Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. The Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel

Filing 232

DECLARATION of Gianluca Morello re 230 Objection by Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit 2, # 3 Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit 4, # 5 Exhibit 5, # 6 Exhibit 6, # 7 Exhibit 7 - Part 1 of 5, # 8 Exhibit 7 - Part 2 of 5, # 9 Exhibit 7 - Part 3 of 5, # 10 Exhibit 7 - Part 4 of 5, # 11 Exhibit 7 - Part 5 of 5, # 12 Exhibit 8, # 13 Exhibit 9, # 14 Exhibit 10)(Morello, Gianluca)

\0

~ 10 = ~ ~

E10

DECONSTRUCTING LEGITIlVIACY

. Vicerrys,¿Jltei-chants, and the u\ilitmy in .Ite Colonial Pent

~7l~~)
~','

PATRICIA H. MARKS

THE l'ENNSYLVAN1A STATE UNIVERSITY Pille:;:;

UNIYERS1TY 1'/\111'. I'ENNSYLVM'II,\

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Marks, Patrcia H.
Deconstrcting legitimacy: viceroys, merants, and the milou in late coloni Per I

CONTENTS

Patrcia H. Marks

p. em.
Includes bibliographica references and index
ISBN 978-o-2Tl-0320g-:i
I. Per-HisroryWar oflndependenee 1820-182g

Illmtrations vll

:z PerHistoryAutonomyand independence movements,

3. Pen-Econimic conditions-19th century.
4- Legitimacy of govermentsPeru.

Acknowledgments ix

5. MeiantsPcnLim-Historyigth centu.
6. Political cultue-PeruHlstoryigth ccnniiy. 7, Civi1~milit: relationsPem-Historyigth century.
I. Title.

Abbreviatìom Xl

Introduction:

F3446.M37 2007

I

Mercatie Confct and Politica Culture
i City of Kigs, City of

985'.04~C22 2°°7°07604
Copyright ~ 2007

Commerce II

'. 2 Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima 55

3 Sabotaging Reform 107

The Pennsylvnnia State University Al righ ts reserved

4 Preventing Independence r69
~.

Printed in th United States of Ameñca
Published by

5 The Free-Trade Dispute 219

The Pennsyvania State Univerity Press,
University Park, PA 16Bo2-roo3

'6' . Merchants, the Mita and the Disintegration ofPezue1's Authority
,,

265

The Pennsylvaa Stat" Unierity Press
is n member of the

"'. .

7 The Pronuncianento and Its Afermath 303
¡f.!

Asociation of Ameñcan Unii:ity Presscs,
It is the policy of
The Pennsylvaia State Uhiverõity Press

Conclusion:

Legitiacy and the Salvation of the State 339

to use acid-free paper.

Glossary of Spanish Tenns 355
niis book is printe on Nature Natural
contaning 50% post-consmer wate, and
?,

Bibliography 359

meets the minimum requirements of American Nation:i Standard for
Informacion SóencesPermanence of

Index 389
Paper

s

for Printed Libra Mater:i,
ANSI z 39'4B-I992.

:~

: ~:: 'i'~ ~:

?? DECONSTRUCTING I.EGITIMACY

CITY OF ICiNGS, CJTY OF COMMERCE 23

When her husband died in 1759, the countess took over the famy's

matrcuated, and there were laws intended to prevent trade by bureaucrats,27 mitarorders, especialy as cahall present proof that

business interests. She was both a landowner and a shipping magnate, a leader of the shipowners' gud,23 and one of the wealthest merchants . engaged in the trade with Chie. When she died in 1791, her estate wa vaued at alost a mion pesos, but in spite of her wealth and political . powr, she could not be matriculted as a mercht because she vr a womii
Instead, she depended upon her brother Lui and her peniular-born sou-

Furermore, noblemen who sought or held places in the

eros de Santiago, were required to they did not engage in trade.2s Nevertheless, the

. record shows that they did, and that Sebastián de Alaga y Colmcnarcs,
was one of them.29

marquésde Zelada de la Fucntc, noblcman, burcaucrat, and cahallero,

in-law Domingo Ramez de Arelano to represent her at formal meetigs
of the consu1ado.24

The marqués was indeed a merchant, and a highly successfi one, in
parcipate

sPite of the fact that he was not matrculated and apparently did not

There were other women who were merchants in late colonial Peru
though few as powerf as the countess of Vista.orida.2S Most of them

openly in the consulado's afais. Instead, he placed his funds

with other inerchants, and exercised his considerable infuence on behal

managed business afairs for husbands, brothers, or sons who engaged in
more prestigious careers such as law

of onefactiou of the consu1ado, those who traded Pervian sugar for

or the bureaucracy, Josefa de Tagle y

Chiea wheat, He alo owned twenty shars in the Filpinas Company,JO

Portocarero, sister of the last marqués de Torre Tagle, took care of her
fay's business afair, as had her great-grandmother, Rosa Julana

Zeladade la Fuente owned a large estate near Lima, and inerited the
the count of San

. .post of treasurer of the royal mit upon his marage to the daughter of

Sánchez de Tagle, the fist marquesa. 26 Josefa's uncles and brothers occupied
modestly remunerated positions of importance on the AudIencI of

Juan de Lurgancho. He had probably acquied much of

Lima,

his forte-d his appetite for profit from commerce-during his

in the bureaucracy, and in the Church, thank to profits on the fay's

commercal ventues.

And how should their male relatives, the lawyers and bureaucrats, be
tan into account in a discussion of the' merchants of late colonial Peru?

27. Representación del Re Consuado de la Ciudad de Los Reye sobre la c!ección del Pnor

y Cóns de Re Consuldo de Limn, 22 Aug. 1787, Am-Lima, leg. rS4B; Testimonio de rC'les

The ordinances of tlie consulado of Lima expressly forbade lawyers to be
23. The shipowner' guld funciioned as 30 integr p-.. of the eoosudo. but it held separte

cédul que. reglamenta ei comcrcio de cfeeros i:afdos de España n la ciudad de Lima, T70,
BNP-fuclvo Aste.te Concl,MS Z-So7.

2B. The paper of nsints to the milta orders are held in AHN-Ordenes militarc. SCi' :iso

Guilermo L~lu= Vilena, Las o"ienos I! 10. árdene. nahilioriæ, J'pg-Jgoo; 2 vols, -(hdrid:
Instituto "Gonzáo Fcrándcz de Ovicòo," r947)'

meetigs ro discus matters of speåal interest nnd to make recommendations to the prior,

consu, nnd vicery, nnd oec:ionnly directly to the crown. In 1¡oZ, thee of the seventeen
srupowner were women: El euero de nnvieros del comercio interior de li Mar del Sur: to

29. .fw':..J~sef Gonzáez Gutiêrcz count of Fuente Gonzåle7. nnd count by mamage of

V& dc, Fu~te Cabalo de Snntigo. Unlike Zelada de la Fuente, however, he .was

Crown, Jg Apr,1j8:i, AGJ-Limn, leg. 9U' .
24. Razón del numero de chacrs, trapiches y c:era, in Memorial de los hacendados y
labtndores de Lia, 1776, AHN-Conscjos suprimidos, leg. 20JOO; Libra de jutas del Real
Triunal del Consuo de Lia desde 170 hasti 1788, AGNP-Hacicnn c:lonial, leg, g0T, MnltA'

matrcuted in the consudo and served as its pnor in l74 and J78J' ElI."pediente personnl,

Josef Gonzez _ de Gutiérez AHN-Madrd, Ordenes mitaes: Santiago 65 Modemo;

Rcprec:t:ci6n .. . s'obre la elección del prior y cönsu 17B7, ..m -Lima, leg. r54B; Expedieme

rdatio n l:i pröiåa eleccn de prior y cõriul del Re Tñbunal del Conslado de esre rei

no, 29

Burkholder, Politics of a Colonia Carea: jOJé Baquíjano ond the Audiencia of Lima (Albuquerque: New Mexco Pres, 19Bo), U-13; Oscnr Fcbre Vùlaroe, "La crisis ngncola del Pcr
University of

Dec.ljgo, BNP-MSS, C-1692; Mendibur, Diccioruri. 1r:.pS; Dager Alva, "Noble y comercianre,"

in Mnode' Vrvó, ed., Comeante. Iimcfios, 65-B6. Sec also thc ense of Isidro de Abarc y

Gutiércz de C~ssio, count of San Isidr, who wns admitted as a aihollcrode Sarztiago in 1775 nnd

en el ultimo terco del siglo xvi," &vista Hutrict (Lima) z7 (1964): 175. See alo Roisdn Aguilar

Gil, "Domingo Rare dc Aro: Comcrciante nnvicro y hacendado," in Mazzco de Vivó"
25,.A exception would be Rosa dc In Fuente, widow of

ed" Comerrialltcs limciJ, 175-87, .

,served repeatedly as pnor of the conso: E.-qediente person:i, Isidro Abarca y Guiicrrez de

Cossio, ..HN-Madd, Ordenes mitnes, Santiago 10; Rimio Flores, "El dcstino manifiesto de

the count ofVùlar de Fuente who'

un m=der licño a fies de siglo xvii De comcrciame a consignntario, La vida y negocios de

don Isidro Àbarc:i Conde dci 8nn Isidro," in M:z: de Viv6, ed., Gomercian/e.limcfio!. 89-129.

alo caed on her husband's business, deang in European import, mules, lld cinamon:
Joseph Dager Alva, "Noble y comeniante:Josc Gonzålez Guticrrez Conde de Fuente Goriez,"

These two lie by no Incins the only noblemen who were membe of one of the milhniy orders
and who openly engaged in i:de.
3D.

in Mazo de Vivó, I'd., ComercialltcJ limt!ioJ. 71.
26, On borh Taglc women, see the f:iy pape held in the Aiivo Manuel Ortz de

Junta genera de ncorusta de Ja Rea Compiiía de Filipinas, Madrid, 23 Dec. 1805, AG1-

Zeva0s (AM OZ), Lima. On Rosa Juliana, see Susy Sánchez, "Familin, comero y pocer Los Tagle y su vineul¡¡:ión con los Torre Velarde, 17o-rB25:' in Ma=o de Vivó, ed., Commianus limefios, 3r34.

Filpinas, leg;99L Zclda de la Fuente's apod~atiD nt the shareholders' meeting was 'the coiinr of

Polentinos. .A apodeado was a holder of a power-of-attrney who acted as an agem or proxy tor his clent.

CITY 01' KINGS, CITY OF COMMERCE :i5

Z4 OECONSTRUCTING LEGITIMACY

charged with collectg.36 Paita had long been notorious as a center of
tenure as corregidor of Chancay.31 As a high-rang bureaucrat and a ..nobleman, the marqués kept his commercial ventues out of offcial records,
ilcit trde. . such as the consulado's matncuas. They were neverteless an open secret, .. . md provided grist for Lima's ever-acte rumor mil. For example, in 1803, . .captued "a plyig

In November I740, when the English privateer George Anson

raded the settement. he and his men "were surrised to fid such a large

. amount or gold' and silver in a town so smal and poor:' They had also was

smal fishig boat. . . near the Islas de los Lobos, where it

it was said that 170,000 pesos registered aboard the merchantman Aurra . by two dependents of the Cinco Gre11os Mayores de Ñl:idrd, belonged in fact to the marqués.JZ On another occasion; Zelada de la Fuente had offered to back a Chiean merchant, "promising him eight thousand pesos
to invest, and hi signature, which is,

the coast from Calao to Paita He confscated more than 70,000

pesos in gold' on board, , , , Evidently the mm was tring to reach Paita in
of

tie to join the other merchants waitig to depar for Panama and the coast

more valuable."33

New Sp:i~."j7 More than a hal-centu later, the Cruzetas apparently

saw no reason

not to parcipate in a lucrative trade that defied the colo-

Although one of the wealthest, the marqués was by no means the only . b~eaucrat oflate colonial Peru who was deeply involved in trade. I~ ~746
the viceroy owned a cargo of wheat aboard a smal ship that escaped the
efect of the earquake and tsunam because it was anchored in a smal

nial rues for the regution of trade.

Exples of bureaucrats who were also merchants could be multiplied endlessly, ~diñcluded the judges of the Audiencia ofLima,JB but perhaps

one more irtance wi suce. Fernando de Abasca, marqués de la Con-

port to the south of Calao; he had intended to market the wheat in Panama.34 Barolomé de Bedoya, a lawyer servg as advisor to the inten-'

cordia, vicei:i:j of Peru from 1806 unti 1816, celebrated for his unyielding

rectitude inrlie pursut of Spai's contiued rue in America, was accused

. dant of Tana, maintaied a lively transatlantic trde in Peruvian bark,
. occásiona1y using the servces of the Cinco Gremios Mayores in Peru to
tover his tracks,35

by crollos and peoi al of trg in wheat, suga and tobacco, to his

imense profit.39 Less pow bureaucrats were someties less fortnate.

Not inequently, commercial ventus undern by burucrts inlved

,diect confct of interest. For exple, Ignacio de Crueta, admistrator of revenues in the nortern port of Paita, owned a merchant house large enough to requie the assistance ofhi two sons, Gaspar and Manuel, who also helped hi with his offcial duties. The Cruetas and their assocites
. were accused of mounting a major trade in contraband goods via Panama, which, of coure, paid none of the import taxes the elder Cruta was

36. El contador general dc lndias . . . infonne sobre las causas que motiy¡on Ja separación

del desti a D:Fra Borja Port,:! Feb. 1815, with attaed papers, AGI-Lima,

leg. 626.

Cruet wa one of thc provici merants who attended the Junta generol de comerco on 7

Dec l7, wher oppO!ition to Are's new taes was voiced: Acti, Junta general, i\GNPHacenda colonial, leg. 9°7-

:r, Jorge JUan y Sant: and Antonio de Ulloa, Dimime aiid Political &j7edioilS on tbe Kingdom ofPmi ed. aid intr, by John J. TePaske; trans. John J. TePaske ~nd Besse A. Clement (Norman: UnivcrSty ofOldahomn Press, t978),55' , 38. Leon'CampbeI. ''A Colonial Estblishment: Creole Domination of the Audiet/ria de

Lima durg the Late Eighteenth Centu,. HAHR 52, no, i (1972): 1-:5. For opinions about the

. qualty of judge seng durg th decade immediately prior to indepndence, sec AGi-Lima,

31. Raón del numero de chacr, in Memonal de los hacendados, AHN-Consejos, leg. z0300;
Lohman Vilena, La ammeantl, 2::6T, Vicente Pa1cio Ata, ATWJe y GiiiTUr: Ohsa"aciones

leg, 602, 6491 m¡ Manuel Lorezo de Vidnurre, "Pla del Peru,. cOlP-Torno i: Lri ideófogrs, 1)

vol5. (lma: Còmión Naåonal del Sesuicenteario de b lndependcnåa del Peru, r97I-), vol. s:

sobre ,Ifracaso de una vinta al Pmí (Si:a: Escueb de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1946), :(3;
Manuel Moreyr y P:i Soldãn, La numeda colonial tm el Pen;: CapiJlilos de £I histari (L B,anco

Plan del pen Y àtTos esmtos par Montiel Lrrem:.o de Vidatlrre, ed. Alberto Tauro, Z5.

Cetral de Reserv del Peru, Ig80), 161-85'

, 39. José de lao Ri Agero, Manlfestaciån birtirn y palítirn de la Tl!olución de fa Am¿r'ca y ~ esa:mcnÚdc fa parte que' corresonde al Pm; y Río de La Plata (Buenos Aies: Imprenm de los Exósltos. ,nliß),,' .p-43; Antonio Izquierdo Marnez to Minitro de Hacienda, 9 May iBn,

, 32. Vicente Morales y Duárcz to Directors, Cinco Greios Mityore, 26 Apr. 1803, AGi-Lir:i

and Pedo Trujilo to Mini~ de Hacenda, JI Aug. 1BI3, AGJ-Lima, leg. 77; Miguel de

leg. 1620. For a genera account of the Madrid guds and their trde, see Miguel CapeI and
Antonio Matia T~con, Los Cinco GremÍJs Mayor de Madrid (Mddd: N.p., 1957). 33. Jaime Eyzguirre, ed., ArchÌ'o epiitolaT de la jamilit Eyzgiirrl! r¡4ìi8S4 (Buenos Ai lmpresoni Argentia, 1960), 143. For a siilar cas~ se~ Dager Alva, "Noble y comercante," 78/9,
34. Conde de Supeninda, "Memoria de goliierno," in Fuentes, ed. Memm-ia de las 'lTeyes.
4=I27.

Eyzgu to the Reency, 8 Aug. 181) as suirzed for the Conscjo de lndias ,on 28 June 18 '5, AGi-Lima, leg. 602; Gaspar Rico to Ferando de Abasca Havana, 18 Nov. iB1Z, AGI-Lima, leg. 1016jJavic: Ma de Agirr to Crown, London, 23 Mar. I823, Aci-Lima, leg. 798, Viceroys who

profited from trde were commonplce in Spanish America, For the notorious cae of the first

count ofRevagigedo, viceroy of Mexco from 1746 unti :t55, see Andres Cavo, Lor tm rig/as de Mtjr."O durante. d gobiano esaflol hasta fa tmtTada del ejcrto tTjgararile (Jalapa: Tipografia

35, Duplicados de registros, 1803, AGI-Lima, leg. r-6; Morales y Du:iez to Directors, Cinco Greos Mayore, 30 Mar, 180), AGi-Lima, leg. 1620, pervian bark (cacarrllo) wa used medcinaly to tear fevers.

Vem=ara de A. Rui 1870), 290. For earlier examples in Per, see Madelaine Glynn D. Evans, "The Laded Anocrcy in Peru, 16co-i680" (ph.D. diss., University of London, (972), 220;

38 DECONSTRUCT1NG LEGITIMACY

Who were the cargadores matraùated in the consuado? Merchants whose

. . Table z: Merchants registering 50,000+ pesos for Cádiz in 1803

residence in Lima lasted only as long as requied to complete a single business ventue (which someties took thee years) are alost invisible. . The exceptions are few and usaly depend on chance encounters with
Bautista de Gárte, Jua Unae, Juan Àntonio de
Aivaezdel vil Àntoiuo

Name Number of Numberignof cons ees
trsactions'
97

Amount"

31

325.927°

24
61 42 37 10 26 70 14 35 5

22

seemigly trvial data For example, some of the Cádiz merchants to whom
.' fuds wee consigned in 1803 had themselves made voyaes to Peru, usualy

Moreno, Pecl :'

as ships' masters or supercargoes, but someties as traders to the mig
districts in the interior of the viceroyalty Among them were Juan Miguel

Isasi, J osé HefIenegio Avedaño & Safasd
Inda, Francis'co de

33 22 23

1

11

de Lastra, later a parer in the powerf Agerrevere, Lostra and Company of Cádiz, and Gasar de Amenabar, whose brother Silvestre lived in .

Elizade Hei:os=
Amenabar,Silve$é.
Izce, Fr.clco Xaver de

34 5 25

Peru most of his actve lie.71 Some of them were probably merchants
whose names appear on only one of the five matrículas so far located. And
some of the merchants domicied in Spai and only temporary in Peru

Gorbea y Bacio, Manuel
Saldamdo, M:uel Lorenzo

Erre:,J osé Àntonio de,
, Cas y Piedr Diego de lac

31 5

4
Aras,Izce & Companyi

can be identified in cases like those of Antonio de Avendaño, Roque de Salnas, and Manuel Lorenzo de Saldamando. Saldamando appears in Peru only in 1803, when he was matriculated in
the consudo and consigned 78,240 pesos aboard the thee ships saing

PércaJua de
Román ldiáquez,

José

Zuloag, Fracisco Mana
Aguero, J :iciIitoh,

16 16 11 7

2 11 1 2 15 11 6

4

2
Cortés, Josef ,
Laceta, MatiíaS de Saldmnando & Gacia del Ríoi
3

1

for Spai.72 He was probably acting as agent for Simón, Feliz, and Manuel
Pascual Gutiérrez, merchants of Cádiz. The pattern of

36
18

his trade indicates

that lieño merch!1t5 would have found it dicult to parcipate in the

'Aras, Dámaso de

14

2 19 10 10

158,568 154,686 151,188 135,758 133,916 103,700 101,033 100,395 95,235 87,609 78,241 77,553 75,500 75,098 69,408 65,387 62,701 57,408 57,252 54,ó61 54,366 51,876

Atlntic trade if they had to depend on hi for supplies of European

2,330,466

goods. Saldamando had only one Peruvian connection, the peninsular
Matheo de Cossio, who was then serving as the consulado's diputado del

. Eac irnsacton wa lid separtely bec:iuse consigne:l! in Spain differ, and because funds
b In pesos fites, rounded oft

were trsf=d on seer peons' accunt and at their risk (aienta y riesgo de. . .).

cAn additional4/,ooo pess was regitered by other members of the Gårte f.ily.

d Antonio de-Avendao and Roque de Salas wer merchants ofCãdiz; il the funds registered
. by them on the three ships were consigned to them.

e Includes Antonio andJosé Matl de E1ilde sepatelyand thei joint company.

similar distincton, see Anthony McFarlane, "The Rebellon of the Biiar: Urban Insurrection in . Bourbon Qyito,. in &Jomi and llUulT"ticm in Bàurbon N= Granaa and Per, ed. John R.' Fisher, Alan J. Kuethe, and Anthony McFa.1:ne (Bato'n Rouge: Louisiana State Univerity
Press, 1990), 237-

. f Cas yPiedr wa actng as extor of

the wi of

the count ofS;i Isidr, one ofthe wcalthiest

mercliiints 'oflate coloni Per.
g D;íaso de Aras and Fracico Xavier de Ize.

h Agüer an C;ortC5 wer aleged to MVC been merely courier for the Cinco Grcmios Mayorcs
, the Gtemios. " '

71. Eiediente relntivon J¡ próxma elección . . . , i9 Dei:I790, BNP-MSS, C-169z and C4151; Matri:a del Rea Cons1:do, 1779, AG N p-Consdo, leg. 1; Infnne de Gaspar de Amemibar, 30 Nov 1784, in Libra de informes y conswra del constado, 1i76, AGNI'- .

de Madrd, whose factor, Gaspar Rico, wa attempting to conce the amount bcingrcgistcn:cl by

i Manuel Lorenzo Saldamando an'Antonio Garcia de Rio,

Haåe:nc! coloiu, leg, 1031. Silvese, born in Guipúzcoa, had been matnculated in the
~onswado of Câdit. beginnig in 176r, by 1779 he was in Lima and matnculated in the consulado

. there. He and his brother Gaspar who lived hi Cádiz but appeared in Lima intemittendy in the
inOS and i¡os, owned one of the 1:rgest busineses in the Pl!:i trde: see, for exple,

Registers for the Santa Rifil1D, JaalJujna, and Aurora, i3 Jan., i Feb., and JO Ma iB0J, AGi-Lima, . leg. 726. In his Tradiriones p=anm rompletas (Madrid; Aguila, 1964), 73i--3, Ricao Pala
descrbes how Silvetre: cornerd the market for women's stockings when Spain was at wa

with
1803, AGI-Lima, leg. 726; Consulado to Manuel Josc de Amn-

England,
72. Duplicados de registrs, daro,

26 May 1803, AGNP-Hacienda colonial,leg.iis-

40 DECONSTIlUCTING LEGITIMACY

CITY.OF ICINGS, CITY OF COMMEIlCE 41

comercio in Arequipa.7J Saldamando also operated in parership with

Clearly; peninsular merchants only temporary in Peru accounted for

Antonio García dd ila, master of the Santa Rufna. Together, they regis, terd 5°,298 pesos on the wahip and another 4,068 pesos on theJoaquina, al belonging to merchants ofCádiz.74 . When the Santa Rtna set saiL, Antonio de Avendaño was on board, and that fact alone makes his case more complex than that of Saldaniando.

lare su~ of commercial c3:Pital, but Atlantic-trade merchants resident in Per accoiited "for more. Of the twenty-one individual and four partner-

. ships registerigfuds in excess of "5°,000 pesos aboard the thee ships,

five were not resdents of Peru,79 They accounted for only 19 percent of

the fuds remtted by those registerng more than 50,000 pesos. By way

The warhip carried only speåe, and Atltic-trade merchants who had been unable to remit fuds to their principals in Spain durng the war
with Britai were clorig to place them aboard the wel-ared ship.
. by

of contrt, Jua Bautista de Gárate y Ze1ayeta alone was responsible for

registerig alost 326,000 pesos, or about 14 percent of the total remitted

this gro:up of merChants; anadditiona146,000 pesos were registered by

Avendano lúself registered funds aboar both the Santa Rufina and the
Joaquina, iind he as we as other merchants consigned fuds to hi for

other members of the Gárte famy_ Gárate's pattern of trade ilustates
resident

importt. Characterstics of the newly arrived metropolitan merchants

. delvery in Cádiz.75 Moreover, he was operatig in parerslup with Roque
de Salas, who had been in Per in 1780 and agan in 1790, but whose name

in Pert with whom the limeños had to compete. Gárate died before the quota for the forced loan of 18ig were assigned,

. does not appear on any of the matrculas lo,cated so far,76 The parnership . wa consignee for I03,9i6 pesos in fuds from Peru, none of it belonging
to a crollo merchant. On separate regiters, six individuals in Peru consiged

and his hei were requied to contribute only :?,OOO pesos. In 1803, however,

he wa orie of the most power merchants in Peru and as such had

, . 30,000 to Salas in fist place.7 Eight people, includig Avendaño, named
him as consignee in second place, for a total of 1660338. Only one of those
foureen people, Diego de Alaga y Santa Cru, was a wollo merchant.7B

servd aspotl.prior and consul of the consulado. He maitaned offces in Lima, Cuzco, Arequipa, La Paz, and Cochabamba in addition to his

correspondentS in Cádi. Born in Urdas, Navara, he had gone to Peru
before 1770

and had established himsel as a bulon merchant. Bullon

merchartswere usualy refiers as wel, and Gárate was no exception. He
73. Cosslo, born near Santnnder. went to Arequipa in I7si. wher he built the splendid

, manion ncxi to ile e:thedru. In I795. he wa rued to a post in the Chuoito trry, whii: he
wa pemutted to serve by prox. See José de la Riw. Agucro, El Pml histiiiO y arfrtiæ Influenr:
y descendera tU Jar monta1Wl! en ¿¡ (Santnder: J. Martinez I9ii). UT, Ricado Magdaleno,

owned Hacienda de Tingo near Arequipa, where silver ores were combined

with mer~ in the refg proces. Besides silver, he traded in raw cotton,

chocolate mdcacào, wie, wax hosier Peruvian bark, cloth and

clothg,
but some was produced in Amerca. BD

. comp.. Catálogo )::X: T"ihilor tU India (Valdolid: Arvo Gencn de Simanc:, (954). 624 , 74. Funds belonging to a: given indiviual were regitere at hi t:ienta y rii!g~ whether he '
'lumsel signe the reer or iu funds were trsfered for him by anoiler agent who had

spice, ard confectons. Much .ofhis merchandie wa importd from Europe,

possession of them when the register wa drwn up,
75. Avendriiio registerd a tota of si.6J6 peos consigned to himel at his own aienta y negr.
, He:io registered funds belonging to three other merchants, who consigned 9,676 pesos to him.

It wouidu:deed have been dicut for a lieño merchant to

compete

, Duplicados de registr.. ¡BoJ, AGi-Lima,leg. 726.
76. Saln:i attended a Junta de nl1ies in nßo and was involved in the dispute over the
consulado's matricu in 1790: Act, Junta de navieros, iB Nov. I7Bo. Libra de

with Gánte'shouse; either in the Atlantic trade or the trade to the interor of the viceroyaty. In the fist place, hi credit wa such that he
junta del Rc
dealt with considerable

no fewer than th-one merchant houses in Spain, giving him

Tribuna del Consdo desde 1'1'10 hasta 17B8. AGNP'-Hacienil colonial, leg, gor. Eiediente ieaIÌvo a la proxima eleccón ..., i9 Dec 1790. iiNP-MSS, C-i69i.
77. Merhants regitering funds for Spain usiny named seera consignees, specig that

control over supply to his chosen market. Second, he selected

fuds wer to be delivered to those desgnated in second 'or third plac if the pñncipal were
absent. In the i:e of p:ierships, mercants in Per sometimes namcc one in fist plice and

79: Theywese Antonio de Avendaño, Aveilo's p:iership with S:inas,Juan Antonio de

Uriare, master of the AUTa, Manuel Lorenzo de Saldamando, and S:idamiindo'sp:imcrship

the other in ~cond. It appe~rs from such data that Salas was al asocated with Barolomé de
Ayaa of Cãdiz; 79,000 pesos consigned to Salinas in second place weie for Ayna in the fit
'iitnce. Duplicados de registros, iBoJ, AGI-Lima, leg. 7i6,

wiil Antonio GlUci del Rio. .

80. Prorrata' de los '400.000 pesos, iBI9, AGNI'-Consulado, leg. 34; Gárnte to Juan Pedro

. Zelaye, 5 Jii,'iBIA BNP-MSS: Corrndencia (letts ar indexed by names of seder; and

78. Attn, Junta general de trbunales, IS July ¡llig, MenP-PC'uela, Sig. 4, q, 6. Alaga scion of one of ile oldes crol1o fuilies, was actively involved in the independence movement prior to . San Marn's invaion in iHio: Lohmann Vilena, Lar ameTiranas, i:i6T, Joaquin de 1a peze1a, , Memoria de gobil!o, ed. Vicente Rodnguez Casdo and Guilermo Lohmann Vilena (Si:a.
Esce1a de Estudio. Hispano-Areric:ino., 1947), 592-"3.

recipients), where 'he mentions that he sold Tingo to Bernardo

Gnmio for 42,996 pesos; wil of

Jua Baiitism de Gáte, :u Apr. rro, AGNP-Notao Jua Bautist Tenoño y Palacios Mendibunl,

DjiåD1tari~, vols.5.339, andn, .¡6; G:ite to Zelayetn, i5 Nov, I792, BNP-MSS: Corresondencin;
ii Mar 180I, BNP-MSS: Correspondenci:i,

'Rin de los efecos exente Cuzco. Nov. 177B, BN I'-MSS. C-i90'¡ G:ite iO Juan de Goyencche,

42 DECONSTRUCTING LEGITIMACY

Table3: Juan Bauti de Gárate's consignees in Spain, 11lo3

his associates in Peru in accord with the time-honored custom of ditrst
of strangers; family ties were important to the orgazation and strcte
. of

Namea C. == Those to 'Yhom only Gárte consigned funds) Arouni:

his business. For exple, Gárate's cous'in,Juan Pedro de Zelayeta, was

his junior parer. Some of the merchandise that Gárte sold on credit to
miers wa supplied by his nephew, Juan Migul de Irigoyen. Gárte then
acted as barcer for lrigoyen's trsfer of funds to Spai.8I

A eie, B gerevomé Lostr & Co. 101,443 de ParollLareb. &Ala. 24,606 au Co. 39,869 Joa duide Istáriz é Hijos 13,404 VrìacqsaoPicBareda y Benavides 12,400 u . ri de Vilanueva 17,000 F i c ae

Gárate's transatlantic network dependéd upon a similar set of
relationships. Another supplier for Gárte was Juan Miguel ~e Lostra,a . . penisuar merchant then temporary in Peru. Soon afer 1793, Lastra
. retuned to Cádiz, where he formed a parership with Juan Josef ard

José Mimuel de Goyenecle y Bareda 11,400

Juan MigueloAguervere 11,000 Wencesla Hele 10,351

Micaea &:Mana Moliar, &Jua Fracisco Espelosínc 11,374

Juan Miguel de Agerrevere. The Aguerrevere famy of merchants was . .' related to the Goyeneche famy of Arequipa; the famy patriarch had
migrated to Per in q65, and maried into tlie Barreda y Benavides

José Ignacio,

family. Gárate handled most of thei transatlantic business. The
. Goyeneche-Barreda-Benavides connection was responsible for the fact
that Gárate consigned a total of 101,443 pesos to Aguerrevere y Lostra;

VictdeiÓ Iñgo . 10,000 or Hemasd 10,000 Sa ago Cristóbal Castieto 8,413 V ntiBautist Chayro. 6,191 JanentuL-acomba 6,788 ua M uel Paseual Gutiérrez. 5,000

J:neZ; Pàcle é Hijo 5,000 Muan Mara Biñalet 3,851

ths amount represented alost 31 percent of al the funds he transferred
to Spai aboard the thee slups of 1803. Of ths, 18,44 pesos belonged to

Juan Borda I1ausea 2,985 Jua de de Tresier 3,000

Jasaan de Amenabar &'Fermin Ramôn de Barera 2,249 u Francico de Veaurguía 2,374 G pr
Viuda de

. Gárte hiself and none of his own money was entrsted to any of the

other merchant houses in Spain with which he did business.8z

Like other peninsular-born merchants resident in late colonial Lima,
Gárate was the nex of a complex sytem of commercial relationships
Elizadc, Lartu y Cia, founded in 1786.
81. But compar the powerl mercant house of

Jai Bautita Rapalo 1,146' Jua e Fourat. . 1,465 Raóii Tobar" 1,000

FerIGuilén 1,000 rn Raón de Barera 1,000
Berardo

Jua FraciscoVeaur &Peclo Marnez Muría 769

and lasng unti 1792, where the 11S0CÍles wer not member of an exended fuiiy but natives

of Nav: Spai; in thei cae, region1Ù ties were crci: Deolinru Mercdes Vila Esteves,

Ma l Penureode Tejada yMura".361 dMara Máquez" 400 ¥àrnez Hermoso" 88
Aci-Li,leg:jo 1549.

"Lidernzg y poder La ëlte eomercial limeña entr el comero Ìïbre y hi gu= de la

ìndependencin. El cao de Antonio de Elizide," in Mazz de Vivó. ed., Comerw limeiús.
149-50. Tlus wa a pattrn common to other regions of Spanis Ameñci see John E, IGcz,
Colonial Entrcpmiwrs, FamiJi~, and Busines in Bourbon lvlexico Cit (Aluquerque: Univerity of

11 The list does not include thse to whom Giíte consigned funds in second or tld place. !i Figure ar rounded off to the nea peso. e Jua Fr.cio Espelsin wa in Pen in 1806, and w.s .actve in the n.irs of the consuhido:

d Giíte's consgnentto Heias Wl composed entirely of funds bconging to the heirs of Juan

New Mcieo Pres, 198J),,51;;2; Susan M. SocDlo~, The Merroants of BlIenos ./ires, rr8-IBro:
"Family and Commme (Ciibridge: Cambridge Univcity Pres, ig;n). 18,52-53, 169'' Zcaycti
was active in the n. of the consulado thrugh the. end of the colonial peiod, and was sti ìn

.Seg. Ptio Moreno consiged another "",906 pesos belonging to the same estite to Hemns, who Wl s.eg:~ exeeutoi:Juan Antonio de Uriar, master of the ./lll"rß, regitered 6,897 pesos,
eunta y riesgo of Hem

as, wluch may alo have bee p: of Seg::i' estate, .

Per in September iBz.í Ae del Consulado de Lima, 1816-4 AGNP-Conslndo,le.g,:i Gacua del Cobiero de Lima Independimte, 3:829; Caca del Cobiemo . . . Bolivar, I:92. cDip-Tomo :!, I:37TS; 403¡ R:ôn de efectos exstentc,' Arequipa, July 1790, IlNl'-MSS, C-4ISL lrgoycn

... These fuds were consigned to Simón Guticrreo in second place.; Simón had been in Cuzco in

1778, in cIe of Giíte's off= Razõn de los efectos cistentes, Novembc. 1778, BNP-MSS,
legjo C~3904- .

supplied Gmte with goods produced locill, esecaly rough cloth. He also dealt in Pervian
bai Gårte registere 4,017 pesos menta y neigo ofIrigoyen, consigned to Marna de Moliner.
Duplicados de rcgitros, 1803, AGl-Lim:i,

leg, p.6.

82. Razn de los eferos exstentes, Arequipa, July 1790, lINP-lvSS, C-4I5i(Exedienre
rcauvo:i hi próiåma elón,.., 29 Dec: 1790, lINP-MS5, C-169:i Duplicidos de re.gitr5, IS03.

AGi-Lima, leg. ¡'6¡ Lohmann Villena. Los ameriUlnor, i:iz9-So, 2:280; Pedro José Rida y Gamo,

.' EI arzbiso Goymethe y apiintes para fa bitlJia del Pen; (Rome: Imprenta Polilotu Vatica:i,
1917),5-g.

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CITY OF lUNGS, CITY OF COMMERCE 47
4-6 DECONSTIlUCTING LEGITIMACY

'. Because the latter is exclusively theirs thanks to the ties of friend. TALE

4 (cont.): Destination offunds consigned to Spain aboard thee ships, 1Bo3a

.sbip, famy, and province, the Americans remain in a certn sense

Consignee in Spain Amouni: Consignors in Peru
. Avendaño, Salnas & Co. 95,535 Antonio de Avendaño
Juan &

. '.excludecl from ths lucrtive trade, and without the credit necessar

Antonio Macho

Juan de Pértca
José Manuel Brito

. . ',t~prosper at the level of their riva. The povert of Americans is diectly related to the distance from their Spanish fathers, grandfathers, or great-grandfathers; thus it is rae that a fortne survives

Pedro Vilcapa

to the grdson. . . . The (penistÙar) enjoy the protection of

. Barolomé Ayala 88,24 i
Agtin Dorea

Silvestre Amenabar

,their countren, the Spansh governors; . . . the (molios) lack

.. protection and do not know the merchants of the peninsula who

Francisco Lizadi Francisco Gil

reiIt thei goods on consignent.85

Manuel Gorbea y Badio José Gorbea y Bado

Analysis of the thee ships' regiters of rB03 confirms Riva Agero's

perceptlon that peniuls domiated the Adatic trade, and that the

. Juan Francisco Espelosín B2,195
Juan &Antoruo Macho

Francisco Xavier del Campo

Antonio Álvaez delVùl

sons of peniular merchants enjoyed an advatage, too, if only a slight the seventeen crolio Atlantic traders identied from their activity one. Of

Francisco Vásque~ de Uzieda

Angel Tomá de Alo
Josef Saldi ' .

in ¡803 (Table 5), nie were :f-generation Americans. But five were from old cr0116 fames.66 Indeed, Diego de Alaga y Santa Cruz traced his
Per87

Xienez Texda, Garcia & Co. 79,879
José Pío Gara José Correa Pedro Moreno

Ramônde Soz

patemallieage back to the daughter of one of the fit conquistadors of ThuS "ditace" from the Spansh forebear is an inadequate exlaNor. is

nation of criolio margialzation in the Atlantic trde.

lack of capital an adequate explanation. Al of the criollo

merchants matrcuated in the constÙdo were weathy, compared with the

Antonio de Avend:io 62,312

Antonio de Avendaño Diego de Alaga y Santa Cru Juan de Pértea

majontýof merchants, penisular and criollo ale. Furermore, eight of

the seventeen molio Atlantic, traders were shipowners, and therefore not

Mar de Guisaola

necessarydependentupon consignents from pe~suar mercant houses.
Juan Bautista de Gárate J osé Hermenegido Isasi
Spai in

Lie the Santiago de Rotalde brothers, they could have saied directly to

Paul Lareta & Co. 60,607
José Ignacio Hemas 59,803

search of European goods, provided that a famy member was
Juan Bautita de Gárate
Pedro Moreno

matriculted as a merchant in the peniula. Nor is it liely that they

Diego Palaciod 57,408 Jacinto Agero
. Includes omy those who receved morc than 50,000 peos aboar the the srups, as t:buhited

85. Ri~:Agùeio, Manifes/lUí hÌJtDrica y politicai 8-9, On the impornnce of f.ily and regional oétwclcs in launchg and maitaing a commercial =r, see the esys in Mazz dc Viv, ed.,' ComemanUs limt!irJI. Another factor in the declne of commcrcial fomincs frm

,founder to,'the third geertion was Spanish inheritance law, which stipulated that fortnes were

me multitude of so=

lIm the Duplicados de regios. iB03, AGI-Lima, lcgjo p.6. Bccaus of

from which it is drwn, additiomil information about mercants cannot be foomotcd here,
b In pesos jùtrel, rounded off

Buni Aiff, 3l"" ,

to be dividêdcqualy among al the children of a family, male and fcmale: Socolo, Merchmi/i of

86. The first-genertion cioUos were Comparet y Blacader, Liirrva, Ortz dc ZcvaUos,

cAl funds consigned to Sánchez de Cueto were ~umta y rn of the estte ofJuan GõmC7

Palaci05 Agure, Pcrez de Cortguer Qiurõs, Santiago de Rotade, and the counts of Premio

Rea and Vilar de Fuente. From old ciono failes were Alba y Cabada, Alga y Santa Cni..

. d Funds consigned to Palacio in Madrid were placcd in escrow by the directors of the Cinco
. Gremios Mayores, Thcy becved tht Agùero had registerd fuds tht rightfy belonged to
the

,Po m

ar, who had been born in Santader and whose bromer Jose trveled to Peru at least once

Qyerejazú'y -S¡iti~o Concha, Rnmir de Laredo, and Vãsquez dc LarrÌv:. Thc birthplace of
, J osé Vásquez de Olmedo, fith of

V ásqucz de Uzicdn, and those of the fathers of Rodguez and

Greios.

Rui Dií,dinve not been locted

87, Hc w: Gernio de Alaga Mendiuru, Diciirmario, r::i:io-o,