AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, INC. et al v. PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.
Filing
70
LARGE ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT(S) Index of Consolidated Exhibits In Support of Public.Resource.Org's Motion for Summary Judgment and Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment and Permanent Injunction by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC. #69 MOTION for Summary Judgment and Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment and Permanent Injunction filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.. (Attachments: #1 Exhibit 1, #2 Exhibit 2 [Sealed], #3 Exhibit 3 [Sealed], #4 Exhibit 4 [Sealed], #5 Exhibit 5 [Sealed], #6 Exhibit 6 [Sealed], #7 Exhibit 7, #8 Exhibit 8 [Sealed], #9 Exhibit 9, #10 Exhibit 10, #11 Exhibit 11 [Sealed], #12 Exhibit 12 [Sealed], #13 Exhibit 13 [Sealed], #14 Exhibit 14 [Sealed], #15 Exhibit 15 [Sealed], #16 Exhibit 17 [Sealed], #17 Exhibit 18 [Sealed], #18 Exhibit 19 [Sealed], #19 Exhibit 20 [Sealed], #20 Exhibit 21 [Sealed], #21 Exhibit 22 [Sealed], #22 Exhibit 23 [Sealed], #23 Exhibit 24 [Sealed], #24 Exhibit 25 [Sealed], #25 Exhibit 26 [Sealed], #26 Exhibit 27 [Sealed], #27 Exhibit 28 [Sealed], #28 Exhibit 29 [Sealed], #29 Exhibit 30 [Sealed], #30 Exhibit 31, #31 Exhibit 32 [Sealed], #32 Exhibit 33 [Sealed], #33 Exhibit 34 [Sealed], #34 Exhibit 35, #35 Exhibit 36, #36 Exhibit 37, #37 Exhibit 38 [Sealed], #38 Exhibit 39, #39 Exhibit 40, #40 Exhibit 41 [Sealed], #41 Exhibit 42 [Sealed], #42 Exhibit 43 [Sealed], #43 Exhibit 44, #44 Exhibit 45, #45 Exhibit 46, #46 Exhibit 47, #47 Exhibit 48, #48 Exhibit 49, #49 Exhibit 50 [Sealed], #50 Exhibit 51, #51 Exhibit 52, #52 Exhibit 53, #53 Exhibit 54, #54 Exhibit 55, #55 Exhibit 56, #56 Exhibit 57, #57 Exhibit 58, #58 Exhibit 59, #59 Exhibit 60, #60 Exhibit 61, #61 Exhibit 62, #62 Exhibit 63, #63 Exhibit 64 [Sealed], #64 Exhibit 65, #65 Exhibit 66, #66 Exhibit 67, #67 Exhibit 68, #68 Exhibit 69, #69 Exhibit 70, #70 Exhibit 71, #71 Exhibit 72, #72 Exhibit 73, #73 Exhibit 74)(Bridges, Andrew)
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EXHIBIT 66
Putting a Number on Federal Education Spending - The New York Times
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Putting a Number on Federal Education
Spending
By JASON
DELISLE
FEBRUARY 27, 2013 10:00 AM
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Jason Delisle is the director of the Federal Education Budget
Project at the New America Foundation.
In his State of the Union address, President Obama proposed to
expand access to preschool, but offered few details on how much
money the federal government would contribute. When the White
House eventually releases that figure, everyone will want to know
how it stacks up against what the federal government already
spends on education each year. The trouble is, that number is
tough to pin down.
You might try to look it up. But beware: most tallies, even official
government figures, are incomplete or inaccurate because of the
way they treat student loans, refundable tax credits and education
programs run by agencies other than the United States Department
of Education. Other tallies go too far, lumping veterans’ education
benefits and other programs into the mix.
Before explaining how to get to a good number, I’ll give you mine.
The federal government spent $107.6 billion on education in fiscal
year 2012. As a point of reference, that sum is about one-eighth as
much as Social Security spending and about a fifth of Medicare
spending. Most of our national education budget comes from state
and local governments. But the $107.6 billion provides a dose of
perspective for when federal policy makers pledge to “invest in
education” and make education a “top priority.” Federal education
spending accounts for just 3 percent of the $3.5 trillion the
government spent in 2012.
The figure includes the annual appropriation for the entire
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Putting a Number on Federal Education Spending - The New York Times
Department of Education ($67.4 billion), so-called mandatory
spending at the department ($16.3 billion), the school breakfast
and lunch programs ($14.8 billion), the refundable portion of a
higher education tax credit ($6.6 billion), the Head Start program
($8.0 billion) and the subsidy provided on all of the student loans
the government will disburse in one year (which happened to be
negative — -$5.5 billion — last year).
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*Congressional Budget Office fair-value estimate for fiscal year 2013 cohort.
Sources: U.S. Department of Education, Department of Health and Human Services, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, President's Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Request, Congressional
Budget Office, New America Foundation Federal Education Budget Project
The annual appropriation for the Department of Education is an
obvious figure to include, but as you can see, education spending
includes a significant amount outside annual appropriations, much
of which goes to support the Pell Grant program for college
students from low-income families.
The school meal programs are less obvious components, but should
be included. The programs help ensure that more than 31 million
children each year do not go hungry at school, a prerequisite for
good educational outcomes. Surely when a local district builds a
new school it doesn’t consider the cafeteria an optional line item
tangentially related to the school’s purpose. Feeding children
during the school day is, in fact, integral to their education.
Similarly, the Head Start program, although housed in the
Department of Health and Human Services, is a national preschool
program dedicated to early education. When people think of
federal education spending, Head Start often comes to mind.
The federal government also provides a long list of tax benefits (i.e.,
credits, exemptions and deductions) to support education. They
totaled $33.2 billion in 2012 by one count, but I’ve excluded them
in the spending tally. Experts argue over whether tax benefits are
part of federal spending policy or tax policy. No funds leave the
Treasury to finance these programs; instead, funds fail to arrive as
revenue in the first place. Others argue that the benefits are not
different from spending because a $1,000 tax credit has the same
bottom-line effect on the federal budget as a $1,000 grant.
A “refundable tax credit” is, however, a different matter. No one
debates the fact that a refundable tax credit is government
spending. The recipient owes no taxes but receives a refund check
as if he did. He pays negative federal income taxes. Even the
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Putting a Number on Federal Education Spending - The New York Times
Treasury Department treats the payments as “outlays.” Last year
the government spent $6.6 billion in refundable payments under
the America Opportunity Tax Credit, which I include in my
measure of education spending. Tax filers can claim up to $1,000
of the credit against expenses for higher education, even if they
have no tax liability to offset.
Finally, the federal government disbursed $112 billion in student
loans in 2012. Most of that will be paid back, with interest. So what
does the government spend on the loans? The government
measures the cost of its loan programs by the subsidy that they
provide to the borrower. Put simply, if the government lends at
very favorable terms, then the borrower receives a subsidy equal to
the discount the borrower received relative to a loan he or she
otherwise could have taken out. Even though the benefit is spread
over the life of the loan, this calculation treats the subsidy as one
lump sum in the year that the loan is made.
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By that measure, official figures show that the government’s student
loan programs provide negative subsidies, which is to say, interest
rates and fees are set high enough that the government makes
money. But there is a big flaw with those figures.
The Congressional Budget Office and many economists argue that
official figures don’t factor in all of the risks inherent in the loans.
In response, the Congressional Budget Office publishes fair-value
estimates to more fully reflect risk, and I use those figures in my
tally of federal education spending. Note that even after the
adjustment, the one year’s worth of loans still show a net gain to
the government of $5.5 billion.
Excluded from my tally are any of the education benefits provided
through the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans
Affairs. Funds for those programs should be considered military
and veterans’ spending rather than federal education spending.
The benefits are part of the compensation packages that the
government provides to support an all-volunteer military.
Similarly, a housing allowance for a member of the military is not a
federal housing assistance program. The benefits are in-kind costs
associated with financing the military. If included, those programs
would add more than $10 billion to the $107.6 billion total.
The $107.6 billion figure, despite excluding military and veterans’
programs, reflects a more comprehensive measure of federal
education spending than most. Even so, it is probably surprising to
many that education spending comes in at just 3 percent of the
$3.5 trillion the federal government spent in 2012. It is hardly the
figure that comes to mind when a lawmaker or the president
speaks of investments and priorities.
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Putting a Number on Federal Education Spending - The New York Times
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