
nonexplosionproof
nonflexible
noninductive
noninterchangeability
nonmetallic
nonmetallic-sheathed (a)
nonshielded cable
nontime
not over (instead of not more than)
not exceeding (instead of not more than)
not less than
O
off-premises source
oil-break (a)
oil-filled reactors
on-premises source
open-conductor supports
open-resistance (a)
optical fiber (a)
other than a dwelling unit (avoid, use nondwelling)
overcurrent device
overcurrent protective device
overtemperature (n)
over-temperature (a)
overvoltage (n)
P
panelboard
parallel (instead of multiple conductors)
part-winding start induction
pendant
phase-to-phase (a)
photovoltaic
plug-in units
pole-mounted (a)
positive-pressure ventilation
power conversion system (abbrev. PCS)
power factor (abbrev. PF)
power-conditioning unit (abbrev. PCU)
power-limited (a)
power-supply cord
practicable (means feasible)
practical (means useful)
pre-amplifier
pressure terminal connectors
pressure splicing connectors
protection against physical damage (state conditions)
protector

32

PVC-coated (a)
R
raceway
re-fused (a)
rectifier-derived dc system
remote-control (a)
resistance temperature device (abbrev. RTD)
resistor
revolutions per minute (abbrev. rpm)
road show (a,n)
root-mean-square (a)
runoff (n)
S
screw shell
screw shell devices
second (referring to time; do not abbreviate)
secondary-circuit fault protection
secondary-to-primary (a)
semiconducting (a)
service-disconnect enclosure
service disconnecting means
service-drop conductors
service-entrance conductors
service-lateral conductors
service-supplied ac (a)
set screw type (a)
set screw (n)
sheet metal (a)
short circuit (n)
short-circuit and ground-fault protective device
short-circuit current ratings
short-time duty
shunt-trip
sidelight
side-wiring spaces
silicon controlled rectifier (abbrev. SCR)
single-conductor cable
single-phase (not 1-phase, but 2-phase, 3-phase, etc.)
single-pole (a)
skin-effect heating
small-appliance branch circuit
solid-state (a)
space-heating equipment
specific-purpose (a)
stage-lighting (a)
stage set lighting
steady-state current
steel-frame (a)
storage battery charging equipment
strain-relief (a)
strut-type (a)
sunlight-resistant (a)
sunroom
supply-side equipment
surface metal raceway
surge arrester (n)
surge-arrester (a)
surge-protective capacitors
switchboards

33

T
tamper-resistant (a)
temperature-rated (a)
tenpenny nail
that (use where phrase is directly related to statement; do not set off with comma)
through (instead of thru or from and to)
time-current characteristics
time-delay fuse
toward (not towards)
trip-type (a)
turnbuckle (n)
Type MI cable
U
under-carpet (a)
upon (overused, try to avoid; on usually correct)
V
voltage
voltage-drop (a)
volt (see units of measurement)
voltmeter
W
wall switch-controlled (a)
weatherproof
wet-pit (n)
when (condition of time)
where (location or situation)
which (additional information in a phrase; set off with commas)
3-wire (a)
wire-bending space
workmanlike (avoid, unenforceable)
workplace
workspace
wye circuit (n)
wye-connected (a)
X
X-ray (not X-Ray)

34

Units of Measurement
Code text
In the Code text, all units of measure, when accompanied by a number value, will be styled as follows:
feet (foot)
meter
inch
centimeter
millimeter
square feet
square meter
square inch
square centimeter
cm2
square millimeter
mm2
cubic feet per minute
pounds
kilograms
degrees Celsius
degrees Fahrenheit
degree (angle)
percent
thousand circular mils
horsepower
hertz
kilovolt
kilowatt
kilovolt-amperes
kilovolt-amperes reactive
volt
ampere
watt
volt-ampere
megavoltampere
milliampere
millivolt
millivoltampere
milliwatt
micrometer
microjoule
joule
kilojoule
kJ
gallon

ft
m
in.
cm
mm
ft2
m2
in.2
ft3/min
lb
kg
℃
℉
degrees
percent
kcmil
hp (spelled out in heads)
Hz
kV
kW
kVA
kVAr
volt [abbreviate volt (V) when used with a number to mean rating]
ampere
watt
volt-ampere (spell out in heads)
MVA
mA
mV
mVA
mW
µm
µJ
J
gal

Display text (tables, figure callouts, equations, and examples)
Units of measure are abbreviated as follows in display text. Exception: If units are used without a number
preceding in a table title or table column head, units should be spelled out.
kilovolt
kilowatt
volt
ampere
volt-ampere
kilovolt-ampere
percent
thousand circular mils
degrees Celsius
degrees Fahrenheit
Hyphenation

kV
kW
V
A
VA
kVA
%
kcmil
℃
℉

35

Hyphenate all units of measurement when used as adjectives before a noun, except when multiple units of
measurement are used in the same phrase.
Example:

a 5.5-kW, 240-V dryer
a 2 in. x 2 in. x 2 in. box

Numbers
0.1 (use place-holding number before decimal)
0 through 2000 (use through to express range)
1000 (no comma in 4-digit numbers)
10,000
2 ½ (use case fraction)
first (not 1st)
Words or Terms Defined
When words or terms are used as themselves, they are italic.
Examples:
See Article 100 for a definition of bonding jumper.
The term minimum is used in the requirement.

36

Annex C
Conversion Reference Table
U.S. Customary
Unit
1
/32 in.
0.06 in.
0.0625 in.
1
/16 in.
0.090 in.
1
/8 in.
¼ in.
0.375 in.
3
/8 in.
½ in.
5
/8 in.
¾ in.
15
/16 in.
1 in.
1 ¼ in.
1 ½ in.
1 ¾ in.
1 7/8 in.
2 in.
2 1/8 in.
2 ¼ in.
2 3/8 in.
2 ½ in.
3 in.
3 ½ in.
3 ¾ in.
4 in.
4 ½ in.
4 11/16 in.
5 in.
5 ½ in.
6 in.
6 ½ in
7 in
7 ½ in.
8 in.
8 ½ in.
9 in.
10 in.
11 ½ in.
12 in.
13 in.
14 in.

Existing SI Unit

Proposed SI Unit
0.8 mm
1.5 mm
1.59 mm
1.6 mm
2.3 mm
3 mm
6 mm
9.5 mm
10 mm
13 mm
16 mm
19 mm
24 mm
25 mm
32 mm
38 mm
45 mm
48 mm
50 mm
54 mm
57 mm
60 mm
65 mm
75 mm
90 mm
95 mm
100 mm
115 mm
120 mm
125 mm
140 mm
150 mm
165 mm
175 mm
190 mm
200 mm
215 mm
225 mm
250 mm
290 mm
300 mm
325 mm
350 mm

1.52 mm
1.59 mm
2.29 mm
3.18 mm
6.35 mm
9.52 mm
12.7 mm
15.87 mm
19 mm
23.8 mm
25.4 mm
31.8 mm
38 mm
44.5 mm
50.8 mm

64 mm
76 mm

102 mm

152 mm

203 mm
229 mm

305 mm

37

Equivalent U.S.
Unit
0.031 in.
0.059 in.
0.063 in.
0.063 in.
0.091 in.
0.118 in.
0.24 in.
0.374 in.
0.394 in.
0.51 in.
0.63 in.
0.75 in.
0.945 in.
0.98 in.
1.26 in.
1.50 in.
1.77 in.
1.89 in.
1.97 in.
2.13 in.
2.24 in.
2.36 in.
2.56 in.
2.95 in.
3.54 in
3.74 in.
3.94 in.
4.53 in.
4.72 in.
4.92 in.
5.51 in.
5.91 in.
6.5 in.
6.89 in
7.48
7.87 in.
8.46 in.
8.86 in.
9.84 in.
11.42 in.
11.81 in.
12.8 in.
13.78 in.

15 in.
16 in.
17 in.
18 in.
19 in.
20 in.
22 in.
24 in.
26 in.
27 in.
30 in.
36 in.
38 in.
40 in.
42 in.
44 in.
54 in.
96 in.
1 ft
2 ft
2 ½ ft
3 ft
3.5 ft
4 ft
4 ½ ft
5 ft
5 ½ ft
6 ft
6 ft 6 in.
6 ½ ft
6 ft 7 in.
7 ft
7 ft 6 in.
8 ft
9 ft
10 ft
12 ft
14 ft
15 ft
16 ft
17 ft
18 ft
20 ft
21 ft
22 ft
25 ft
27 ft
30 ft

381 mm
406 mm

375 mm
400 mm
425 mm
450 mm
475 mm
500 mm
550 mm
600 mm
650 mm
675 mm
750 mm
900 mm
950 mm
1.0 m
1.0 m
1.1 m
1.4 m
2.5 m
300 mm
600 mm
750 mm
900 mm
1.0 m
1.2 m
1.4 m
1.5 m
1.7 m
1.8 m
2.0 m
2.0 m
2.0 m
2.1 m
2.3 m
2.5 m
2.7 m
3.0 m
3.7 m
4.3 m
4.5 m
4.9 m
5.2 m
5.5 m
6.0 m
6.4 m
6.7 m
7.5 m
8.0 m
9.0 m

457 mm

557 mm
610 mm
659 mm
762 mm
914 mm
1.02 m
1.07 m

2.44 m
305 mm
610 mm
762 mm
914 mm
1.07 m
1.22 m
1.37 m
1.52 m
1.68 m
1.83 m
1.98 m
2.0 m
2.13 m
2.29 m
2.44 m
2.74 m
3.05 m
3.66 m
4.27 m
4.57 m
4.88 m
5.2 m
5.49 m
6.1 m
6.4 m
6.7 m
7.62 m
8.23 m
9.14 m
38

14.76 in.
15.75 in.
16.73 in.
17.72 in.
18.7 in.
19.69 in.
21.65 in.
23.62 in.
25.59 in.
26.57 in.
29.53 in.
35.73 in.
37.40 in
39.37 in.
39.37 in.
43.30 in.
55.12 in.
98.43 in.
0.98 ft
1.97 ft
2.46 ft
2.95 ft
3.28 ft
3.94 ft
4.59 ft
4.92 ft
5.58 ft
5.91 ft
6.56 ft
6.56 ft
6.56 ft
6.89 ft
7.55 ft
8.20 ft
8.858 ft
9.84 ft
12.14 ft
14.11 ft
15.09 ft
16.08 ft
17.06 ft
18.05 ft
19.69 ft
20.997 ft
21.98 ft
24.61 ft
26.25 ft
29.53 ft

35 ft
40 ft
50 ft
60 ft
70 ft
75 ft
80 ft
100 ft
135 ft
140 ft
150 ft
200 ft
1000 ft

10.67 m
12.2 m
15.2 m

11 m
12 m
15 m
18 m
21 m
23 m
25 m
30 m
41 m
42 m
45 m
60 m
300 m

23 m
24.4 m
30.5 m
42.7 m
61 m
305 m

39

36.09 ft
39.37 ft
49.22 ft
59.06 ft
68.9 ft
75.46 ft
82 ft
98.43 ft
134.48 ft
137.76 ft
147.65 ft
196.86 ft
984.3 ft

INDEX
permissive, 3, 11, 12
physical damage, 9, 16, 25, 26, 32
purpose(s), 7, 8, 10, 14, 29, 33
references, 8, 11, 13, 19, 21, 22
responsibilities, 2, 3, 24
rules, 3, 12, 21, 23
scope(s), 3, 4, 8, 10
standard(s), 2, 3, 4, 11, 15, 17, 21, 27
subdivisions, 3, 5, 6, 8
tables, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 17, 19, 35
terms, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27,
36
unenforceable, 13, 14, 34
units of measurement, 4, 16, 17, 27, 28,
30, 34, 35, 36
vague., 13
voltage, 7, 15, 16, 29, 31, 34
word choices, 3, 13
word clarity, 19
writing style, 3, 17

abbreviations, 15
acronym, 15
annexes, 8
conversion, 17, 32
definitions, 9, 19
document structure, 3
editorial, 4, 23
exceptions, 11, 13, 25
extracted material, 17, 23
extracts, 3, 22
figures, 3, 9
guarding, 16, 30
guidelines, 4, 17
informational note(s), 4,11, 12, 13, 21,
23
language, 2, 12, 17, 18, 19, 25
mandatory, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 21
numbering, 4, 6, 7, 10
parallel construction, 20
parts, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16, 19, 21, 30

40

EXHIBIT 123

Errata

NFPA 70®
National Electrical Code®
2011 Edition
Reference: Various
Errata No.: 70-11-1
The National Electrical Code Correlating Committee notes the following errors in the 2011 edition of
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
How to Use this Errata Sheet
This is a list of errata to the first printing of the 2011 NEC®. A first printing is indicated by the numeral 1
as the last digit in the line of number appearing at the bottom of the first page.

1. Page 70-36

110.14(C)(1): Revise 310.15(B)(6) to 310.15(B)(7)

2. Page 70-78

Figure 230.1: Revise ‘‘Source’’ to ‘‘Serving Utility’’ and 230.49 to 230.32

3. Page 70-86

230.90 Exception No. 5: Revise 310.15(B)(6) to 310.15(B)(7)

4. Page 70-102

Table 250.3: Revise 300.50(B) to 300.50(C)

5. Page 70-116

250.68(C)(2)(b): Revise to read : ‘‘By bonding the structural metal frame to one or
more of the grounding electrodes, as specified in 250.52(A)(5) or (A)(7) that comply
with 250.53(A)(2).’’

6. Page 70-129

250.180: Revise 250.190 to 250.191

7. Page 70-139

300.5(C) Exception No. 2: Revise 330.10(11) to 330.10(A)(11)

8. Page 70-148

310.10(E) Exception No. 2 (d): Revise Table 310.13(D) to Table 310.104(D)

9. Page 70-148

310.10(F): Remove deletion bullet and add second paragraph to read : ‘‘Cables rated
above 2000 volts shall be shielded.’’

10. Page 70-154

Table 310.15(B)(16): Add double asterisk to 18 AWG and 16 AWG copper

11. Page 70-178

314.16(C)(1): Revise 314.16(C)(2) to 314.16(C)(3)

12. Page 70-240

392.18(E): Revise 392.10(D) to 392.18(D)

13. Page 70-282

410.36(A): Revise 314.27(A)(A)(2) to 314.27(A)(2)

14. Page 70-287

410.130(D): Revise Part XIII to Part XII

15. Page 70-288

410.140(D): Revise Part XIV to Part XIII

16. Page 70-327

430.75(A) Exception No. 1 (a): Revise Part XI to Part XII

17. Page 70-397

504.70 Exception: Revise 501.15(F)(3) to 501.17

18. Page 70-435

Figure 516.3(C)(1): Revise 3050 m to 3050 mm

19. Page 70-435

Figure 516.3(C)(2): Revise 3050 m to 3050 mm in two locations

20. Page 70-562

645.10(B)(5): Revise 645.5(D)(2) or (D)(3) to 645.5(E)(2) or (E)(3)

21. Page 70-572

670.3(B): Revise 670.4(B) to 670.4(C)

22. Page 70-583

680.25(B)(1): Revise 250.30(A)(8) to 250.30(A)(3)

23. Page 70-708

840.47: Revise section number from 830.47 to 840.47

Issue Date: April 8, 2011
(Note: Electronic products and pamphlet reprints may have this errata incorporated. For current information about the
NFPA Codes and Standards, including this errata, please see www.nfpa.org/codelist)

Copyright © 2011 All Rights Reserved
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

EXHIBIT 124

Errata

NFPA 70®
National Electrical Code®
2011 Edition
Reference: Various
Errata No.: 70-11-2
The National Electrical Code Correlating Committee notes the following errors in the 2011 edition of
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
How to Use this Errata Sheet
This is a list of errata to the first printing of the 2011 NEC®. A first printing is indicated by the numeral 1
as the last digit in the line of numbers appearing at the bottom of the first page.

1. Page 70-176:
2. Page 70-190:
3. Page 70-233:
4. Page 70-234:
5. Page 70-282:
6. Page 70-342:
7. Page 70-348:
8. Page 70-815:

Table 312.6(B), Note 3: Change reference from 310.14 to 310.106(B).
324.42(B): Change the reference in the last line from 800.133(A)(1)(c),
Exception No. 2. to 800.133(A)(1)(d), Exception No. 2.
382.10(A): Revise last two references from 406.4(D)(3)(b) &
406.4(D)(3)(c).to 406.4(D)(2)(b) & 406.4(D)(2)(c).
382.42(B): Change cross reference from 800.133(A)(1)(c) Exception No. 2.
to 800.133(A)(1)(d) Exception No. 2.
410.36(A): Correct the second cross reference from 314.27(A)(A)(2) to
314.27(A)(2).
440.8: Correct cross reference from 430.87 Exception to 430.87, Exception
No. 1.
450.3(B), Exception: Change cross reference to 430.72(C)(1) through
(C)(5).
Change running head to “Informative Annex E”.

Issue Date: January 24, 2012
(Note: Electronic products and pamphlet reprints may have this errata incorporated. For current information about the
NFPA Codes and Standards, including this errata, please see www.nfpa.org/codelist)

Copyright © 2012 All Rights Reserved
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

EXHIBIT 125

AN INTRODUCTION TO
THE NFPA STANDARDS
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Safety Is Everybody’s Business
Disasters can occur anywhere, and they
often occur when we least expect them.
NFPA® codes and standards are there
to provide us with ways to prevent their
occurrence, manage their impact, and
protect us. One of the most notable
features about NFPA’s Standards
Development Process is that it is a full,
open, consensus-based process. “Full
consensus” means that anybody can
participate and expect fair and equal
treatment. This is because safety is
everybody’s business.

NFPA® is a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169

NFPA’s unique standards development
process incorporates a balance of interests,
ensuring that all affected parties have a voice.

A Uniquely Open Process
Today’s NFPA® codes and standards trace their origins to the nineteenth century
development of automatic sprinkler systems. From the beginning, sprinklers performed well as extinguishing devices; however, they originally were installed in so
many different ways that their reliability was uncertain.
In 1895, a small group of concerned citizens representing sprinkler and fire
insurance interests gathered in Boston, Massachusetts, to discuss the different
approaches. They knew that nine radically different standards for pipe sizing and
sprinkler spacing could be found within 100 miles of the city. This installation
nightmare had to be resolved. The group eventually created a standard for the
uniform installation of sprinklers. This standard, which eventually became NFPA
13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, prompted the creation of NFPA
as an organization and was NFPA’s first safety document. Today NFPA develops
some 300 safety codes and standards that deal with a range of subjects related to
fire, electrical, chemical, building, and life safety.
NFPA codes and standards can be found in use throughout the world. Whether
it’s in a computer room in the Pentagon, a research station in Antarctica, a power
plant in the Middle East, the space shuttle, the hometown drycleaner or perhaps a
historical library in Scotland, NFPA codes and standards are used to provide safety
to life and protection of property.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

1

What the Process can do for you
Who Is NFPA?
Founded in 1896, NFPA grew out of that first meeting on sprinkler standards. The
Bylaws of the Association that were first established in 1896 embody the spirit of
the codes and standards development process. Article 2 of these bylaws states
in part:
“The purposes of the Association shall be to promote the science and improve the
methods of fire protection and prevention, electrical safety and other related safety
goals; to obtain and circulate information and promote education and research on
these subjects; and to secure the cooperation of its members and the public in
establishing proper safeguards against loss of life and property.”
The NFPA mission today is accomplished by advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education for safety related issues. NFPA’s National
Fire Codes® are administered by more than 250 Technical Committees comprised of
approximately 8,000 volunteers and are adopted and used throughout the world.
NFPA is a nonprofit membership organization with more than 70,000 members
from over 100 nations, all working together to fulfill the Association’s mission.
What type of people are NFPA members? NFPA membership is comprised of architects and engineers (22%); business and industry (5%); health care facilities (12%);
fire service (20%); insurance (3%); federal, state, and local government (9%); safety
equipment manufacturers and distributors (12%); trade and professional associations (6%); and other fields and disciplines (11%).

The Making of an NFPA Code or Standard
The NFPA Board of Directors has general charge of all of the activities of the NFPA.
The Board of Directors issues all of the rules and regulations that govern the
development of NFPA codes and standards. The Board also appoints a 13-person
Standards Council to oversee the Association’s standards development activities,
administer the rules and regulations, and serve as an appeals body.
Members of the Standards Council are thoroughly familiar with the standards
development functions of the Association and are selected from a broad range of
interests. Appointed by and reporting to the Standards Council are the more than
250 Technical Committees and Panels that serve as the primary consensus bodies
responsible for developing and revising NFPA codes and standards. In addition to
acting on their own proposed changes, these Technical Committees and Panels
act on proposed changes to NFPA documents that can be submitted by any interested party.
2

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

To conduct their work, Committees and Panels are organized into projects with an
assigned scope of activities. Depending on the scope, a project may develop one
code or standard or a group of related codes and standards, and the project may
consist of a single Technical Committee or multiple Committees and Panels coordinated by a Correlating Committee that oversees the project to resolve conflicts
and ensure consistency.

Rules and Participants
The primary rules governing the processing of NFPA codes and standards are the
NFPA Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards.
Other applicable NFPA rules include the Bylaws, the Technical Meeting Convention
Rules, the Guide for the Conduct of Participants in the NFPA Standards Development
Process, and the Regulations Governing Petitions to the Board of Directors from
Decisions of the Standards Council. All rules and regulations are available on request
from NFPA or can be downloaded from NFPA’s website at www.nfpa.org/regs. This
pamphlet is intended to give general information on NFPA’s standards development process. All participants, however, should refer to the actual rules and regulations for a full understanding of this process and for the rules that govern participation.
Participants in NFPA’s standards development process are as follows:
• Interested parties including the general public
• Technical Committees, Panels, Correlating Committees
• NFPA Membership
• Standards Council
• NFPA Board of Directors

For more than one hundred years,
NFPA has kept in step with the needs
of the safety community, serving as an
authoritative source for information,
education, and timely research
worldwide.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

3

Starting a New Project
Anyone can submit a request for a project to develop a new code or standard in
accordance with NFPA Regulations, provided the necessary information is submitted on the New Project Initiation Form (www.nfpa.org/newprojectidea). The
Standards Council reviews all requests and, if appropriate, directs that a notice be
published in NFPA News, and on the NFPA website (www.nfpa.org). This notice
asks for:
• input or need on the proposed project;
• information on organizations that may be involved in the subject matter;
• a listing of available resource material; and
• an indication of who is willing to participate in the project if it is approved.
The Standards Council reviews all input and information it receives about the proposed new project and, if the Standards Council determines the proposed project
should proceed, it either assigns the project to an existing Technical Committee or
Panel, or establishes a new one.

The mission of the nonprofit NFPA is to reduce
the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards
on the quality of life by providing and advocating
consensus codes and standards, research,
training and education.

4

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Establishing a Consensus Body
In the NFPA standards development process, NFPA Technical Committees and
Panels serve as the principal consensus bodies responsible for developing and
updating all NFPA codes and standards. Committees and Panels are appointed by
the Standards Council and typically consist of no more than thirty voting members
representing a balance of interests. NFPA membership is not required in order to
participate on an NFPA Technical Committee, and appointment is based on such
factors as technical expertise, professional standing, commitment to public safety,
and the ability to bring to the table the point of view of a category of interested
people or groups. Each Technical Committee is constituted so as to contain a balance of affected interests, with no more than one-third of the Committee from the
same interest category. The categories generally used by the Standards Council to
classify Committee members are summarized below. The Committee must reach a
consensus in order to take action on an item.

Classification of Committee
Classification of Committee MembersMembers

Insurance

Consumer

Enforcing
Authority

Labor

Installer/
Maintainer

Manufacturer

Applied Research/
Testing Laboratory

User

Special
Expert

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

5

The Standards Development Process
The NFPA process encourages public participation in the development of its
codes and standards. All NFPA codes and standards (also referred to here as NFPA
“Standards”) are revised and updated every three to five years in revision cycles
that begin twice each year and that normally take approximately two years to
complete. Each revision cycle proceeds according to a published schedule that
includes final dates for all major events in the process. The process contains four
basic steps as follows:
1. Input Stage;
2. Comment Stage;
3. Association Technical Meeting;
4. Council Appeals and Issuance of Standard.

Standards Development Process Facts:
• Standards are updated every three to five years.
• Approximately 8,000 volunteers serve on NFPA Technical Committees.
• Technical Committees and Panels represent a variety of balanced interests.
• Approximately 250 different Technical Committees and Panels are responsible
for document development.

6

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

STEP 1 - Input Stage
Public Input. As soon as the current edition is published, the development
of the revised edition begins. A new or revised NFPA Standard enters one
of two revision cycles available each year (annual or fall cycle). The revision
cycle begins with the acceptance of Public Input, the public notice asking for
any interested party to submit input on an existing Standard or a committeeapproved new draft Standard. The Call for Public Input is published in NFPA
News, the U.S. Federal Register, the American National Standards Institute’s
Standards Action, on NFPA’s website, and other publications. The electronic
submission system is available on NFPA’s website on the document’s information page at www.nfpa.org/document# (example: www.nfpa.org/101). After the
Public Input closing date, the Committee or Panel has a period after the closing
date to hold their First Draft Meeting.
First Draft Meeting. After the Public Input closing date, the Technical
Committee or Panel holds their First Draft Meeting where the Committee revises the Standard. The Committee considers and provides a response to all Public
Input. The Committee will use the input in order to help develop First Revisions
to the Standard which results in a complete and fully integrated draft known as
the First Draft. The First Draft has initial agreement by the Committee based on
a simple majority vote during the Meeting to establish a consensus. The final
position of the Committee is established by a ballot.
Committee Ballot on First Draft. The First Revisions developed at the First
Draft Meeting are balloted; this means that the text the Committee wants
revised in the Standard is on the ballot for approval by the Committee.
Committee-approved revisions are called First Revisions, and each must be
approved by two-thirds of the Committee to appear in the First Draft. Any
First Revisions that do not pass the ballot appear in the First Draft Report as
Committee Inputs.
First Draft Report Posted. The First Draft Report is posted on the NFPA
website. The First Draft Report serves as documentation of the Input Stage
and is published for public review and comment. The First Draft Report
consists of the First Draft, Public Input, Committee Input, Committee and
Correlating Committee Statements, Correlating Input, Correlating Notes, and
Ballot Statements. The Report also contains a list of Technical Committee and
Correlating Committee Members. The public reviews the First Draft Report in
order to submit Public Comments on the First Draft, leading to the next stage
of the process.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 7

STEP 2 - Comment Stage
Public Comment. Once the First Draft Report becomes available, there is a
public comment period during which anyone may submit a Public Comment
on the First Draft. Any objections or further related changes to the content
of the First Draft must be submitted at the Comment stage. After the Public
Comment closing date, the Committee has a period of time to hold their
Second Draft Meeting.
No Public Comments Received-Consent Document. Where no Public
Comments are received and the Committee agrees that no Second Revisions
are needed, the document does not continue through the Comment Stage
and is sent directly to the Standards Council for issuance. Such documents are
referred to as Consent Standards. When Public Comments are received and/or
the Committee has additional revisions, a Second Draft Meeting is held and the
Comment Stage continues.
Second Draft Meeting. After the Public Comment closing date, the Technical
Committee or Panel holds their Second Draft Meeting. The Committee starts
with the First Draft and makes any additional revisions to the draft Standard. All
the Public Comments are considered, and the Committee provides an action
and response to each Public Comment. The Committee will use the Public
Comments in order to help develop Second Revisions to the Standard which
results in a complete and fully integrated draft known as the Second Draft. Like
the First Draft, the Second Draft has initial agreement by the Committee based
on a simple majority vote during the Meeting to establish a consensus. The final
position of the Committee is established by a ballot.
Committee Ballot on Second Draft. The Second Revisions developed at the
Second Draft Meeting are balloted; this means that the text the Committee
wants revised in the Standard is on the ballot for approval by the Committee.
Committee-approved revisions are called Second Revisions, and each must be
approved by two-thirds of the Committee to appear in the Second Draft. Any
Second Revisions that do not pass the ballot appear in the Second Draft Report
as Committee Comments.
Second Draft Report Posted. The Second Draft Report is posted on the NFPA
website. The Second Draft Report serves as documentation of the Comment
Stage and is published for public review. It consists of the Second Draft, Public
Comments with corresponding Committee Actions and Committee Statements,
Correlating Notes and their respective Committee Statements, Committee
Comments, Correlating Revisions, and Ballot Statements. The Report also contains a list of Technical Committee and Correlating Committee Members. The
public reviews the Report in order to decide if they want to submit a NITMAM
(see Step 3).
8

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

STEP 3 - Association Technical Meeting
Following the completion of the Input and Comment stages, there is further
opportunity for debate and discussion of issues through the Association
Technical Meeting (Technical Meeting) that takes place at the NFPA Conference
& Expo® each June.
Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM). Where authorized, anyone
who is not satisfied with the work of the Committee can submit a NITMAM.
A NITMAM is an amending motion that will be heard by the NFPA Membership
for consideration and debate at the Association Technical Meeting; these
motions are attempts to change the resulting final Standard from what the
Committee submitted for consideration as the Second Draft. Those Standards
with no NITMAMs move directly to Standards Council for issuance (see Step 4).
The Association Technical Meeting provides an opportunity for the NFPA membership to amend the Technical Committee Reports (i.e., the Committee’s or
Panel’s work) on each proposed new or revised Standard.
Before making an authorized motion at an Association Technical Meeting, the
intended maker of the motion must file, in advance of the session, and within
the published deadline, a NITMAM. A Motions Committee appointed by the
Standards Council then reviews all notices and certifies all proper amending
motions. The Motions Committee can also, in consultation with the makers of
the motions, clarify the intent of the motions and, in certain circumstances,
combine motions that are dependent on each other so that they can be made
in one single motion. A Motions Committee report is published in advance of
the Association Technical Meeting listing all certified motions. Only Certified
Amending Motions, together with certain allowable Follow-Up Motions (that is,
motions that have become necessary as a result of previous successful amending motions) are permitted at the Association Technical Meeting.
The specific rules for the types of amending motions that can be made and
who can make them are set forth in NFPA’s rules, which should always be
consulted by those wishing to bring an issue before the membership at an
Association Technical Meeting.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 9

What Amending Motions are Allowed. The motions allowed by NFPA rules
provide the opportunity to propose amendments to the text of a proposed
Standard based on published Second Revisions, Public Comments, and
Committee Comments. Allowable motions include motions to accept Public
and Committee Comments in whole or in part, to reject a Second Revision
(change accepted by the Committee) in whole or part and can include the
related portions of First Revisions. In addition, under certain specified instances,
motions can be made to return an entire NFPA Standard to the Committee. This
means the Standard will not be issued at this time and will be returned to the
Committee to continue its work.
Who Can Make Amending Motions. Those authorized to make motions
are also regulated by NFPA rules. In the case of a motion to Accept a Public
Comment or an Identifiable Part of a Public Comment, the maker of the motion
is limited by NFPA rules to the original submitter of the Comment or his or
her duly authorized representative. In all other cases, anyone can make these
motions. For a complete explanation, NFPA rules should be consulted.
Action on Motions at the Association Technical Meeting. In order to actually make a Certified Amending Motion at the Association Technical Meeting,
the maker of the motion or his or her designated representative must sign in
at least one hour before the Technical Meeting begins. In this way a final list of
motions can be set in advance of the Technical Meeting. The presiding officer
in charge of the Technical Meeting opens the floor to motions on the Standard
from the final list of Certified Amending Motions as sequenced by the Motions
Committee followed by any permissible Follow-Up Motions. Debate and voting
on each motion proceeds in accordance with NFPA rules. NFPA membership
is not required in order to make or speak to a motion, but voting is limited to
NFPA members who have joined at least 180 days prior to the session and have
registered for the Technical Meeting. At the close of debate on each motion,
voting takes place, and the motion requires a majority vote to carry. In order to
amend a Technical Committee Report, successful amending motions must be
confirmed by the responsible Technical Committee or Panel, which conducts a
written ballot on all successful amending motions following the meeting and
prior to the Standard being forwarded to the Standards Council for issuance.

10

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

STEP 4 - Council Appeals and Issuance of Standard
One of the primary responsibilities of the NFPA Standards Council, as the overseer of the NFPA standards development process, is to act as the official issuer
of all NFPA codes and standards.
Consent Standards. Some Standards receive no controversial proposed changes, and therefore, no NITMAMs are filed. In some cases, NITMAMs are submitted
on Standards up for revision, but none of the NITMAMs are certified as proper
by the Motions Committee. In both these cases where no NITMAMs are submitted or no NITMAMs are certified as proper for a specific Standard, the Standard
is not placed on the agenda for the Association Technical Meeting, but is
instead sent directly to the Standards Council for issuance. Such Standards
are referred to as Consent Standards.
Issuance of Standards. When the Standards Council convenes to issue an
NFPA Standard it also hears any appeals related to the Standard. Appeals are
an important part of assuring that all NFPA rules have been followed and that
due process and fairness have been upheld throughout the standards development process. The Council considers appeals both in writing and through the
conduct of hearings at which all interested parties can participate. It decides
appeals based on the entire record of the process as well as all submissions
on the appeal. After deciding all appeals related to a Standard before it, the
Council, if appropriate, proceeds to issue the Standard as an official NFPA
Standard. Subject only to limited review by the NFPA Board of Directors, the
decision of the Standards Council is final, and the new NFPA Standard becomes
effective twenty days after Standards Council issuance.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

11

Sequence of Events for the Standards Development Process
As soon as the current edition is published, a Standard is open for Public Input.

Step 1 – Input Stage
• Input accepted from the public or other committees for consideration
to develop the First Draft
• Committee holds First Draft Meeting to revise Standard (23 weeks)
Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (10 weeks)
• Committee ballots on First Draft (12 weeks)
Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (11 weeks)
• Correlating Committee First Draft Meeting (9 weeks)
• Correlating Committee ballots on First Draft (5 weeks)
• First Draft Report posted

Step 2 – Comment Stage
• Public Comments accepted on First Draft (10 weeks)
• If Standard does not receive Public Comments and the Committee does not wish to further
revise the Standard, the Standard becomes a Consent Standard and is sent directly to the
Standards Council for issuance (see Step 4)
• Committee holds Second Draft Meeting (21 weeks)
Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (7 weeks)
• Committee ballots on Second Draft (11 weeks)
Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (10 weeks)
• Correlating Committee First Draft Meeting (9 weeks)
• Correlating Committee ballots on First Draft (8 weeks)
• Second Draft Report posted

Step 3 – Association Technical Meeting
• Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) accepted (5 weeks)
• NITMAMs are reviewed and valid motions are certified for presentation at the Association
Technical Meeting
• Consent Standard bypasses Association Technical Meeting and proceeds directly to the
Standards Council for issuance
• NFPA membership meets each June at the Association Technical Meeting and acts on
Standards with “Certified Amending Motions” (certified NITMAMs)
• Committee(s) and Panel(s) vote on any successful amendments to the Technical Committee
Reports made by the NFPA membership at the Association Technical Meeting

Step 4 – Council Appeals and Issuance of Standard
• Notification of intent to file an appeal to the Standards Council on Association action must
be filed within 20 days of the Association Technical Meeting
• Standards Council decides, based on all evidence, whether or not to issue the Standard or to
take other action
12

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

The Standards Development Process
The Standards Development Process
STEP 1
Input Stage

First Draft
Report Posted

2
STEP 2
Comment
Stage

T im

ep
erio
d to

1

Public Input
Closing Date

First Draft
Meeting

Ballot
First Draft

Time period to submit public input

subm
it com
ments

Second
Draft
Meeting

Ballot
Second
Draft

Last Edition
Published

Second
Draft Report
Posted
Time p
eriod
to su
bm
it a

Comment
Closing
Date

NIT
MA
M

No Public Comments Received
No Second Revisions by Committee
No NITMAM
Received or
NITMAM not
Certified

NITMAM
Closing
Date

Consent
Standard

4
STEP 4
Council
Appeals and
Issuance of
Standard

NITMAM Received
and Certified

3
STEP 3
Association
Technical Meeting

Notes on Sequence of Events for the Standards Development Process:
• Time periods are approximate; refer to published schedules for actual dates.
• It takes approximately 101 weeks for Annual revision cycle documents
receiving certified amending motions.
• It takes approximately 141 weeks for Fall revision cycle documents
receiving certified amending motions.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 13

Resources
NFPA Offers Resources to Support its Standards Development
Process and Improve Public Safety
NFPA documents are constantly evolving based on extensive public input and the
dedicated involvement of highly qualified committee and panel volunteers. NFPA
Technical Committees and others work to keep their documents current with the latest knowledge and technologies. In addition to the time and resources contributed
by the thousands of dedicated volunteers, the Association helps facilitate the work of
the Technical Committees and otherwise promotes NFPA’s public safety mission with
these important resources:
1. Statistical Data: The Fire Analysis and Research Division’s One-Stop-Data-Shop
(OSDS) produces a large range of annual reports and special studies on the aspects
of the nation’s fire problems. The data from the OSDS may be requested by Technical
Committee Chairs or Staff Liaisons regarding a specific fire hazard or safety issue.
National estimates of specific fire problems are generally compiled from the NFPA
survey with details from the United States Fire Administration’s National Fire Incident
Reporting System (NFIRS). Various other data resources are also used as appropriate.
2. Event Analysis: In order to provide new information and learn lessons that
can assist NFPA Technical Committees and others, the NFPA Fire Investigations
Department conducts on-site investigations of disasters or near-disasters occurring
all around the world. The department’s reports analyze significant events (e.g., fires or
explosions) focusing on how NFPA codes and standards were utilized and how NFPA
codes and standards might have provided additional protection in cases where the
documents were not followed.
3. Research: The Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) is an important resource
for the NFPA codes and standards making process. The FPRF conducts independent
research on specific topics of relevance to NFPA’s technical committee and codemaking panel projects. Research reports are published and are utilized by Technical
Committees as a resource for pertinent up-to-date information. From time to time,
Committees will directly seek specific research to be done regarding the subject covered by their document. The FPRF will determine whether or not the specific study
has been done before, and if it has not, they can facilitate obtaining the needed information from research, testing, consulting, or other sources. Some of these projects
are completed using the FPRF/NFPA Code Fund, which is supported each year by a
financial contribution from NFPA. Any representative from the Technical Committees
can submit ideas to the Code Fund. The submitted project ideas are reviewed on an
annual basis.

14

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

4. Empowerment Through Education: The NFPA Public Education Division is the source
of fire and other hazard information to reduce residential fire deaths, injury, and property loss. The division focuses on three objectives:
• Position the NFPA Public Education Division as the primary source for fire
and life safety information.
• Continuously improve strategies to train the fire service how best to reach
high-risk populations.
• Increase awareness of and involvement in Fire Prevention Week.
Activities within the division include reaching out to local fire departments and schools
through fire safety campaign kits and an annual Scholastic project, networking with
state/provincial fire safety educators, providing fire safety information on nfpa.org
and fun activities on sparky.org, advancing various training opportunities at the NFPA
Conference & Expo, producing the monthly Safety Source e-newsletter, and maintaining
technically correct fire safety messaging through the Educational Messages Advisory
Committee. High-risk outreach activities engaging the very old, very young, urban and
rural poor, and people with disabilities are an integral part of NFPA’s public education
efforts. These activities include outreach to urban communities, older adults, people
with disabilities and Latino populations. NFPA’s public education programs include
the Learn Not to Burn® Preschool Program and Remembering When™: A Fire and Falls
Prevention Program.
NFPA is the official sponsor of Fire Prevention Week each year to increase public awareness of the importance of fire safety education. Fire Prevention week is held throughout
the U.S. and Canada during the week of October 9, to commemorate the anniversary
of the Great Chicago Fire. For more than 85 years, NFPA has established the theme and
developed the proclamation signed by the President of the United States each year.
NFPA also devotes resources to a campaign of theme-related products and materials to
help communities promote local programs related to Fire Prevention Week.
5. Literature Archives: The Charles S. Morgan Technical Library is one of the main
resources used by Technical Committees to obtain both current and archival information pertinent to NFPA codes or standards. Library staff can assist committee members
in tracing changes to codes, providing previous substantiation and supporting documents, and researching the origins of an article or paragraph. The library contains a
large fire science collection, with more than 28,000 books, technical reports, videos,
journals, and non-NFPA codes. Unique to the collection are Proceedings from NFPA
and NBFU annual meetings, papers presented at NFPA annual meetings, original NFPA
and NBFU standards going back to 1896, older technical committee reports and comments, and copies of NFPA publications.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 15

6. Annual Conference: NFPA’s Conference & Expo takes place each June and is one of
the premier events of its kind. The Conference & Expo entails both the NFPA Annual
Meeting and the Association Technical Meeting where NFPA proposed codes and standards are brought to the NFPA membership for debate and voting. It also features guest
speakers and hundreds of educational programs as well as the country’s largest exposition on fire and life safety products and services.
7. Worldwide Communications: NFPA Public Affairs Department oversees the corporate communications activities of the Association and coordinates public awareness
and media inquiries, especially following highly publicized fire incidents and other
disasters when the news media and others look to NFPA for information.
8. Technology Features: One of today’s most important communication tools is the
NFPA website, which provides direct support for the standards development process
including the electronic submission system of public input and comments. To view
document and committee specific information for a relevant NFPA code or standard,
go to the document information pages on our website at: www.nfpa.org/document#
(example: www.nfpa.org/101).
9. Community Partnerships: To better serve the safety community, other constituents,
and its members, NFPA has established Regional Offices throughout North America
and an International Operations Division which has offices in Asia, Europe, and Latin
America. The primary objective of these offices is to assist constituents with the adoption and formal recognition for the use of NFPA codes and standards. NFPA endeavors
to reach every audience with necessary safety information and publishes a wide range
of handbooks, reference books, textbooks, videos, field guides, and training manuals.
10. Technical Questions: NFPA’s 35+ person Technical and Engineering Staff serve as
the staff liaisons to the NFPA Technical Committees that develop the codes and standards. These staff members are available to NFPA members and public sector officials
to answer questions about the codes and standards. Each year, the staff handles tens
of thousands of inquiries. For more information about submitting your questions, go
to the “Technical Questions” tab on the document information pages.
11. Higher Learning: The Professional Development Department conducts specialized
training seminars and workshops on NFPA codes and standards and other safety-related
subjects. These popular sessions are offered to the general public but are often held
for a particular audience. Training seminars and workshops occur regularly around the
world and provide the latest information on the application of NFPA codes and standards as well as other state-of-the-art safety related technologies.
12. Certification: NFPA’s Certification Department presently offers four recognized
certification programs designed to document the minimum competency of and professional recognition to those individuals within the specified field of practice. Based
on NFPA codes, standards, and technical publications, the programs are: Certified Fire
Protection Specialist, Certified Fire Inspector I and II, and Certified Fire Plan Examiner.
Information for each of the programs is available at www.nfpa.org/certification.

16

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NFPA STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

How NFPA Codes and
Standards are Used
The Life Safety Code® and
National Electrical Code® are
in use in all 50 states in the U.S.
and in numerous other countries.

NFPA codes and standards are widely
adopted and used as a basis for safety
regulation by government agencies as
well as for private use and guidance
by insurance companies, industry, and
professionals and others in the areas of
fire, electrical, building, and life safety.
For example, NFPA aviation documents
are referenced by airports throughout
the world. As a further example, in the
United States scores of NFPA codes and
standards have been referenced by the
federal government’s Occupational Safety
and Health Administration, the Veterans
Administration, the Department of Health
and Human Services, the Department of
Defense, and other federal agencies.
NFPA develops “full consensus” codes and
standards — codes and standards built
on a foundation of maximum participation and substantial agreement by a
broad range of interests. This philosophy
has led to the production of reasonable,
usable codes and standards that promote
public safety, yet do not stifle design or
development. NFPA prides itself in supporting a flexible system that depends
largely on volunteers and therefore
produces timely, high quality, consensus
based safety codes and standards at no
cost to taxpayers. Safety is everybody’s
business. Everyone deserves to be heard
when it comes to safety. That’s why, after
more than 100 years, the NFPA codes and
standards process has evolved into one
of the fairest and most effective technical
document development systems the world
has ever seen.

17

Further Information
For further information on the NFPA standards development process, please
visit the NFPA homepage at www.nfpa.org or consult the current edition of the
NFPA Standards Directory. The homepage and the Standards Directory contain
the Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards, updated schedules
for processing documents for the Annual and Fall revision cycles, the Guide for
the Conduct of Participants in the NFPA Standards Development Process, and
other important standards development related information.
To obtain general information regarding the standards
development process, contact:
NFPA Codes & Standards Administration Department
One Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02169-7471 USA
Phone: [phone] (until 5:00 PM EST)
Fax: [phone]
email: [e-mail]
Other general information on the NFPA can be obtained by contacting:
NFPA Headquarters:
One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 USA
Phone: [phone] (until 5:00 PM EST) Fax: [phone]
http://www.nfpa.org
NFPA Customer Contact Center for
Service/Sales/Membership/Technical Questions:
[e-mail]
U.S. & Canada
Phone: [phone] (8:30-5:00 PM EST)
Fax: [phone]
Outside U.S. & Canada
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
NFPA International Department Departamento Internacional:
In Spanish / en español
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
[e-mail]
An international nonprofit membership organization established in 1896 and dedicated to reducing
the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating
consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.
Publishers of the National Fire Codes®, including the National Electrical Code® and the Life Safety Code®.
C&SBOOK 05/2012 © 2012 NFPA

EXHIBIT 126

Standards Committee
Procedures for
ASHRAE Standards Actions
PASA
Originated: June 30, 1994
Latest Revision Approved by ASHRAE BOD: January 28, 2015
Latest Approval by ANSI: April 29, 2015

FOREWORD
The original edition of the Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions (PASA), dated June 30, 1994 superseded
all previous documentation for communicating ASHRAE’s procedures as a basis for continuation (reaccreditation) under the ANSI Organization Accreditation Method. PASA changes must be approved by the
ASHRAE Board of Directors and ANSI.
ASHRAE publishes the following types of voluntary consensus standards:
ASHRAE Standard Method of Measurement or Test
ASHRAE Standard Design
ASHRAE Standard Practice
ASHRAE Standard Rating
Most ASHRAE Standards are of the Method of Measurement or Test type. ASHRAE Standard Design and
Standard Practice documents receive the most use by consulting engineers and architects, requests for
committee participation, public review comments, and adoption by code bodies. HVAC equipment
manufacturers use all three types of ASHRAE Standards. The project committee voting memberships represent
a balance of interest (at least User, Producer, and General) so that no one category has a majority. ASHRAE
Standards are used by persons in all three-interest categories.
ASHRAE’s Standard Project Committees may include persons who are not members of ASHRAE (e.g.,
physiologists, medical doctors, chemists, etc.).
The Summary of changes table has been moved to the end of the document.

PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2

SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4

3

DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, AND CLASSIFICATIONS .......................................... 4

4

APPROVAL OF PROPOSED STANDARDS ............................................................................................................. 4

4.1 RESPONSIBILITY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 STANDARDS COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP .......................................................................................................... 5
4.3.3 PC ACTIVITY INITIATION ...........................................................................................................................................6
4.3.5 PROJECT COMMITTEE OFFICERS ................................................................................................................................7
4.3.6 PC MEMBERS ............................................................................................................................................................7
4.4 PROJECT COMMITTEE SIZE ...........................................................................................................................................8
5

RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER STANDARDS-DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONS .................................... 8

6

COMPLIANCE WITH AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCREDITATION............................................................................................................ 8

7

CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL, WITHDRAWAL, AND DISCONTINUANCE OF ASHRAE
STANDARDS ................................................................................................................................................................ 9

7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.2 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.4 DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 11
7.5 CONSENSUS ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.6 CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... 13
7.7 CRITERIA FOR WITHDRAWAL OF STANDARD ............................................................................................... 14
7.8

STANDARD PROJECT DISCONTINUANCE........................................................................................................ 14

7.9

FINAL NOTICE .......................................................................................................................................................... 15

7.10 EMERGENCY INTERIM STANDARDS ACTION............................................................................................... 15
7.11 INTERPRETATION REQUESTS OF STANDARDS ............................................................................................. 15
7.12 INTERPRETATION REQUESTS OF ASHRAE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES ............... 15
8

PROCEDURES FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF THE ASHRAE AND INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS REVIEW AND APPROVAL PROCESS ......................................................................................... 15

9

PATENTS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16

10

COMMERCIAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................... 16

11

ANTITRUST POLICY................................................................................................................................................ 16

12

PINS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 16

A1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
A2 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... 23
ANNEX B: APPEALS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ STANDARDS ACTIONS OR INACTIONS........................ 25
B1 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25

PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

2

B2 APPEALABLE MATTERS ........................................................................................................................................ 25
B3 WHO MAY APPEAL.................................................................................................................................................. 25
B4 SCOPE OF APPEAL AND BURDEN OF PROOF .................................................................................................. 25
B5 CONTENT OF APPEALS .......................................................................................................................................... 25
B5.1 FILING FEE ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
B5.2 COPIES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26
B6 NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................. 26
B7 APPEALS BOARD ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
B8 CONSIDERATION OF APPEALS............................................................................................................................ 27
B9 HEARING OF APPEALS........................................................................................................................................... 28
B10 APPEALS PANEL DECISION .................................................................................................................................. 28
ANNEX C: COMPLAINTS OF ACTIONS OR INACTIONS BY THE STDC, ITS SUBCOMMITTEES OR
PCS 30
ANNEX D: UNITS POLICY .............................................................................................................................................. 31
ANNEX E: PROCEDURES – EMERGENCY INTERIM STANDARDS ACTION ..................................................... 32
E1 JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................................................32
PROPOSALS THAT MEET THE CRITERIA OF SECTION 6.9 SHALL BE FORWARDED TO THE
BODY DESIGNATED IN E5. .................................................................................................................................... 32
E2 PC OR PPIS RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................................................32
E3 MOS RECOMMENDATION ...........................................................................................................................................32
IF THE PC OR PPIS FAILS TO SUBMIT A RECOMMENDATION WITHIN 14 DAYS, THE MOS
SHALL SUBMIT HIS/HER RECOMMENDATION. ............................................................................................. 32
E4 REVIEW AND COMMENT ..............................................................................................................................................32
E5 PRESIDENT WILL ACT .................................................................................................................................................32
E6 NOTIFICATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................................32

PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

3

PROCEDURES FOR ASHRAE STANDARDS ACTIONS

1

INTRODUCTION

Founded in 1894, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
(ASHRAE) is a technical society of more than 50,000 members, organized and operated for the exclusive
purpose of advancing the arts and sciences of heating, refrigeration, air conditioning and ventilation, the allied
arts and sciences, and related human factors for the benefit of the general public. ASHRAE sponsors a research
program, develops standards, publishes technical data, and organizes meetings and educational activities for
both its members and others professionally concerned with refrigeration processes and the design and
maintenance of indoor environments. The Society also strives to promote increased public awareness of the
requirements for healthful and comfortable indoor environments.
2

SCOPE

These Procedures direct ASHRAE’s standards activities in the field of heating, refrigeration, air conditioning
and ventilation, and the allied arts and sciences. These Procedures apply to activities related to the development
of consensus for approval, revision, reaffirmation, withdrawal, and maintenance of ASHRAE Standards, and to
relations with standards-related committees of other organizations.
ASHRAE leaves to trade associations the writing of rating standards unless a suitable rating standard will not
otherwise be available.
3

DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, AND CLASSIFICATIONS

Annex A provides definitions, abbreviations and acronyms, and classifications of ASHRAE Standards.
4

APPROVAL OF PROPOSED STANDARDS

4.1
RESPONSIBILITY
The Standards Committee is responsible for formation of project committees and the development, preparation,
interpretation, revision, reaffirmation, withdrawal – and submittal to the Board of Directors or its designee for
approval – of ASHRAE Standards Actions. The Board of Directors or its designee will counsel and offer
guidance to the Standards Committee on policy level standards.
Each member of the Standards Committee is appointed to one or more subcommittees by the chair. These
subcommittees are responsible for:


tracking the status of project committees,



recommending ASHRAE appointments to standards-writing committees of other organizations,
monitoring their activities, and maintaining ASHRAE participation in the canvass balloting activities of
other standards-writing organizations, and



ensuring the timely maintenance of existing standards in accordance with ASHRAE procedures;
forming interpretations committees for standards when project committees do not exist; considering
requests for development of joint sponsorship agreements; and acting in coordination with cognizant

PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

4

ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups or Technical Resource Groups (TC/TG/TRG) to
recommend reaffirmation or withdrawal of standards.
Project Committees are appointed to develop and revise standards in accordance with approved written
procedures. The project committees are responsible for the technical content of standards and addenda. The
Standards Committee supervises the work of project committees to ensure that approved procedures have been
followed.
4.2

STANDARDS COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP

4.2.1 Standards Committee
The Standards Committee is a standing general committee and its members are elected by the Board of
Directors. The members are selected from various interest groups to prevent dominance of any single interest
and may include persons from groups such as manufacturers, consultants, educators, trade associations,
government, testing/research laboratories, utilities, code bodies, contractors, consumer/users, and
environmentalists. Members of the Standards Committee must be of Fellow, Member, or Associate Member
grade. Members of Standards Committee may be Life Members or Presidential Members.
4.2.2 Standards Committee Subcommittees
The Standards Committee has the following subcommittees: a) the International Standards Advisory
Subcommittee (ISAS), b) the Intersociety Liaison Subcommittee (ILS) c) the Planning, Policy and
Interpretations Subcommittees (PPIS), d) the Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS), e) the Code
Interaction Subcommittee (CIS) , and f) the Standards Reaffirmation Subcommittee.(SRS)
4.2.2.1 International Standards Advisory Subcommittee (ISAS)
ISAS is responsible for monitoring, reporting and submitting recommendations to the Intersociety Liaison
Subcommittee concerning ASHRAE’s regional and international standards activities. ISAS is comprised of
StdC and non-StdC members with knowledge of International Standards Development.
4.2.2.2 Intersociety Liaison Subcommittee (ILS)
ILS oversees the Society’s participation in the standards work of other standards development organizations, the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and ANSI’s Technical Advisory Groups on ISO and IEC
standards. ILS is comprised of StdC members only.
4.2.2.3 Planning, Policy and Interpretations Subcommittee (PPIS)
PPIS oversees the maintenance and revision of all standards writing and processing procedures and policies,
recommending approvals of new Titles Purposes and Scopes and handling interpretations of existing standards
when no project committee exists and evaluates requests for joint sponsorships of SCDs. PPIS is comprised of
StdC members only.
4.2.2.4 Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS)
SPLS oversees the development of standards committee documents (SCDs), training of PC Chairs, oversees
work plans, and waivers of the ASHRAE Units policy. SPLS is comprised of StdC members only.
4.2.2.5 Code Interaction Subcommittee (CIS)
CIS oversees the participation by ASHRAE in the development of model codes and standards by other SDOs
that have relevance to ASHRAE technical interests. CIS is comprised of StdC and non-StdC members with
knowledge of model code development and the deployment of building regulations.
4.2.2.6 Standards Reaffirmation Subcommittee (SRS)

PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

5

SRS serves as the project committee (consensus body) for reaffirmation, withdrawal or revision (when updating
references will not make a substantive change to the standard or guideline) of existing ASHRAE standards.
SRS is a project committee of at least five (5) members, including at least three members of the StdC and
applicants responding to a call for members posted in ASHRAE Standards Actions. SRS acts, in limited
circumstances, as a project committee for existing standards and is subject to the rules of project committees for
reaffirmations, withdrawals, and revisions only to update references, that are not themselves reaffirmations and
do not cause a substantive change to the standard. SRS must comply with all ANSI requirements for openness,
balance and due process. SRS may act in lieu of a PC, with the advice of the cognizant TC/TG/TRG, to
recommend, reaffirm, withdraw or revise an existing standard based on updated references (that do not cause a
substantive change to the standards) or add a second system of units to an existing standard, thereby making the
existing standard useable in either SI or IP units. (See Standards Action Annex A.)
4.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROJECT COMMITTEES
4.3.1 Project Committees
Project committees are authorized by the Standards Committee as either Standard Project Committees (SPCs),
which are ad hoc committees, or Standing Standard Project Committees (SSPCs). Project committees are the
consensus-forming bodies of the Society and no single interest may have a majority vote unless waived in
writing (including electronic communication) by the other interests (see balance, Annex A). Efforts to recruit
materially affected and interested parties from diverse interest categories to become members of a non-balanced
SPC shall be on-going and documented.
A member of the SPLS is appointed as StdC Liaison to the new project committee. A call-for-members
announcement is conducted. Drawing from the resulting applications and recruiting efforts, candidate
committee members are recommended in consideration of their personal expertise and their effect on committee
balance. Recommended members and non-policy level PC Chairs are approved by a majority vote of a
designated subcommittee of Standards Committee, normally SPLS. Standards Committee must concur by
majority vote for all policy level PC Chairs.
4.3.2 Project Committee Voting Status
Project Committees may have project committee voting members (PCVM), non-voting members (NVM),
project subcommittee voting members (PSVM), or consultants.
4.3.3 PC Activity Initiation
At the first official business meeting of a new PC, the PC shall vote on whether to concur with, or propose
changes to, the original TPS. The PC may conduct business (for example, pass motions) only after the
membership roster with at least 5 voting members has been approved by SPLS or the StdC. However, the PC
Chair may hold organizational meetings for individuals interested in becoming members of the PC, and the
group may begin developing the standard or guideline.
4.3.4 Use of Subcommittees
The PC Chair may organize the committee structure using formal subcommittees. If subcommittees are used,
the Chair’s recommendation for subcommittee Chair must be approved by SPLS. Responsibilities of various PC
subcommittees typically are to develop drafts of one or more assigned clauses of a standard, annexes, or
addenda; prepare a system of units; prepare text in appropriate language; establish educational activities;
develop draft responses to requests for interpretation; or develop proposed responses to comments resulting
from public review. Subcommittee actions shall be submitted as recommendations for action by the parent PC.

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4.3.5 Project Committee Officers
PC officers consist of a Chair, Secretary, and in some cases also Vice Chair(s) and Subcommittee Chair(s). The
Chair and any Vice Chairs or Subcommittee Chairs must be ASHRAE members. Only individual members as
defined in Section 4.3.6 are eligible to serve as Chair, Vice Chair or a Subcommittee Chair. The Chair shall
appoint a Secretary and recommend a Vice Chair, if the size or activity of the PC warrants one.
4.3.6 PC Members
A PC shall have individual members and designated PCs may have organizational members. Individual
members are appointed as “personal members,” not as representatives of any organization, corporation,
partnership, or employer. An organizational member designates a representative, and at the organization’s
discretion, an alternate, to serve in the absence of the representative, to participate in PC activities in the same
manner as an individual member, except that the representative and alternate may not serve as a Chair or Vice
Chair of a committee in accordance with 4.3.10. There shall not be more than one PCVM from any one
company, association, agency, or entity.
4.3.7 Participation in Committee Activities
Each PC member is expected to attend meetings and participate in other committee activities, such as
conference calls, letter ballots, e-mail correspondence, etc. Failure to regularly do so, without an acceptable
reason, shall be sufficient cause for the PC Chair to recommend to SPLS removal of a person from the PC
membership roster.
4.3.8 Removal for Cause
The PC Chair may recommend removal of a PC member from the roster for due cause, by submitting a
recommendation and justification in writing to the SPLS Liaison and Manager of Standards (MOS). PC Chair
recommendations for termination of the membership can be based on a failure to actively participate in the PC
proceedings or meet PC responsibilities, including but not limited to: missing two consecutive PC meetings
without prior written approval from the PC Chair; failure to attend at least 50% of scheduled PC meetings within
any twelve month period; and/or failure to return at least 60% of the letter ballots within any twelve month
period. The MOS will transmit the recommendations of the PC Chair and SPLS Liaison and related
correspondence to SPLS for action in a meeting or by letter ballot. The SPLS Chair may call an executive
session of the SPLS or the PC to discuss the matter. Failure to fully disclose any conflict of interest shall be
grounds for removal from the PC.
4.3.9 Removal for Cause Initiated by SPLS
SPLS may, without a recommendation of the PC Chair, recommend removal of one or more PC members from
the roster for any of the reasons stated in 4.3.8. SPLS may also recommend removal of a PC member from the
roster of one or more PCs due to a conflict of interest (defined in Annex A) or a violation of the ASHRAE Code
of Ethics by submitting a recommendation and justification in writing to the MOS.
4.3.10 Organizational Members
Subject to approval of SPLS, the PC Chair may nominate an organization as an organizational member (OM).
The designated organizational representative (OR) of the OM may serve as a PCVM or a PSVM of the PC. For
consideration of appointment as an OM, the organization should normally be a governmental agency, public
interest group, or organization that represents a number of entities such as a trade association. Organizations
such as educational institutions or corporations and partnerships engaged in commerce shall not be eligible for
OM status.
Organizations are informed of the availability of organizational memberships on specific PCs by one or more of
the following:
a) notice in ASHRAE Insights, ASHRAE Journal, ANSI Standards Action, etc.;

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b) posting on the ASHRAE Web Site;
c) press releases to the applicable trade press; or
d) direct communication to potential materially-affected organizations.
4.3.11 Criteria for Considering Organizational Members
The PC Chair should consider the following criteria in nominating organizations for OM status on a PC:
a) the degree to which members of the organization are materially affected by the requirements of the
standard;
b) the ability of the representative of the organization to represent the interests of the members of the
organization;
c) the capability of the organization to provide an individual with appropriate technical or scientific
qualifications to serve as their representative, and if desired, another individual with appropriate
technical or scientific qualifications to serve as an alternate organizational representative (AOR);
d) that an official representative of the organization has endorsed the member and the alternate to serve on
the project committee; and
e) the willingness of the organization to abide with the terms of organizational membership.
4.4 Project Committee Size
The PC shall consist of no less than 5 PCVMs with no upper limit, including the Chair. In addition to the
PCVMs, the PC membership may also include PSVMs if the PC is organized into subcommittees or NVMs if
not organized into subcommittees.

5

RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER STANDARDS-DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONS

5.1
General
The Standards Committee supervises ASHRAE’s participation in the standards work of other organizations
including the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and international and regional standards
organizations including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
5.2
Joint Sponsorship
A request to jointly sponsor a standard shall be evaluated by the Standards Committee, considering overlap of
expertise and responsibility. The evaluation must be reported to Technology Council. A recommendation for
joint sponsorship including a recommendation for the lead organization shall be forwarded to the Technology
Council and Board of Directors for approval. A recommendation against joint sponsorship shall be forwarded
as an information item to the Board of Directors. If joint sponsorship is approved by the Board of Directors,
standards-writing and approval procedures must be negotiated with the other organization by the MOS on behalf
of the Standards Committee.
The standards-writing and approval procedures should be those of the lead organizations. If ASHRAE
procedures are not adopted, the adopted procedures must be compatible with ASHRAE procedures in regard to
openness of proceedings, public review of drafts, and delegation of technical content to the project committee.
6

COMPLIANCE WITH AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCREDITATION
Since 1976, ASHRAE has been accredited by ANSI as a developer of American National Standards and
continuation of this accreditation shall be maintained based on ASHRAE procedures and practices for standards
development meeting the criteria for accreditation given in ANSI Essential Requirements: Due process
requirements for American National Standards (referenced hereafter as ANSI Essential Requirements).

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7

CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL, WITHDRAWAL, AND DISCONTINUANCE OF ASHRAE
STANDARDS

7.1
INTRODUCTION
Approval of an ASHRAE Standard requires verification that the requirements for due process and consensus
have been met. Approval thus ensures that each ASHRAE Standard is generally acceptable to the directly and
materially affected interests.
7.2
GENERAL
Standards shall be designated, developed, published, and maintained in accordance with these Procedures.
7.2.1 Public Review
7.2.1.1 Advisory Public Review (APR)
A PC may vote by majority of the voting membership to recommend to the SPLS Liaison and SPLS Chair that a
draft SCD, or portion thereof, be subjected to an APR if the PC believes that the draft contains new, unusual or
potentially controversial elements that the PC believes would benefit from increased public scrutiny prior to
finalizing the draft for publication public review (no continuation letter ballot, no roll call vote record, no
marked up roster, or submittal form is needed). Any comments received as a result of an APR are deemed to be
"supportive" and do not need to be "resolved". Apart from acknowledging receipt of each comment,
communication with the commenters is optional but may be undertaken to clarify a comment's intent or to invite
further participation in the standard development process. The underlying concept of the APR is to gain
increased public participation early in the development process and thus to deal with, and potentially resolve,
controversy before publication approval is sought. APRs are not submitted through the ANSI process.
7.2.1.2 Normal Track Public Review (NTPR)
A standards action approved by the PC for publication public review that meet any of the following criteria
shall be processed as a normal track:
a) there are negative votes with reason within the PC;
b) a credible threat of legal action (in writing) against ASHRAE has been made related to the proposed
draft;
c) the proposed draft is related to a Policy Level Standard ; and
d) the SPLS Liaison has notified the MOS within ten calendar days, from the receipt of the package, with
specific justification, that the PC has violated due process.
SPLS must approve the SCD before it can be issued for public review.
7.2.1.3 Fast Track Public Review (FTPR)
A standards action approved by the PC for publication public review that meet all of the following criteria shall
be processed as a fast track:
a) there are no negative votes within the PC;
b) no credible threat of legal action (in writing) against ASHRAE has been made related to the proposed
draft;
c) the proposed draft is not related to a Policy Level Standard (Policy Level PC Chair may request an
exception. The SPLS Chair must grant or deny the exception within ten working days of submittal); and
d) the SPLS Liaison has not notified the MOS within ten calendar days, from the receipt of the package,
with specific justification, that the PC has violated due process.
No additional approvals for issuing the SCD for public review are required.

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7.2.2 Publication Approval
Approval of Standards Action by the ASHRAE Board of Directors that have unresolved objectors (commenters
or negative PC votes with reason) or a threat of legal action shall be preceded by formally voted
recommendations by the project committee and Standards Committee.
Approval of Standards Actions by Technology Council that are policy level SCDs that have no unresolved
objectors and no threat of legal action shall be preceded by formally voted recommendations by the project
committee and Standards Committee. These Standards Actions shall be reported as an information item to the
ASHRAE Board of Directors.
Approval of Standards Actions that are not policy level, that have no unresolved objectors and no threat of legal
action shall be preceded by formally voted recommendations by the project committee and processed for
publication by ASHRAE Staff. These Standards Actions shall be reported as an information item to the
Standards Committee and the ASHRAE Board of Directors.
The SCD shall be deemed to have been approved by the BOD upon approval of its designee.
7.2.3 Quorum Requirements
To conduct standards-related business at a meeting of a project committee, StdC or its subcommittees,
Technology Council or the Board of Directors, a quorum must be present. A quorum exists if a majority of the
voting membership is present.

7.2.4

Voting Requirements for Standards Actions

Standards actions recommendations must be approved by the project committee (consensus body) with (1)
affirmative recorded votes by the majority of the membership of the project committee and (2) affirmative votes
from at least two-thirds of those voting, excluding abstentions of the project committee. When recorded votes
are taken at meetings, project committee members who are absent shall be given the opportunity to vote before
or after the meeting. Persons who cast negative votes on a standards action shall be requested to comment on
reasons for their negative votes. If the vote passes with one or more negative votes with reasons for those
negative votes, the results shall be held in abeyance until the comments and attempts at resolution of comments
(including those unresolved comments received in response to the formal ASHRAE public review (See
Section7.4.6) are transmitted to all eligible voters and they are given an opportunity to change their vote,
reaffirm their vote, or to vote. A written response to negative voters with reason voting at a meeting or via letter
ballot shall be issued advising each of the disposition of the objection and the reasons why.
Standards Committee, Technology Council and the Board of Directors recommendations for standards actions
must be approved by a majority of those voting at a meeting of the Standards Committee, and Board of
Directors, or by letter ballot.
7.2.5 Voting Rules for Letter Ballots By Project Committees
The Chair of the PC (or its subcommittees) may authorize a letter ballot to be issued on any matter. Actions of
the PC and subcommittees conducted by letter ballot require approval by a majority of the voting membership of
the committee. Standards actions, and issuance or revision of an official interpretation require affirmative votes
of the majority of the membership and of at least two-thirds of those voting, excluding abstentions. When a
letter ballot is conducted via e-mail it is intended that members will not use “Reply to All,” but reply only to the
sender of the e-mail. A written response to objectors on a letter ballot vote shall be issued, advising each of the
disposition of the objection and the reasons why.
7.2.6 Negative Votes on Letter Ballots of PCs and Project Subcommittees

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Persons who cast negative votes on a letter ballot shall be asked if they wish to comment on reasons for their
negative votes. If the vote passes with one or more negative votes, the results shall be held in abeyance until the
comments are transmitted to all eligible voters and they are given an opportunity to reaffirm their vote, change
their vote or to vote (by letter ballot or at the next meeting). If a reason is not provided for a negative vote, the
eligible voters are informed of the negative vote by distribution of the letter ballot results.
The Chair of the entity voting by letter ballot may offer rebuttal to the comments of the negative voters. After
the eligible voters have had ample opportunity (not in excess of two weeks if by letter ballot) to reaffirm their
votes, change their votes or to the vote , the results shall be final. If negative votes with comments are received
on the second round, all eligible voters will be informed but no further opportunities to change votes will occur.
7.3 MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS
ASHRAE Standards shall be maintained under periodic maintenance procedures except when use of continuous
maintenance procedures has been voted by the Standards Committee. (See definitions of continuous
maintenance and periodic maintenance in Annex. A.)
When a PC does not exist, a designated subcommittee of StdC shall (a) form Interpretation Committees to
respond to requests for interpretation, and (b) with the advice of the cognizant Technical Committee, Task
Group, or Technical Resource Group, shall provide recommendations to the Standards Committee concerning
the need for reaffirmation, revision based on updated references or adding a second system of units to a
standard, thereby making the standard useable in either SI or IP units, withdrawal or the need to form a new
project committee to revise a standard. (See TC, TG, and TRG, Annex. A.)
7.4

DUE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

The following represent the due process requirements for development of consensus.
7.4.1 Openness
7.4.1.1 Access
Meetings of the Standards Committee, PCs, and their subcommittees are open to all members of ASHRAE and
to members of the public who are directly and materially affected by ASHRAE’s standards activities. When
there is a discussion of a sensitive issue or of a personal nature, the chair of any of these committees or
subcommittees may declare an Executive Session, during which only members of the committee or
subcommittee and such other individuals invited by the chair shall be present.
7.4.1.2 Barriers
There shall be no undue financial barriers to participation in project committees. Participation shall not be
conditional upon membership in ASHRAE or in any standard cosponsoring organization, or unreasonably
restricted on the basis of technical qualifications or other such requirements. (See due process in Annex A.)
7.4.1.3 Notice
Timely and adequate notice of the initiation and development of a new standard or a substantively revised
standard and the establishment of a new PC shall be on the ASHRAE web site. In addition, proposals for new
American National Standards and proposals to revise, reaffirm, or withdraw approval of existing American
National Standards shall be transmitted to ANSI for listing in Standards Action. Notices should include a clear
and meaningful description of the purpose of the proposed activity.

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7.4.2 Lack of Dominance
The standards development process shall not be dominated by any single interest category, individual or
organization. Dominance means a position or exercise of dominant authority, leadership, or influence by reason of
superior leverage, strength, or representation to the exclusion of fair and equitable consideration of other viewpoints.
Unless a claim of dominance is submitted in writing (electronic communications) by a directly and materially
affected party, no test for dominance is required. (See Section 7.4.3, and balance, dominance, and interest
category in Annex A.)
7.4.3 Balance and Interest Categories
Historically the criteria for balance are that a) no single interest category constitutes more than one-third of the
membership of a consensus body dealing with safety-related standards or b) no single interest category
constitutes a majority of the membership of a consensus body dealing with other than safety-related standards.
The interest categories appropriate to the development of consensus for a standard are a function of the nature of
the standard being developed. In defining the interest categories appropriate to the standards activity,
consideration shall be given at least to the following:
Producer
User
General
Where appropriate, more detailed categories or subcategories may be considered.
7.4.4 Additional Procedures
ASHRAE shall, as deemed appropriate and needed, provide additional forms, commentary, examples,
educational materials, and related information that will support the application and use of these procedures.
7.4.4.1 Appeals to BOD
Annex B provides an appeal mechanism for procedural complaints regarding any BOD action or inaction.
7.4.4.2 Complaints of Inactions by the Standards Committee, its Subcommittees or Project Committees
In addition to formal appeal of Board standards actions or inactions, failure of the Standards Committee, its
subcommittee(s), or a Project Committee to consider a written request may be addressed by writing (including
electronic communication) to the Manager of Standards at any time. (See Annex D.)
7.4.5 Public Review Period
The public review comment period shall normally be the minimum allowed by ANSI unless more time is
justified. Limited revisions (ISCs) and addenda up to 5 pages may have a 30 day comment period.
7.4.6 Consideration of Public Review Comments Received
All comments to public review drafts shall be submitted electronically via the online comment database. An
exception to this rule may be granted by the MOS if the commenter can demonstrate that he/she does not have
ready access to the internet. The PC Chair or his/her designee shall submit responses to commenters
electronically in the medium specified by MOS.
Public Review Comments received during open public review shall be reported to all members of the PC.
Prompt consideration shall be given to all public review comments, including those received through ANSI. An
effort to resolve all negative public review comments shall be made, and each negative commenter shall be
advised in writing (including electronic communication) of the disposition of the objections and reasons there
for. (See substantive change in Annex A.) After consideration of comments or because of new information
received, the PC may make changes to the draft. Any substantive changes in the draft must be approved and

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voted on by the PC for publication public review. The PC may consider any public review comments received
after the close of the public review period, or shall consider them as a new proposal.
7.4.6.1 Late Comments Received Under Periodic Maintenance
Comments received after close of open public review under ASHRAE’s periodic maintenance procedures may
be held for consideration at the next revision at the discretion of the PC.
7.4.6.2 Comments Received Under Continuous Maintenance
An SSPC that is designated by the Standards Committee as operating under continuous maintenance procedures
shall take documented, consensus action on each request for change to any part of its standard.
7.4.7 Consideration of Standards Proposals
Prompt consideration shall be given by the Standards Committee to proposals made for developing new
standards or revising, reaffirming, or withdrawing existing standards.
7.4.8 Records
Records shall be maintained to provide evidence of compliance with the record retention policy in the ANSI
Procedures. Records concerning new, revised, or reaffirmed periodic maintenance standards shall be retained
for one complete standards cycle, or until the standard is revised. Records concerning new, revised or
reaffirmed continuous maintenance standards shall be retained for a minimum of five years or until the standard
is completely revised or reaffirmed. Records concerning withdrawn standards shall be retained for at least five
years from the date of withdrawal.
7.5 CONSENSUS
Evidence of consensus associated with the approval of an SCD by the PC shall be documented.
7.6 CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL
With respect to any proposal to approve, revise, or reaffirm an ASHRAE standard, evidence shall be considered
that:
(a) the applicable procedures were followed.
(b) the SCD is within the scope of ASHRAE’s ANSI registered standards activities,
(c) notice of the development process for the standard was provided to ANSI in accordance with PINS or
its equivalent,
(d) any identified conflict with another ASHRAE or American National Standard was addressed in
accordance with the ANSI ER,
(e) other known national standards were examined with regard to harmonization and duplication of content,
and if duplication exists, there is a compelling need for the standard,
(f) ANSI’s patent policy is met,
(g) ANSI’s policy on commercial terms and conditions is met if applicable,
(h) consensus was achieved, including evidence of the following:
i.
the applicable procedures were followed;
ii.
the SCD is within the scope of the registered standards activity;
iii.
declaration that conflicts with another ANS have been addressed per procedures;
iv.
a roster of the consensus body indicating the votes of each member, each member’s interest
category and a summary of the vote; and
v.
identification of all unresolved negative views and objections, with the names of the objector (s),
and a report of attempts toward resolution.
(i) Any appeal meeting the criteria of B1 through B6 of Annex B was completed.

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In addition, ASHRAE shall consider any evidence provided that the proposed standard is contrary to the public
interest, contains unfair provisions, is unsuitable for national use, contradicts federal law(s), or is technically
inadequate.
ASHRAE shall not approve standards that duplicate existing or proposed American National Standards unless
there is a compelling need.
7.7 CRITERIA FOR WITHDRAWAL OF STANDARD
7.7.1 Requirements
In considering a proposal for withdrawal of an existing ASHRAE Standard, the Standards Committee shall
consider evidence that:
(a) due process requirements were met,
(b) consensus was achieved concerning the withdrawal of the existing standard, or consensus is lacking for
its continued approval,
(c) the proposal for withdrawal as an ANSI/ASHRAE Standard was provided to the administrator(s) of the
appropriate USA Technical Advisory Group(s) and
(d) any appeal to ASHRAE was completed.
7.7.2 Withdrawal for Cause
In the case of a proposal to withdraw an existing ASHRAE Standard for cause, the Standards Committee shall
consider evidence that:
(a) a significant conflict exists with an American National Standard,
(b) ANSI’s patent policy was violated,
(c) opportunity for consideration of revision was given but revision was not completed, or
(d) the ASHRAE Standard:
1. is contrary to the public interest,
2. contains unfair provisions,
3. is technically inadequate, or
4. is unsuitable for national use.
7.7.3 Other Bases for Withdrawal of Approval
The ASHRAE Board of Directors or its designee also may withdraw approval of an ASHRAE SCD upon (a)
advice of counsel, based on evidence of a legal nature, or (b) consideration of facts that have subsequently come
to the attention of the Board.
7.8

STANDARD PROJECT DISCONTINUANCE

7.8.1 Project Discontinuation Due to Lack of Membership
If a PC Chair and membership are not submitted by the TC or SPLS Liaison within twelve months after the
project is approved, the MOS shall:
a) automatically discontinue if this is a new project where the formation of a PC and TPS have been
approved, or
b) where a revision committee has been authorized, automatically refer the disposition to SRS for either
reaffirmation publication public review or withdrawal public review.
Waivers for project discontinuation shall be approved by SPLS and StdC. If the project is discontinued
ASHRAE shall notify ANSI.
7.8.2 Project Discontinuation Due to Lack of Performance

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If the PC has not officially met for 12 months or is not advancing the development of the SCD in a timely
manner then the SPLS Liaison shall determine whether another Chair should be sought or, whether the matter
should be sent back to PPIS to re-evaluate the need for the project. If the project is discontinued ASHRAE shall
notify ANSI.
7.9 Final Notice
Notice of the final action on standards shall be announced on the ASHRAE web site.
7.10 Emergency Interim Standards Action
Emergency Interim Standards Action may be taken by the Society President, without completing all elements of
due process, on an ASHRAE standard that has been published or has received publication approval by the Board
of Directors. An Emergency Interim Standards Action has effect for limited duration and is for the exclusive
purpose of correcting errors, other than errata, when failure to take timely corrective action would:
a) substantively undermine the purpose or technical credibility of the standard, taken as a whole, or
b) constitute undue risk to health or safety of the public or users of the standard.
The Manager of Standards shall notify ANSI if Emergency Interim Standards Action has been taken on a
published or candidate American National Standard.
When an Emergency Interim Standards Action is taken, the Standards Committee shall initiate concurrent
development of a revision or addendum, or initiate withdrawal procedures, to permanently correct the problem
using ASHRAE’s consensus procedures. If corrective standards action is not approved by the Board of
Directors for publication within two years, the Emergency Interim Standards Action shall be immediately
terminated. (See Annex D.)
7.11 Interpretation Requests of Standards
Interpretation requests for a standard must be submitted to the MOS in writing. The Assistant Manager of
Research & Technical Services or the Chair of the current or past cognizant PC or the Chairs designee may
respond in writing to written requests for unofficial personal interpretations. Cognizant SSPCs, if they exist,
and SPCs that have not yet been disbanded will be asked to respond to requests for official interpretations in
writing. If no PC exists, StdC will form an Interpretations Committee (IC) to respond. Procedures for
interpretations of published SCDs are provided in StdC MOP Reference Manual Section 10. An issuance or
revision of an official interpretation requires affirmative votes for the majority of the memberships of each
approving and of at least two-thirds of those voting, excluding abstentions.
7. 12 Interpretation Requests of ASHRAE Standards Development Procedures
Interpretations requests for ASHRAE’s standards development procedures must be submitted to the MOS in
writing. ASHRAE Staff may respond in writing to written requests for unofficial personal interpretations.
Requests for official interpretations of procedures shall be submitted to PPIS. An issuance of an official
interpretation requires affirmative votes for the majority of the memberships of PPIS and of at least two-thirds
of those voting, excluding abstentions.
8

PROCEDURES FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF THE ASHRAE AND INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS REVIEW AND APPROVAL PROCESS
When opportunities arise, the Standards Committee will encourage PCs to synchronize the review and approval
process for ASHRAE and international standards consistent with ANSI procedures. If it is recommended that
ASHRAE should use the expedited procedures for the identical adoption of an International Standards
Organization (ISO) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard the procedures in ANSI
Procedures for the National Adoption of ISO and IEC Standards as American National Standards shall apply.

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9
PATENTS
ASHRAE agrees to comply with the Patent Policy as stated in ANSI Essential Requirements.
10
COMMERCIAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
ASHRAE agrees to comply with the Commercial Terms and Conditions policy as stated in ANSI Essential
Requirements.

11
ANTITRUST POLICY
ASHRAE agrees to comply with the Antitrust Policy as stated in ANSI Essential Requirements.
12

PINS

At the initiation of a project to develop or revise an ASHRAE American National Standard, ASHRAE shall use
the ANSI Project Initiation Notification System (PINS) form. Comments will be addressed in accordance with
clause 2.5 of the current version of the ANSI ER.

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This normative annex is part of the Procedures (PASA)
ANNEX A: DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, AND CLASSIFICATIONS
A1

DEFINITIONS

addenda: revisions to a standard in the form of a supplement.
alternate organizational representative (AOR): an individual empowered by an organizational member of a
project committee to act on their behalf in the activities of the project committee when the representative of the
organizational member is absent.

annex: an appendix or attachment. See informative annex and normative annex
balance: a condition existing when a) no single interest category constitutes more than one-third of the
membership of a consensus body dealing with safety or b) no single interest category constitutes a majority of
the membership of a consensus body. (Also see 7.3.3)

clause: the basic component in the subdivision of the text of a standard. See subclause and
paragraph.
code intended standard: A standard intended to be adopted as a code using code language.
code language document: A document that presents a set of requirements related to the design,
application, or use of HVAC&R and related technologies where all or portions of the document may
be enacted as mandatory enforceable requirements by a political jurisdiction. Portions intended to be
enforced (normative) are written in mandatory, enforceable language. Portions not intended to be
enforced are identified as informative and are to be located in informative notes, in informative
annexes (appendices) or in other advisory documents. See annex, informative annex, informative
notes and normative annex.
cognizant TC/TG/TRG: the ASHRAE Technical Committee, Task Group, or Technical Resource Group
within whose scope a particular standard’s technical content most logically falls. The cognizant TC/TG/TRG
provides technical advice to the Standards Committee when a Standard Project Committee does not exist.
conflict (between standards): refers to a situation where, viewed from the perspective of an implementer, the
terms of one standard are inconsistent with the terms of another standard such that implementation of one
standard necessarily would preclude proper implementation of the other standard in accordance with its terms.
Conflict of interest: any incompatibility between an individual’s private interests and his or her fiduciary
duties as an ASHRAE volunteer.
consensus: substantial agreement, in the judgment of a duly appointed authority, reached by directly and
materially affected interest categories. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not
necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be
made toward their resolution. It is not required that each separate interest subcategory reach consensus on the
standard. For ASHRAE standards projects and any jointly sponsored standards projects that use ASHRAE
Procedures, the project committee is the consensus forming body. “Duly appointed authority” means the Board
of Directors of ASHRAE and, in the case of jointly sponsored standards, the Boards of Directors of ASHRAE

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and the joint sponsor(s). For American National Standards, “duly appointed authority” means the ANSI Board
of Standards Review.
continuous maintenance: maintenance of a standard by an SSPC for which procedures have been established
to consider and process proposed changes as they are received.
dominance: a position or exercise of dominant authority, leadership, or influence by reason of superior
leverage, strength, or representation to the exclusion of fair and equitable consideration of other viewpoints.
draft types:
advisory public review draft: a draft submitted for public review that contains unusual, potentially
controversial or new elements that the project committee believes would benefit from increased public
scrutiny prior to finalizing the draft for publication public review.
publication public review draft: a draft approved for public review that will proceed directly to publication
if, as a consequence of the review, no substantive changes are made to the draft.
working draft: an unapproved draft produced for consideration by the project committee or a subcommittee.
due process: a course of proceedings carried out in accordance with established rules and principles. Due
process allows for equity and fair play for all participants. It means that any person with a direct and material
interest in a standard has a right to participate by (a) expressing a position and its basis, (b) having that position
considered, and (c) appealing if adversely affected.
Emergency Interim Standards Action: action taken by the Society President, without completing all elements
of due process, on an ASHRAE standard that has been published or has received publication approval by the
Board of Directors. An Emergency Interim Standards Action has effect for limited duration and is for the
exclusive purpose of correcting errors, other than errata, when failure to take timely corrective action would:
(a) substantively undermine the purpose or technical credibility of the standard taken as a whole, or
(b) constitute undue risk to health or safety of the public or users of the standard.
errata: a list of errors discovered after a document is published.
Examples: typographical errors
misprints
misspellings
grammatical errors
omission of material approved by the StdC
erroneous inclusion of material
fast track: an approval procedure for a standards committee document that meets these criteria:
a. there are no negative votes within the PC;
b. no credible threat of legal action (in writing) against ASHRAE has been made related to the
proposed draft;
c. the proposed draft is not related to a Policy Level Standard (Policy Level PC Chair may request an
exception. The SPLS Chair must grant or deny the exception within ten working days of
submittal); and
d. the SPLS Liaison has not notified the MOS within ten calendar days, from the receipt of the
package, with specific justification, that the PC has violated due process.
(See normal track)

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five-year review: a review of need for standards action, scheduled so that processing and final approval of the
resulting recommended action may reasonably be expected within five years from the date of Board approval of
publication of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines, or within five years of ANSI approval as an American
National Standard.
foreword: introductory remarks, not part of the standard.
independent substantive change (ISC): a substantive change that is independent of any other substantive
change and that does not significantly affect any other requirement in the standard. See substantive change.
informative annex: additional information of a non-mandatory nature. Changes to informative annexes are
considered non-substantive. Informative annexes can be changed or deleted without requiring public review. See
normative annex and notes.
informative language: language used in those elements of an SCD for which compliance is not required, often
characterized by the use of “should” or “may.”
Informative notes: explanatory information, appearing in a standard, that does not contain requirements or any
information considered indispensable for the use of the standard. Informative notes are to begin with the word
“(Informative Note(s))” and be placed after the section of the standard to which the note applies. If the
“informative note” is more than two sentences, the information shall be placed in an informative annex and
referred to by the informative note. Where there is more than one informative note, the notes must be numbered
sequentially.
interest: the perspective of a member of a project committee, as judged by his or her present and past sources of
income, fees, or reimbursements of related expenses, in the context of the purpose and scope of the project
committee. The perspective may also be judged by the recorded views of the individual, or of any organization
he/she is employed by or of which he/she is a member.
interest category: a category identified to represent a specific interest.
interest categories: a classification of project committee member interests. For some projects, it may be
appropriate to designate subcategories of one or more interest category. Default interest categories are:
Producer: A member who represents the interest of those that produce materials, products, systems, or services
covered in the project scope.
User: A member who represents the interest of those that purchase or use materials, products, systems, or
services other than for household use covered in the project scope.
General: A member who cannot be categorized in any other approved interest category covered in the project
scope.
Additional examples of interest categories and subcategories that have been used can be obtained from the
MOS.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO): an international non-treaty standards organization
based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its members, national standards bodies, promulgate standards covering all fields
except electrical. The American National Standards Institute is the U.S. member body.

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international organizational liaison (IOL): a non-voting representative of an international trade or
professional organization, international standards committee, or other group with an interest in the work of the
PC.
interpretation: the written explanation of the meaning of specific provisions of a standard or guideline, as
determined by the project committee or the interpretations committee in response to an inquiry.
interpretations committee (IC): a committee of technically qualified individuals whose function is to interpret
an ASHRAE standard or guideline.
mandatory language: language that prescribes the requirements of a standard in a manner that is clear and
unambiguous. It provides a basis for determining, without a doubt, whether or not compliance with the standard
has been achieved. It is often characterized by the use of “shall” or “must.”
non-substantive changes: non-substantive changes are limited to:
a) changes to the main body of text of the standard or guideline to update information references; to
correct errata, punctuation or grammar, typographical errors or style; or to add equivalent SI or I-P
values;
b) changes to the foreword, membership rosters, or other adjuncts not part of the standard or guideline;
and
c) changes to informative appendices or annexes not part of the standard or guideline.
normal track: an approval procedure applied to a standards committee document that meets one or more of
these criteria:
a) receives one or more negative votes upon approval for publication or
b) where ASHRAE receives a written legal threat or
c) is a policy level standard.
(See fast track)
normative annex: additional information of a mandatory nature which, for reasons of convenience, is placed
after the main body of the document. See informative annex.
Non-Voting Member (NVM): An NVM is an additional type of membership for PCs not formally organized
into subcommittees. NVMs are not eligible to vote on PC motions. NVMs are not included in interest balance
or quorum requirements.
organization: a group of people representing a particular interest such as a trade association, public interest
group, or government agency.
Organizational Member (OM): An OM is an organization with a voting representative on the PC that
represents the interests of that particular organization rather than serving as an individual.
policy level document: a standards committee document designated as “policy level” by the Board of
Directors or the Board’s designee.
Project Committee Voting Member (PCVM): PCVMs are eligible to vote on PC motions. PCVMs are also
eligible to vote on subcommittee motions to which the PCVM is appointed.
Project Subcommittee Voting Member (PSVM): PSVMs are eligible to vote on subcommittee motions to
which the PSVM is appointed. PSVMs are not eligible to vote on PC motions. PSVMs are not included in
interest balance and quorum requirements for the PC.

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periodic maintenance: review and action on a nominal 5-year cycle to revise a standard or to reaffirm or
withdraw a standard.
project committee (PC): a Standard Project Committee or Standing Standard Project Committee.
public review comment: views and/or objections to standards or addenda to standards submitted in accordance
with procedures specified in the public review draft during a public review.
rating: the assigned values of those performance characteristics, under stated conditions, by which a piece of
equipment may be chosen to fit its application. These values apply to all equipment of like nominal size and
type (identification) produced by the same manufacturer.
standard rating: a rating based on tests performed at standard rating conditions.
application rating: a rating based on tests performed at application rating conditions (other than standard rating
conditions).
rating conditions: a set of operating conditions under which a level of performance is determined or
measured.
standard rating conditions: rating conditions used as the basis of comparison of performance characteristics.
shall: a verb use to indicate a requirement.
should: a verb used to indicate a recommendation.
SPLS liaison: a member of the Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS) assigned to act as a
Standards Committee advisor to a project committee.
standard: a document established by authority or rule that defines properties, processes, dimensions, materials,
relationships, procedures, concepts, nomenclature, or test methods for rating purposes. Adherence to due
process in its development and achievement of consensus are conditions of approval.
standards action: an action recommending or approving publication of a new, revised, or reaffirmed standard
or withdrawal of a standard.
Standards Action: a periodical published by ANSI to inform interested persons about American National
Standards (ANSs), including proposals to initiate projects to develop or revise ANSs, announce intent to
reaffirm or withdraw existing ANSs, communicate status of international standards, announce public review of
proposed or revised procedures of ANSI accredited standards developers, etc.
Standard Project Committee (SPC): a committee of technically qualified individuals with a balanced
representation of interests whose function is to formulate, review, reaffirm, or revise an ASHRAE standard. The
SPC is the consensus-forming body and is responsible for the technical content of the standard. It is discharged
upon publication of the standard.
Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC): a committee similar in membership and function to a
Standard Project Committee except that the committee has a continuing assignment of duties and responsibilities
with respect to a standard. It is expected to provide addenda as needed, generate revision on a regular basis, and
render interpretations.

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subcommittee, project committee: a group of individuals appointed by the project committee chair from
among the project committee membership who vote on subcommittee activities and whose responsibility it is to
develop drafts of one or more assigned sections of a standard, annexes, or addenda; develop draft responses to
requests for interpretation; or develop proposed responses to comments resulting from public review; all
submitted as recommendations for action by the parent project committee.
substantive change: a change that involves an important (has value, weight or consequence), fundamental (is
the foundation, without which it would collapse), or essential (belongs to the very nature of a thing) part or
changes the meaning of the material or that directly and materially affects the use of the standard. Changes that
may be found substantive when examined in context.
(a) “shall” to “should” or “should” to “shall;”
(b) addition, deletion or revision of mandatory requirements, regardless of the number of changes; or
(c) addition of mandatory compliance with referenced standards.
Changes or deletions made to portions of a draft not intended as part of the approved standard (e.g., a foreword,
informative annex or note), are not considered substantive.
See independent substantive change.

system of units: inch-pound units (I-P) or International System of Units (SI).
Technical Resource Group (TRG): a committee of technical experts appointed by TAC, to prepare or review
technical material for standards, the ASHRAE Handbook, Journal articles and technical papers.
unit conversions - definitions:
alternate system of units: the system of units listed second (expressed in parentheses when dual systems, I-P
and SI are used, expressed in either consistent rational or equivalent values.)
equivalent: exact arithmetic conversions, also called “soft conversion.”
primary system of units: the system of units listed first (expressed in rational values).
rational: based on, or derived from, logical or coherent numbers. Rational values are usually, but not
necessarily, rounded numbers. Rational values are not necessarily bound by mathematical equivalency of the
primary and secondary units systems. The conversion process is sometimes called “hard conversion.”
unresolved public review commenter: an individual who, during the comment period, submitted public review
comments to a proposed or revised draft standard, guideline or addendum, was not satisfied with the committee
response to those comments and, within the time period and procedure specified in the response, requested to
remain “unresolved”.

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A2

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANS

American National Standard

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

BOD

Board of Directors

CIS

Code Interaction Subcommittee

IC

interpretations committee

IOL

international organizational liaison

I-P

inch-pound units: units using inches, pounds, and other designations; as opposed to SI
units in the metric system. Examples are: foot, Btu, horsepower, gallon.

ISC

independent substantive change

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

MOS

Manager of Standards

PC

Project committee. Refers to both an SPC and an SSPC. The use of this acronym means that a
procedure applies to both.

PCVM

project committee voting member

PPIS

Planning, Policy and Interpretation Subcommittee

PSVM

project subcommittee voting member

SCD

Standards Committee Document

SI

Le Systeme International d’Unites; the international agreement on the metric system of units. A
practical system of units divided into three classes: base units, derived units and supplementary
units. The base units are composed of the units of the following seven quantities: length (meter),
mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), thermodynamic temperature (Kelvin),
amount of substance (mole), and luminous intensity (candela).
The second class of SI units contains derived units, i.e., units that can be formed by combining
base units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The names and
symbols of some units thus formed in terms of base units can be replaced by special names and
symbols which can themselves be used to form expressions and symbols of other derived units.
A third class of SI units, called supplementary units, contain the SI units of plane and solid angle.
(Ref. Le Systeme International d’Unites)

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SPC

Standard Project Committee. The use of this acronym means that a procedure applies only to an
SPC and not to an SSPC.

SSPC

Standing Standard Project Committee. The use of this acronym means that a procedure applies
only to an SSPC and not to an SPC

SPLS

Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee

SRS

Standards Reaffirmation Subcommittee

StdC

Standards Committee

TAC

Technical Activities Committee

TC

Technical Committee appointed by the TAC

TRG

Technical Resource Group appointed by TAC

TG

Task Group appointed by the Technical Activities Committee

TPS

Title, Purpose and Scope

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This normative annex is part of the Procedures (PASA)
ANNEX B: APPEALS OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ STANDARDS ACTIONS OR INACTIONS
B1

SCOPE

This procedure applies to appeals of ASHRAE Standards and of jointly sponsored standards for which
ASHRAE is the lead sponsor.
B2

APPEALABLE MATTERS

An action or inaction of the Board of Directors (BOD) to adopt a new ASHRAE standard, an addendum
to an existing standard, or to revise, reaffirm, or withdraw an existing ASHRAE standard is subject to
appeal.
B3

WHO MAY APPEAL

Any person directly and materially affected by the publication of a new, revision, reaffirmation, or
withdrawal of an ASHRAE standard, or lack of such action, may appeal the BOD action or inaction. The
appellant must be an unresolved public review commenter, associated with a new, revision, reaffirmation
or withdrawal of the ASHRAE standard being appealed, or a PC member who cast a negative vote with
reason(s) in relation to his/her vote on the consensus body associated with the creation, revision,
reaffirmation or withdrawal of the ASHRAE standard being appealed.
B4

SCOPE OF APPEAL AND BURDEN OF PROOF

An appeal of a BOD standards action or inaction shall be solely based upon procedural grounds. When
appeals are filed, the appellant shall demonstrate that ASHRAE Standards development procedures were
not followed. Appeals arguments that are based on actions that took place in previous revision cycles will
not be considered.
B5

CONTENT OF APPEALS

Each appeal shall:
(a) Identify the appellant, and include the appellant’s contact information;
(b) Substantiate that the appellant is directly and materially affected by action(s) being appealed;
(c) Identify with precision the standard or portions thereof, and the procedure(s), alleged improper
action or inaction appealed;
(d) State concisely the basis for the appeal, the remedial action requested, and the nature of any injury
to appellant which might accrue from the matter appealed;
(e) Include any summary supporting data or documentation relied upon as the basis for the appeal;
(f) Consolidate information to be as concise as possible;
(g) Only include information that was made available to the PC prior to the final vote of the PC;
(h) Include the filing fee.

B5.1

FILING FEE

Each appeal shall be accompanied by a filing fee in the amount established by the Technology Council.
The filing fee is predetermined and shall be listed on the Appeals Submittal Form. The fee may be waived
or reduced by the Chair of the Technology Council upon sufficient evidence of hardship submitted by the
appellant. If the filing fee is not submitted by the appeal filing deadline date by the appellant then the
appeal shall be dismissed unless an exception has been granted prior to the close of business on the filing
deadline date.
B5.2

COPIES

It shall be the responsibility of the appellant to submit an electronic copy and if requested by the Manager
of Standards, up to twenty-five (25) paper copies of each appeal filed at the time of the original electronic
submittal.
B6

NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES

Within 15 days following BOD action on a standard, that results in approval of a new, revision,
reaffirmation or withdrawal of a standard or addenda to a standard, the Manager of Standards (MOS)
shall notify in writing (including electronic communication) all unresolved public review commenters
and/or a PC member who cast negative votes with reason(s) in relation to his/her vote on the consensus
body of the BOD action and inform them of their right to appeal that action.
B6.1
An appeal, must be received by the Manager of Standards (MOS) of ASHRAE within 15
working days of the date on the notification letter regarding the BOD action. The Chair of the Appeals
Board may grant an extension, if requested prior to the close of the initial 15 working day period and if
sufficient justification is provided.
B6.2
Normally, any standards action by the BOD will be suspended during pendency of appeal(s),
appropriately filed. The President may, however, maintain the BOD action until and if the Appeals Panel
decides to dismiss the appeal, without a hearing, up to a maximum of 90 days. If the Panel decides to
dismiss the appeal without a hearing, the President may maintain the action until the next meeting of the
Board of Directors. The appealed BOD action shall be immediately suspended if the Appeals Panel does
not dismiss the appeal.
B6.3
The MOS shall acknowledge receipt of the appeal, copy acknowledgement to the Chief Staff
Officer, notify the President, and send copies of the appeal to the Appeals Board Chair and to the Chairs
of Technology Council, Standards Committee and the Project Committee (PC) which developed or
revised the standard, if applicable. Upon receipt of the appeal, an Appeals Panel will be established in
accordance with Section B8 for the purpose of determining if the appeal will be heard or if the appeal will
be dismissed without a hearing.
B7

APPEALS BOARD

B7.1 An Appeals Board and a chair of the Board shall be appointed by the ASHRAE President, with the
approval of the Board of Directors. The Appeals Board shall have 15 members. The Appeals Board shall
consist of past members of the BOD, past members of the Standards Committee or Technology Council,
and/or persons who are knowledgeable about the ANSI Standards development process.

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B7.2
Terms of Membership
Terms shall be staggered so that approximately one-third of the membership of the Appeals Board is
appointed each year. Members shall be appointed for a term of three years commencing on July 1, and
shall be eligible for reappointment for one additional 3-year term, for a total of two consecutive terms. A
member of the Appeals Board may serve beyond the normal two-term limitation if the member is serving
as chair, provided the term of chair is contiguous with the six-year tenure as a member. The total
maximum length of service under such circumstances would be nine years.
B7.3 Vacancies
A vacancy in the membership of the Appeals Board shall be filled for the remainder of the term by an
individual appointed by the ASHRAE President.
B7.4 Conflict of interest
A member of the ASHRAE Appeals Board shall act at all times in a manner that promotes confidence in
the integrity and impartiality of ASHRAE’s processes and procedures and should avoid a conflict of
interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest in connection with all ASHRAE Appeals activities.
Should the Appeals Board Chair have a conflict of interest with any appeal he/she shall select another
member of the Appeals Board to serve is his/her place with respect to consideration of that appeal.
If a materially affected party (either the appellant or the respondent) asserts that it believes a member of
the ASHRAE Appeals Board has a conflict of interest, that materially affected party is required to state
the reason(s) for its belief. That information shall then be forwarded to the member of the ASHRAE
Appeals Board identified as having a possible conflict for that person’s response. If that member
disagrees with the assertion, then the Chair of the ASHRAE Appeals Board shall make a final
determination as to whether a conflict of interest exists.
Members of the ASHRAE Appeals Board who are disqualified from a particular discussion shall not
participate in the arguments, deliberations or decisions.
B7. 5
When appeals of jointly sponsored standards are being considered by ASHRAE as lead sponsor
or by ANSI, the joint sponsor shall assist in preparing or responding to appeals in its field of expertise.

B8

CONSIDERATION OF APPEALS

B8.1 When an appeal is received by ASHRAE Headquarters in accordance with Section B6.3 six
members of Appeals Board shall be randomly selected from a pool of all Appeals Board members that do
not have a conflict to hear the appeal. At least four of those selected shall be appointed as the Appeals
Panel and the other 2 shall be appointed as alternates. The Appeals Panel alternates will participate in the
hearing activities in the event that one of the four other members are unable to serve. The Appeals Board
chair will chair the Appeals Panel.
B8.2 Members of the Appeals Panel shall not have been a PCVM or PSVM on the project committee that
is the subject of the appeal during the three years prior to the standards action under appeal. Members of
the Appeals Panel shall not have voted on the draft that is the subject of the appeal as a member of the
Standards Committee or Board of Directors.
B8.3
The Appeals Panel shall first decide if the appeal shall be dismissed without a hearing. Noncompliance with Section B5 or lack of grounds for an appeal may be reasons for dismissal. To assist in

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this decision, the Appeals Panel Chair may request a rebuttal statement from the respondent (the Chair of
the Standards Committee or his/her designee, or the Chair of the PC or his/her designee), as appropriate.
The Appeals Panel Chair shall inform the appellant within 30 days of the receipt of the rebuttal whether
the appeal will be dismissed without a hearing, decided after a hearing, or decided without a hearing.
B8.4
If the appeal is not dismissed, the BOD action which has been appealed shall be immediately
suspended, if not already suspended according to the first sentence of B6.2, and each claim in the appeal
shall be considered separately and basic grounds given for each decision. The Appeals Panel shall decide
whether a hearing is warranted or if a decision can be made and reported to the President on the appeal
without a hearing.
B9

HEARING OF APPEALS

B9.1 Notice
If the appeal is to be heard, the Appeals Panel chair shall arrange for consideration of the appeal by
meeting, or documented telephone conversations. Both the appellant and the respondents (the Chair of the
Standards Committee or his/her designee, or the Chair of the PC or the Chair’s designee, as appropriate)
shall be given at least 45 days notice of the hearing date (from the date on the notification letter), location,
and time for a hearing or 30 days notice of the hearing date (from the date on the notification letter) for a
hearing conducted by conference call. The 30 or 45 days may be waived if the appellant and the
respondents agree in writing (including electronic communication). During this period a rebuttal of the
written statement of appeal shall be submitted to the MOS who shall distribute it to the Appeals Panel and
to the Appellant. The rebuttal, if not previously requested, from the respondent(s) shall be due within 15
working days of the date on the letter of notification. The Chair of the Appeals Panel may grant an
extension if requested prior to the close of the initial 15 working day period and if sufficient justification
is provided. The rebuttal statement shall be sent to the MOS, who shall distribute it to the appellant and
the Appeals Panel.
B9.2 The Hearing
At the hearing, the appellant and respondent(s) shall provide the Chair of the Appeals Panel with 15
copies of an outline of their oral presentation or a copy of what will be displayed for their electronic
presentation. No new issues outside of those issues raised in the submitted appeal may be presented at the
hearing. Only documentation that the Appellant/Respondent has already been given, which supports
raised issues, will be permitted in the presentation. Both the Appellant and the Respondent are permitted
to have people speak on their behalf (i.e.: experts). However, each party is only allowed a designated
amount of time and that time will be shared by any and all people speaking for that party. No additional
time will be granted for guests, speakers, experts, etc.
B9.3
A Standards Committee Liaison and the BOD Ex-Officio member of the Standards Committee
shall be invited by MOS to attend the hearing. The hearing shall be open to representatives of directly
and materially affected persons, although the number of any interest group may be limited at the
discretion of the Appeals Panel Chair. Anyone planning to attend the hearing shall notify the MOS within
a minimum of 15 days prior to the hearing date. The deliberations of the Appeals Panel shall be held in
Executive Session.
B10

APPEALS PANEL DECISION

The Appeals Panel shall decide within 45 days of the hearing, by majority vote, that the appeal, or any
parts of the appeal, be upheld or denied. The Appeals Panel Chair shall, within 14 days following the
Appeals Panel’s decision, notify the appellant(s), Chief Staff Officer, Director of Technology, Manager of

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Standards, President, Chair of Technology Council, Chair of the Standards Committee, and Chair of the
PC of the decision. The decision of the Appeals Panel to uphold, deny, or dismiss an appeal shall be
final. If the appeal is dismissed or denied by the Appeals Panel, the action of the BOD, which was
appealed shall become effective immediately.

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This normative annex is part of the Procedures (PASA)

ANNEX C: COMPLAINTS OF ACTIONS OR INACTIONS BY THE STDC, ITS
SUBCOMMITTEES OR PCs
In addition to formal appeal of BOD Standards actions or inactions (PASA Annex B), failure of the StdC,
its subcommittee(s), or a PC to consider a written request may be addressed by writing to the MOS at any
time.
a) A written complaint shall be sent to the MOS and the MOS shall forward it to the Chair of the
Committee in question. The MOS shall acknowledge receipt of the complaint (i.e., Subject
Committee Chair).
b) The Subject Committee Chair shall provide a written response to the complainant, with a copy to
the MOS within 15 working days of receipt of the complaint. A waiver to the response period
may be requested by the Chair or ASHRAE Staff to the Chair of the next higher body. (e.g. StdC
Chair for a PC Chair). The waiver request shall be promptly addressed.
c) The complainant shall notify the Subject Committee Chair and MOS in writing within 15 days
from the receipt of the response whether or not the response resolves the complaint. If no
response is received then the higher body, the complainant and the Subject Committee Chair will
be notified that the complaint is resolved.
d) If the response does not resolve the complaint, the complaint shall be forwarded to the next
higher body. The next higher body shall place it on its next agenda for consideration but a
meeting shall be called no later than 15 working days after receipt of the complaint.
e) When the complaint has been heard by the next higher body, the Chair of that body shall notify
the complainant in writing, with a copy to MOS, and to the Chair of the committee in question of
the committee’s decision within 15 days. (The next higher body is the committee, which
approves the actions of the committee in question).
f) The final level to resolve the complaint shall conclude at Technology Council. Should the
unresolved complaint reach Technology Council, Technology Council shall have the authority to
decline to hear the complaint.

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This normative annex is part of the Procedures (PASA)
ANNEX D: UNITS POLICY
The units use or application policy shall include, as a minimum, time-dated directions on the use of SI
and I-P in all ASHRAE publications.
TC 1.6 shall serve as the authority on SI and I-P usage and application.
Research projects; codes, standards, guidelines, and addenda thereto; special publications; Insights
articles; Journal articles; and Handbooks shall be prepared using the International System of Units (SI)
and/or inch pound units (I-P) in formats approved by the Publishing and Education Council.
The Publishing and Education Council shall review annually the approved formats to be used in
AHSRAE publications, considering suggestions from members and committees, and shall establish any
changes in the approved formats.
The Publishing and Education Council shall consider this Units Policy annually and shall recommend to
the Board of Directors the formats to use in ASHRAE publications.
(a) The format for ASHRAE publications shall be dual units, except in cases determined by the
Publishing and Education Council, where two separate versions are to be published, where one is
rational SI and the other is rational I-P. For selected ASHRAE standards and guidelines, the
Standards Committee may approve use of SI units only.
(b) In dual unit publications, the units used in calculating the work being reported shall be listed first.
The alternate system of units should follow in parentheses. Authors shall round off equivalents in
the alternate system of units so that they imply the same accuracy as is implied with primary
units. Exceptions require the approval of the Director of Publishing and Education. Handbook
volumes shall be published in separate SI and I-P editions.

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This normative annex is part of the Procedures (PASA)
ANNEX E: Procedures – Emergency Interim Standards Action
E1 Justification
The burden of demonstrating need for an Emergency Interim Standards Action rests with the proposer.
Interested persons may submit proposals for Emergency Interim Standards Actions to the MOS.
Proposals must include the following information:
a)
identify the proposer, affiliation and contact information:
b)
identify the standard or guideline and clause containing the error,
c)
describe the error claimed and provide supporting information or data, if any,
d)
recommend a change in text, equation, etc. that would eliminate the error or reduce it to
acceptable limits and provide supporting information or data, if any,
e)
show compliance with the criteria of Section 6.9(a) or 6.9 (b), and
f)
identify the type of harm that has been or may be caused by the error.
Proposals that meet the criteria of Section 6.9 shall be forwarded to the body designated in E5.
E2 PC or PPIS Recommendation
When a PC having jurisdiction exists, the PC shall submit a recommendation to the MOS on disposition of a
proposed Emergency Interim Standards Action at a PC meeting or by letter ballot within 14 days. When a PC
does not exist, PPIS shall act in lieu of a PC.
E3 MOS Recommendation
If the PC or PPIS fails to submit a recommendation within 14 days, the MOS shall submit his/her
recommendation.
E4 Review and Comment
Upon receipt of a recommendation resulting from E2 or E3, the MOS shall circulate the proposed
Emergency Interim Standards Action and recommendation within seven days to the StdC, the Director of
Technology, and the MOS for review and comment.
E5 President Will Act
A package composed of the proposed Emergency Interim Standards Action, recommendations resulting
from E2 or E3, and recommendations from the Standards Committee Chair, Director of Technology, and
MOS, whether positive or negative, shall be submitted within 14 days of receipt by the MOS for the
President’s consideration and decision.
E6 Notifications
The MOS shall issue notification of the President’s decision to the proposer, the Editor of the ASHRAE
Journal, and ANSI, and shall initiate implementation of the decision as appropriate.

32
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

Revision

Changes

BOD Approval Date

Original
Release

The original edition of the Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
Under the ANSI Organization Method (PASA), dated June 30, 1994
superseded all previous documentation for communicating ASHRAE’s
procedures as a basis for continuation (re-accreditation) under the ANSI
Organization Accreditation Method.

A

The first revision was approved by the Board of Directors on February 2,
1995 and incorporated nine changes for clarifications and in response to
comments resulting from ANSI public review of PASA.

February 2, 1995

B

On April 28, 1995, staff incorporated clarifying revisions to the figures in
informative Appendix C and added a new Figure 6. ANSI reaccredited
ASHRAE on August 4, 1995 based on this edition.

April 28, 1995

C

The third revision was approved by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on
June 27, 1996 and incorporated twelve changes in response to
recommendations in the ExSC Appeals Panel decision letter dated April
23, 1996, the draft ANSI Report of Audit of ASHRAE procedures and
operations dated June 10, 1996, and the need for clarification.

June 27, 1996

D

The fourth revision included broadening the section on membership, by
allowing for possibilities for organizational membership. Additionally,
this revision incorporates some changes involving written responses to
commenters and resolution of commenters. The ASHRAE Board of
Directors approved this version January 27, 1999. ANSI reaccredited
ASHRAE on May 7, 1999.

January 27, 1999

E

This revision includes changes to allow the newly approved Board Policy
Committee for Standards to have oversight authority for certain project
committees. It also deleted references to specific sections of ANSI
procedures so that revision to PASA would not be necessary when section
numbering in the ANSI procedures changed. The ASHRAE Standards ftp
site (ftp.ashrae.org/stds-info) is now utilized as the means for advertising
standards activities, in lieu of the ASHRAE Journal. The records
retention policy has been clarified, and the references to formal Mediation
Meetings have been removed. Finally, the appeals procedures were
modified to more closely match the ANSI appeals procedures.
ANSI reaccredited ASHRAE on November 21, 2001.
Editorial revision of Section 6.2.1.2 made to reflect the oversight authority
of the Board Policy Committee for Standards.
Editorial revision of Sections 4.1 and 6.2 made to reflect removal of
Appendix C.
This revision included changes in Sections 6.2.1.2-6.2.1.3.2 to require
letter ballot votes for publication approval by the Consensus Body.
Appendix B3 was revised to further clarify the appeals process.
This revision includes changes in Sections 5, 6.3.6, 6.2.1.3, the Appendix
A1 definition of “balance,” and the addition of Section 8 – Patents.
Appendix B was revised to assign final approval of appeals to the Board
Policy Committee for Standards.
This revision includes changes in sections 4.1, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, A1, and A2 to
change the reference from Technical Evaluation Committees (TEC’s) to
Technical Resource Groups (TRG’s). Changes were also made to sections
6.3.1.3 and 6.7 to remove the reference to the ASHRAE ftp site.

F
G
H

I

J

33
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

June 29, 1994

June 29, 2000

February 1, 2001
June 27, 2001
January 17, 2002

June 27, 2002

January 30, 2003

K
L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

This revision includes the addition of a sentence to section 6.3.4.2
(Complaints of Inactions) that clarifies who addresses complaints.
This revision addresses the following issues: the clarification of ANSI
requirements, removal of the Board Policy Committee for Standards
(BPCS) oversight responsibility and changes to the appeals process.
This revision replaces language that was inadvertently deleted in the
Nashville revision, to provide the provision to appoint the Appeals Panel
Chair.
This revision includes revisions to section 4.3.2 (Joint Sponsorship) so that
the MOS can negotiate terms of the joint sponsorship agreements.
Changes were made to B6, B9.1, and B9.2 to clarify the appeals process.
Section B9.2, The Hearing, was added to clarify the rules during the
Appeals hearing.
This revision includes revisions to Section 4.3.2 (Joint Sponsorship) and
removes approval by Technology Council and the BOD of the final
negotiated cosponsorship agreement.
This revision includes adding the terms “including electronic
communication” to Section 4.2.1.1, Section 6.4.3.2, and B9.1. This also
includes revisions to 4.3.2 to clarify the language regarding Joint
Sponsorship approval. Section 9, Commercial Terms and Conditions, was
added. The definition of contact information was added to Appendix A.
Revisions were made to Section B5 to add request for contact information
and to limit the materials that are allowed in appeals.
This revision includes adding the cm records retention policy to Section
6.3.8, adding Section 6.7, Interpretation Requests, and adding Annex C,
Units Policy to PASA per the request of ANSI.
This revision in the Introduction section includes, moving part of the

July 3, 2003
July 1, 2004

June 30, 2005

January 26, 2006

March 20, 2006

June 29, 2006

March 2, 2007

October 24,2008

information to an informative forward.
S
T
U

This revision in Section 3, changes Appendix to Annex.
This revision in Section 5 deletes text from ANSI Essential Requirements
This revision in Section 6.2.1, (Approval) includes Technology Council in
the approval of publication drafts

October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008

V

This revision includes in Section 6.2.1.2, (Voting Requirements for
Standards Actions), changing the vote from letter ballot to recorded votes,
adding Technology Council and allowing the Board or its designees to
vote.
This revision includes the deletion of Section 6.2.1.3
This revision includes in Section 6.2.2 (Modification of Standards) the
addition of the need for a revision to a standard.
This revision to Section 6.2.4 (Substantive Changes) deletes the entire
section.
This revision to Section 6.3.2 (Balance and Lack of Dominance) changes it
to read like ANSI Essential Requirements 2008.
This revision to Section 6.3.3 (Interest Categories) deletes language in
order to simplify the interest categories.
This revision to section 6.3.4.1 (Appeals to BOD), includes the change
from Appendix to Annex and includes the deletion of identifiable, realistic
and readily available text.

October 24, 2008

W
X
Y
Z
A
AB

34
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008

AC

AD

AE
AF
AG

AG

AH
AI
AJ

This revision to Section 6.3.6(Consideration of Comments Received)
includes the addition of language specifying Public Review. Title reflects
as Consideration of Public Review Comments Received and within the
paragraph, “public review” was inserted.
This revision to Section 6.4 (Consensus) was rewritten to require
documentation that the consensus is in accordance with ANSI Essential
Requirements and PASA.
This revision to Section 6.5 (Criteria for Approval) modified letter (i) to
change Appendix to Annex.
This revision to Section 8 (Patents) was editorially modified. Removed the
text “such” and “or guideline” from the first sentence.
This revision to Appendix A includes:
 The deletion of ASHRAE Information Representative
 Modification of the definition of balance by deleting “dealing with
product standards.”
 Modified definitions of continuous maintenance definition and
interest category
 Modified definition of informative annex
 Modified interest categories definition; deleted the definition for
all subcategories, user, producer and general
 Added a Method of Test Standard definition
 Modified the definition for normative annex
 Modified the definition for public review comment
 Deleted testing standard definition
 Modified unresolved commenter definition
 Deleted Section A3
This revision to Appendix B includes:
 Appendix B2, deleted the availability of EISA’s to be appealed to
the Board as this can be handled through the complaint process
 Appendix B3, modified who the appellant must be and how the
vote should be casted
 Appendix B5.2, inserted the word “copies”
 Appendix 6, specified who the MOS should notify, public review
commenters and/or a PC member who cast negative votes with
reason(s) in relation to his/her vote on the consensus body
 Appendix B10, added language requiring that the Appeals Panel
vote within 45 days of the hearing whether or not the appeal is
upheld or denied.
This revision to Section 4.1 includes the addition of the word publishing.
This revision to Section 6 title includes the addition of language for
discontinuing ASHRAE standards.
This revision to Section 6.3.6 includes language in the first paragraph
straight from the PC MOP regarding information about the online
comment database.

35
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

October 24, 2008

October 24, 2008

October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 24, 2008

October 24, 2008

February 25, 2011
February 25, 2011
February 25, 2011

AK

AL

AM

AN

AO

AP

The revision to Section 6.5 includes added and deleted language. The
additions are from the ANSI Essential Requirements and are listed below:
 Notice of the development process for the standard was provided
to ANSI in accordance with PINS or its equivalent
 Identification of all unresolved negative views and objections,
with names of the objector(s), and a report of attempts toward
resolution
 The standard is within the purpose and scope approved by the
Standards Committee
 ….and if duplication exists, there is a compelling need for the
standard
 ANSI’s policy on commercial terms and conditions is met if
applicable
The deletion of Section 6.5 includes:
 StdC prohibitions of commercial references, exclusive use of
proprietary materials, or prescribing a proprietary agency for
quality control or testing are met, and
The revision to Section 6.7, 6.7.1 and 6.7.2 includes the addition of
language regarding the criteria for project discontinuance. The previous
sections 6.7 and 6.8 been renumbered due to this addition to 6.8 and 6.9
respectively.
Section 6.10 was added, it includes the word writing to clearly specify the
method in which interpretation requests are received and responded to. It
also editorially corrects the spelling of the word revision.
The revision of Section 8 deletes the entire paragraph and adds a blanket
statement “ASHRAE agrees to comply with the Patent Policy as stated in
the ANSI Essential Requirements.”
The revision of Section 9 deletes the entire paragraph and adds a blanket
statement “ASHRAE agrees to comply with the Commercial Terms and
Conditions Policy as stated in ANSI Essential Requirements.”
This revision adds a Section 10 which includes information regarding
PINS. It states” At the initiation of a project to develop or revise and
ASHRAE American National Standard, ASHRAE shall use the ANSI
Project Initiation Notification System (PINS) form.

36
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

AQ

The revision to Annex A includes deletions of definitions. Deleted
definitions include:
 ASHRAE Alternate – a designated alternate to the ASHRAE
Representative appointed by the Standards Committee of another
organization and empowered to vote on behalf of ASHRAE on
matters dealing with standards. (See ASHRAE Representative)
 ASHRAE Representative – an official representative of ASHRAE
appointed by the Standards Committee to a committee of another
organization and empowered to vote on behalf of ASHRAE on
matters dealing with standards.
 Contact information – name, affiliation, mailing address, email
address, daytime telephone numbers and facsimile numbers
 Independent substantive change – a substantive change that is
independent of any other substantive change and that does not
significantly affect any other requirement in the standard. See
substantive change.
 Method of Test Standard – a standard setting forth the methods of
measuring capacity or other characteristics of a specified material,
component, or system, together with a specification of
instrumentation, procedure, and calculations.
 TC Technical Committee appointed by the TAC

February 25, 2011

AR

The revision to Section A2 includes the addition of the terms below:
 BOD Board of Directors
 PPIS Planning, Policy and Interpretations Subcommittee
 SCD Standards Committee Document
 SPLS Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee
 SRS Standards Reaffirmation Subcommittee
 TPS Title, Purpose and Scope

February 25, 2011

AS
AT

AU
AV

AW

AX

The revision to Section A2 also includes a deletion of the terms below:
 TC/TG/TRG a TC, TG or TRG
 TC Technical Activities Committee
The revision to Section 6.2.1 removes one of the approving bodies,
Technology Council.
The revision to Section 6.2.1.2 removes Technology Council and clarifies
comment resolution attempts. It also notes that comments received that are
not relevant to the proposed standards action under consideration shall be
treated as a new proposal.
The revision to Section 6.5 ensures that all procedures were followed and
it provides the procedures for documenting consensus.
This revision adds a sentence to Section 10 which states: Comments will
be addressed in accordance with clause 2.5 of the current version of the
ANSI ER.
The revision to Annex A adds definitions for informative language and
notes. It also updates the current definitions; continuous maintenance,
informative annex, normative annex, shall, should, standard, and
unresolved public review commenter.
The revision to Section B9.1 decreases the notice time to 30 days for
appeal hearings if the appeal hearing is being held via conference call.

37
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

February 25, 2011
February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011
February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

February 25, 2011

AY
AZ
BA
BC
BD

BE
BF

BG

BH

BI
BJ

BK

The revision to Section 4.2.1.1makes PASA consistent with ASHRAE’s
Project Committee Manual of Procedures.
The revision to Section 6.3.5 makes PASA consistent with ANSI ER.
The revision to Annex B would provide a larger pool of members to
expeditiously hear appeals.
The revision to Section 6.2.1.2 brings PASA in line with StdC MOP and
StdC Reference Manual.
The revision to Section 6.3.6 is a direct result from the ExSC comments
during the last public review of PASA. Procedures are included from when
a Project Committee makes substantive changes to the draft after
consideration of comments or when new information is received.
Editorial change to Section 6.3.6.2, deleted last part of the sentence that
states “in accordance with the continuous maintenance schedule.”
The revision to Section 4 adds additional information regarding Standards
Subcommittees and its function as well as membership, most of this
information was pulled from the PC MOP per ANSI’s request to
streamline our documents.
The revision to Section 7.2.1adds information regarding the different types
of Public Review and the publication approval level requirements. Section
7.2.4 also clarifies the voting requirements for Standards Actions, 7.4.2
and 7.4.3 clarifies lack of dominance and balance and interest categories.
Section 7.6 clarifies criteria for approval. Section 7.8 allows SPLS and
StdC to approve waivers for discontinuing a project. Section 7.11 supplies
additional guidance for interpretation requests. PPIS can approve
interpretations to the Standards Development Procedures.
Annex A and A2 was revised to include additional definitions. Annex B
was revised to clarify appealable matters, content of the appeal, filing fee,
notification procedures, and conflict of interest. Annex C (Complaints of
Actions or Inactions by the StdC, its Subcommittees or PC’s) and Annex
E (Emergency Interim Standards Action) were added into PASA.
Annex A - editorial updates were made to the definitions: notes and code
language document. “Notes” is now “Informative Notes”.
Section 4.2.2.6 clarified SRS will comply with ANSI requirements of
openness, balance and due process. Section 7.11 adds the Chair’s designee
can also issue official interpretations of standards. Section 11 Antitrust
Policy was added to PASA. Annex A, informative notes was clarified.
Annex B removes the option for technical appeals.
Section 7.4.4.1 was editorially corrected to mirror Annex B. (removes
technical appeals)

38
PASA - Procedures for ASHRAE Standards Actions
ANSI Approved: April 29, 2015

May 15, 2012
May 15, 2012
May 15, 2012
June 27, 2012
June 27, 2012
(PASA Reaccredited
10/12/12)
September 27, 2013
PASA Reaccredited
October 22, 2014

PASA Reaccredited
October 22, 2014

PASA Reaccredited
October 22, 2014

November 10, 2014
PASA Reaccredited
April 29, 2015

PASA – editorial
September 3, 2015

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EXHIBIT 138

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