Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel

Filing 138

RESPONSE to motion re 131 MOTION to dismiss Amended Complaint or for summary judgment filed by Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Appendix Index of Exhibits to Odyssey's Response to Spain's Motion, # 2 Exhibit A-1 Kingsley Part 1, # 3 Exhibit A-2 Kingsley Part 2, Annex 1, # 4 Exhibit A-2 Kingsley Part 2, Annex 2, # 5 Exhibit A-2 Kingsley Part 2, Annex 3, # 6 Exhibit A-3 Kingsley Part 3, Annex 4, # 7 Exhibit A-3 Kingsley Part 3, Annex 5, # 8 Exhibit A-3 Kingsley Part 3, Annex 6, # 9 Exhibit A-4 Kingsley Part 4, Annex 7, # 10 Exhibit A-5 Kingsley Part 5, Annex 8, # 11 Exhibit A-4 Kingsley Part 4, Annex 9, # 12 Exhibit A-5 Kingsley Part 5, Annex 10.1-10.2, # 13 Exhibit A-5 Kingsley Part 5, Annex 10.3-10.6, # 14 Exhibit A-5 Kingsley Part 5, Annex 11, # 15 Exhibit A-6 Kingsley Part 6, Annex 12 to 13.1, # 16 Exhibit A-7 Kingsley Part 7, Annex 13.2 to 13.3, # 17 Exhibit A-8 Kingsley Part 8, Annex 13.4 to 13.7, # 18 Exhibit A-9 Kingsley Part 9, Annex 14, # 19 Exhibit A-10 Kingsley Part 10, Annex 15, # 20 Exhibit A-11 Kingsley Part 11, Annex 16, # 21 Exhibit A-11 Kingsley Part 11, Annex 17, # 22 Exhibit A-11 Kingsley Part 11, Annex 18, # 23 Exhibit A-12 Kingsley Part 12, Annex 19, # 24 Exhibit A-12 Kingsley Part 12, Annex 20, # 25 Exhibit a-13 Kingsley Part 13, Anex 21, # 26 Exhibit A-13 Kingsley Part 13, Annex 22, # 27 Exhibit B Sinclair, # 28 Exhibit C Etchevers, # 29 Exhibit D Stemm, # 30 Exhibit E-1 Carlisle Part 1, # 31 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 1, # 32 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 2, # 33 Exhibit E2- Carlisle Part 2, Annex 3, # 34 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 4, # 35 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 5, # 36 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 6, # 37 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 7, # 38 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 8, # 39 Exhibit E-2 Carlisle Part 2, Annex 9, # 40 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 10, # 41 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 11, # 42 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 12, # 43 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 13, # 44 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 14, # 45 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 15, # 46 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 16, # 47 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 17, # 48 Exhibit Ej-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 18, # 49 Exhibit e-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 19, # 50 Exhibit E-3 Carlisle Part 3, Annex 20, # 51 Exhibit E-4 Carlisle Part 4, Annex 21, # 52 Exhibit E-4 Carlisle Part 4, Annex 22, # 53 Exhibit E-5 Carlisle Part 5, Annex 23, # 54 Exhibit E-5 Carlisle Part 5, Annex 24, # 55 Exhibit E-5 Carlisle Part 5, Annex 25, # 56 Exhibit E-6 Carlisle Part 6, Annex 26, # 57 Exhibit E-6 Carlisle Part 6, Annex 27, # 58 Exhibit E-7 Carlisle Part 7, Annex 28, # 59 Exhibit E-8 Carlisle Part 8, Annex 29, # 60 Exhibit E-9 Carlisle Part 9, Annex 30, # 61 Exhibit E-9 Carlisle Part 9, Annex 31, # 62 Exhibit E-10 Carlisle Part 10, Annex 32, # 63 Exhibit F-1 Flayhart, Part 1, # 64 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 1, # 65 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 2, # 66 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 3, # 67 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 4, # 68 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 5, # 69 Exhibit F-2 Flayhart Part 2, Annex 6, # 70 Exhibit F-3 Flayhart Part 3, Annex 7, # 71 Exhibit F-3 Flayhart Part 3, Annex 8, # 72 Exhibit F-3 Flayhart Part 3, Annex 9, # 73 Exhibit F-3 Flayhart Part 3, Annex 10, # 74 Exhibit F-3 Flayhart Part 3, Annex 11, # 75 Exhibit F-4 Flayhart Part 4, Annex 12, # 76 Exhibit F-4 Flayhart Part 4, Annex 13, # 77 Exhibit F-4 Flayhart Part 4, Annex 14, # 78 Exhibit F-4 Flayhart Part 4, Annex 15, # 79 Exhibit F-4 Flayhart Part 4, Annex 16, # 80 Exhibit F-4 flayhart Part 4, Annex 17, # 81 Exhibit F-5 flayhart Part 5, Annex 18, # 82 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 19, # 83 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 20, # 84 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 21, # 85 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 22, # 86 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 23, # 87 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 24, # 88 Exhibit F-5 Flayhart Part 5, Annex 25, # 89 Exhibit G Goni Etchevers and Fuentes Camacho, # 90 Exhibit H Tedesco, # 91 Exhibit I Tsokos, # 92 Exhibit J Amrhein)(Von Spiegelfeld, Allen)

EXHIBIT A-9

DR. SEAN A. KINGSLEY PART 9 ANNEX 14

ANNEX 14 TO EXHIBIT A
14.1. Stammers, M.K., `Iron Knees in Wooden Vessels ­ an Attempt at a Typology', International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 30.1 (2001), 115-21. A supposed iron knee from Delgado annex 9.9. A supposed iron knee from Delgado 9.24.

14.2. 14.3.

DR. SEAN A. KINGSLEY

The International Journal qf Nautical Archaeology (2001) 30.1: 115-121 doi:lO. 10061ijna.2001.0349

Iron knees in wooden vessels-an

attempt at a typology

Michael K. Stammers Merseyside Maritime Museum, Albert Dock, Liverpool L3 4AQ, UK
Knees were brackets in the structure of a wooden ship. They were introduced in the second half of the 18th century and were in common use for naval and merchant ships in the 19th century. They were fashioned in various designs. A typology of these is proposed based on archaeological and documentary evidence. Iron knees could used to assist the dating of unidentified 02001 The Nautical Archaeology Society shipwrecks.
Key words: iron knees, wooden ships, 18th- and 19th-century shipbuilding techniques, East India Company, Royal Navy,

Falkland Islands wrecks.

ship's knee is a timber or metal bracket fashioned into an angle (usually a right angle) to provide strengthening and support at the junction of major components (especially frames and deck beams) in a wooden vessel. Iron knees were a common substitute for `grown' wooden knees from the late 18th century. This study is based on documentary sources such as contemporary works on naval architecture and fieldwork among the surviving hulks of 19th-century ships lying in Stanley harbour in the Falkland Islands. These are the British-built ships, Vicar ofBray of 1841 lying at Goose Green, and the Jhelum of 1849; the American clipper Snow Squall of 1851, the packet ship, Charles Cooper of 1856, the Canadian Actaeon of 1838 and the Egeria of 1859. Iron knees appear to have been first introduced in substantial numbers by the French Navy in the mid-18th century. They were a substitute for the usual `grown' wooden crooks which were becoming scarce. They were, for example, found on the wreck of the French warship Invincible built in 1744 and lost off Portsmouth in 1758 (Quinn et al., 1998). Falconer in his Marine Dictionary specifically stated they were a French innovation (Falconer, 1780). Gabriel Snodgrass, surveyor to the East India Company between 1757 and 1794, appears to have been the first British proponent of the use of iron knees. Again, this probably arose from the difficulty in procuring supplies of suitable timber. Iron knees also offered superior strength and compactness. Snodgrass appeared to
1057-241 410110 101 15+07 $35.0010

A

have strengthened some East Indiamen with iron knees retrospectively. However, on retiring he wrote a report in 1796 to the Company's directors firmly advocating the use of iron knees and stanchions from new (Fincham, 1851). By 1810 Company ships were being built with iron knees, stanchions, breast hooks and crutches (Steel, 1823). Plans of the East Indiaman Farquharson of 1820 in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, show she was fitted with iron hanging knees and horizontal `staple' knees, which were fixed between two deck beams. Their use must have spread to other builders in this decade because the Shipowners' Lloyd's Register first included them in 1814 and their underwriting rivals did the same in the 1818 edition of their Register. The Royal Navy adopted the practice of retrospectively fitting iron knees to vessels strained by long periods enforcing the Blockade during the Napoleonic War. The systematic installation of ironwork into new ships began under the auspices of Sir Robert Seppings, the Navy's chief surveyor from 1813 to 1832. Peter Hedderwick's, A Treatise on Marine Architecture of 1830, provides a useful overview of contemporary mercantile as opposed to naval shipbuilding practice. His illustrations included staple (i.e. double knees). He also referred rather enigmatically to `many ways' of fastening deck beams to frames without elaboration (Hedderwick, 1830). In 1839 Jonathan Fell, manager of the Workington Shipbuilding and Rope

02001 The Nautical
Annex 14.1

Archaeology Society

Copyright 2007 Odyssey Marine Exploration ­ May not be reprinted without written permission of Odyssey Marine Exploration

NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.1

'!

II

mm

Figure 1. Right-angle knee (hanging or lodging).

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Making Co., patented another lodging knee whose two main components were in cast iron. These would have been considerably cheaper to manufacture than the equivalent wrought-iron forging. Unlike some patents, it was put to use. According to the Cumberland Pacquet of 28 January 1840, it had gained the approval of Lloyd's Register and was being installed in ships being built at Workington and Maryport. As the size of wooden merchant ships increased and timber supplies became more difficult to obtain, there was a gradual increase in the use of iron components in British-built vessels. For example, simple, short, right-angled hanging (vertical) knees were developed to strengthen the lower hull by extending them to long diagonal riders. The bows were reinforced with iron breasthooks (horizontal) and the sterns with iron crutches (horizontal). This can be seen in vessels such as the ship (later barque) Vicar ofBray, built at Whitehaven in 1841. This represents an interim stage before the arrival of the composite hull with all its structural members in iron, with wooden planking. While there were several pioneering experiments with this type of construction before 1850, John Jackson's launch of the small composite schooner Excelsior at Liverpool in that year, marked the start of a widespread adoption of composite building in British shipyards
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Figure 2. Standard knee, cast-iron version from box boat No. 337, preserved at the Boat Museum, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire.

(MacGregor, 1988). The Carrick (City of Adelaide), 1864 and the Cutty Sark, 1869, are two surviving examples. However, it was expensive and most wooden vessels continued to have the main framing components fashioned in wood and strengthened with iron. This goes right into the 20th century; the last Mersey flat (barge), the Ruth Bate launched in 1953, had forged lodging knees which could have come from a vessel a century earlier. Nineteenth century North American wooden shipbuilders had access to vast supplies of timber and iron components were kept to a minimum. Crothers categorically states that American clippers with one exception were not built with iron knees (Crothers, 1997). This is borne out by the American packet of 1856, the Charles Cooper, which has only small iron brackets fastening the deck-beams to the hold stanchions and the remains of the bow of American clipper Snow Squall contained two pairs of iron knees which were used as part of wood and iron composite hold knee riders. Canadian shipbuilders took a different course. They were using iron knees at Quebec as early as 1811 (Marcil, 1995). Not all Canadians used iron

M. K. STAMMERS: IRON KNEES IN WOODEN VESSELS

Figure 5. Braced knee, Seppings' second variant with curved end.

Figure 3. Braced knee, Snodgrass' design.

6

Figure 6. T-shaped knee, Seppings' third variant.

4. Figure 4 Braced knee, Seppings' version with `tail'

knees. Many of their ships were fitted with iron knees retrospectively, usually on arrival for sale in the United Kingdom. For example, Joseph Salter of Moncton, New Brunswick, received a letter from his broker in Liverpool, Messrs. Miller, Houghton & Co. about his latest ship: `. . . remembering that buyers of ships warranted to class 7 years, have a right to expect all the fastenings

required are either in the ship or will be supplied at the expense of the seller, save the iron knees'. In a subsequent letter they reported they had `. . . entered her for the Graving Dock intending to knee (i.e., put in iron knees) and copper (copper sheathing on the hull below the underline) her and me think it very probable until she goes in and can be seen throughout she may not find a buyer'."] This preliminary study has identified a number of categories of iron knees, some of which have sub-divisions. These are: the right-angled, braced, T-shaped, bifurcated, knee rider, staple and Fell's patent knees, plus the specialized knees at the bow and stern.
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NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.1

Figure 7. Bifurcated knee, again a Seppings' design and found on HMS Unicorn, 1824.

Figure 9. Staple knee, a double knee used in both hanging and lodging positions.

U
Figure 10. Staple knee found on wreck site SLlO on the Slufter survey.

Figure 8. Knee rider, a hanging knee for hold beams and strengthening the lower part of the hull.

Right-angled knees This is by far the most common type. It can be a hanging, lodging or standard knee according to its
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position (Paasch, 1884). Hanging knees support the underside of a deck beam. The lower arm was usually longer and quite often cranked to fit round the two heavy longitudinal timbers below the deck beam-the shelf and the clamp. This was observed in the Jhelum, the Vicar and the Actaeon. Lodging knees were fitted horizontally on either side of a deck beam. Both arms were usually of the same length. Even this apparently simple bracket called for skilled smithing work. A smith needed to work or `upset' the wrought iron to thicken it at the right-angled bend and then taper it towards its two ends. He also had to punch holes through it for the fastenings. Punching was

M. K. STAMMERS: IRON KNEES IN WOODEN VESSELS

standard knees. These were cast in one piece with a projecting central web for added strength.

Braced knees These were advocated in Snodgrass' recommendations and a diagram of their design was subsequently included in Fincham (Fincham, 1851). The two arms are reinforced by a bracing piece. The design was subsequently modified by Sir Robert Seppings to two flat components which were bolted on either side of the deck-beam and to a large chock below the deck-beam. One version had a small `tail' and a second was curved.
T-shaped knees This again was a Seppings design of hanging knee, similar but of simplified design for supporting main or upper deck-beams of lighter scantling than the hold-beams.

Figure 11. Fell's patent knee, first version patented in 1839.

@

Bifurcated knees This had a chock below the deck-beam to land the lower arm. Unlike the two previous designs, it was a Y-shaped forging that clasped the deck-beam. Examples of this form can be seen on HMS Unicorn, frigate launched in 1824 and preserved at Dundee after long service as a naval drill ship. Knee rider This was a development of the first type and deployed to support hold-beams and to give additional strength to the lower hull. The lower arm was of considerable length running round the turn of the bilge and fastened through the ceiling planking to the frames behind. They were usually angled and not vertical and seemed to have been angled towards the bow forward of the vessel's mid-point and towards the stern aft of it. Particuwere found On the vicar O f larly good Bray, 1841 and the Jhelum, 1849 (Stammers & Kearon, 1993). It continued to be used extensively in British-built vessels into the 20th century and was recorded, for example, in the schooner Emily Barratt of 1913.[21

Fzgure 12. Fell's patent knee, second version for hold beams in the Jhelum, 1849.

a process that strained the metal considerably and great care was essential. Standard knees were the reverse of hanging ones. They provided a connection between the top of the deck-beam and the frames. In some specialized small craft they could form part of the framing. Box boat No. 337 from the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal and dating from the early 20th century, is framed by a series of cast-iron

This is in fact a double knee but usually termed `staple' by authorities such as Paasch. They could be fitted vertically as in the Vicar of Bray and were used to support the main deck-beam below and
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NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 30.1

Figure 13. Specialized knees at bow and stern, breast-hook below, crutch above.

those of the poop deck above. The Actaeon had them fitted between the deck-beams of the poop (Stammers & Baker, 1994). Snodgrass also designed a staple knee of more complex design with the upper arm fitted with a brace, plus an extra downward diagonal arm to support a diagonal timber from the keelson to the 'tween deck beam (Fincham, 1851). There was also a variation on the staple-knee that was used to bind a deck-beam to a single frame. It was found on wreck site SL4 of the Slufter surveys. The authors concluded that this was probably a product of one of the shipyards of north-eastern England (Adams et al., 1990). Fell's patent knees The first version comprised two cast-iron plates which were bolted on either side of the deckbeam. Then there was a raised central section through which a long bolt could be passed to fasten the beam to the frames and the outer planking. This device dispersed with wooden or iron lodging knees. The patent drawing showed an iron hanging knee but Fell claimed one of his knees could be used instead (Bound, 1993). Lloyd's survey of the Jhelum in the archives of the National Maritime Museum specified Fell's patent knees. However, the knees actually in the Jhelum, while following the principle of the patent, were of different design. They were of two types. The first was of two wrought-iron T-pieces fastened on either side of a beam with the `arms'
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of the T `swelled' or thickened to form circular bosses through which the side fasten bolts could pass into the shelf and the waterway of the hold deck-beam, through two frames to the outer planking. The second was used for main deck beams and was L-shaped and acted in the same fashion as the T-shaped version. Specialized knees at bow and stern As ships were built to ever bigger tonnage, the need for additional strengthening became evident. The scarcity of good `grown' timber also made the problem worse. In Liverpool, for example, the average size of vessel doubled between 1815 and 1843 (Stammers, 1989). Of course, these were very large wooden hulls over 1000 tons (mainly paddle steamers) that required massive strengthening because of the length of their hull and large weights of engines and boilers, The horizontal breast-hooks of the bow and the crutches of the stern had been internal strengthening timbers. They could be single pieces in smaller vessels or a compound structure of suitable `crooked' timbers scarfed together. Iron forgings were not just substitutes but added materially to the strength of the bow and stern structures as well as saving space. Nevertheless such were the stresses and strains over a 20-year period that one breast hook on the Jhelum was found to have broken when surveyed in 1871 (Stammers & Kearon, 1992).

M. K. STAMMERS: IRON KNEES IN WOODEN VESSELS

Conclusions
The various types of knee have all been identified from British sources. While it is clear that equivalent American vessels continued to use largely wooden knees, further work is needed to identify variations in other European countries, In general the presence or absence of iron knees can be a

useful diagnostic towards dating undocumented wreck sites. In one case-Fell's patent-it would be possible to place a terminus post quem date on a site. The Jhelum was not unique. At least nine other north-west of England vessels have been identified and there were probably others from 1839 (Stammers, 1998).

Notes
[l] Letters from Miller, Houghton & Co., Liverpool to Joseph Salter, shipbuilder of Moncton, New Brunswick, 13 May 1853 and 22 July 1853. Transcripts kindly supplied by Nancy R. Ross of Bedford, Nova Scotia. [2] The Emily Barratt was the last schooner built in Great Britain. After a long trading career she was converted to a yacht and eventually ended up as an out-of-the-water hulk at the Dock Museum, Barrow-in-Furness. Her deteriorating condition obliged the Museum to break up her sad remains in 1999. She was, however, recorded and full construction and lines plans are held by the Museum.

References
Adarns, J., van Holk, A. F. L. & Maarleveld, Th. J., 1990, Dredgers and Archaeology ShQjnds from the Slufer, 84-87. Rotterdam. Bound, M., 1993, Iron beam-end fastenings: Fell's Patent No. 8186. A puzzle resolved. M M , 8 3 338-342. Crothers, W. L., 1997, American Built Clipper Ships 1850-56, 230-238. Maine. Falconer, W., 1780, An Universal Dictionary of the Marine. London. f Fmcham, J., 1851, A History o Naval Architecture, 112-1 13, 197-200. London. Heddenvick, P., 1830, A Treatise on Marine Architecture. Edinburgh. MacGregor, D. R., 1988, Fast Sailing Ships, 112-114. Second edn. London. Marcil, E. R., 1995, The Charley-Man A History of Wooden Shipbuilding at Quebec 1763-1893, 234-235. Quebec. Paasch, H., 1885, Dictionnaire de la Marine. Antwerp. Quinn, R., Adams, J. R., Dix, J. K. & Bull, J. M., 1998, The Invincible (1758)- an integral geophysical assessment. ZJNA, 27: 126-138. Stammers, M. K., 1989, The Jhelum and the Liverpool Shipbuilders. In Burton, V. (Ed.), Liverpool Shipping, Trade and Industry, 78-89. Liverpool. Stammers, M. K. & Kearon, J., 1992, The Jhelum A Victorian Merchant Ship. Far Thrupp. Stammers, M. K. & Baker, J., 1994, Fell's Patent Knees-some evidence of their use. MM, 84: 474-476. Stammers, M. K., 1998, The High Character Obtained by Cumberland Ships: A Shipbuilding District in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. International Journal of Maritime History, 10: 121-150. Steel, D., 1822, 3rd edition revised by Knowles, J., The Elements and Practice of Naval Architecture. London.

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