Eolas Technologies Incorporated v. Adobe Systems Incorporated et al

Filing 875

***FILED IN ERROR. SEE DOCUMENT 877 FOR CORRECT PLEADING*** MOTION to Seal Document [DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OF INVALIDITY FOR LACK OF WRITTEN DESCRIPTION by Adobe Systems Incorporated, Amazon.com Inc., CDW Corporation, Citigroup Inc., Google Inc., J.C. Penney Company, Inc., Staples, Inc., The Go Daddy Group, Inc., Yahoo! Inc., YouTube, LLC. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit, # 2 Exhibit A, # 3 Exhibit B, # 4 Exhibit C, # 5 Exhibit D, # 6 Exhibit E, # 7 Exhibit F, # 8 Exhibit G, # 9 Exhibit H, # 10 Exhibit I, # 11 Exhibit J, # 12 Exhibit K, # 13 Exhibit L, # 14 Exhibit M, # 15 Text of Proposed Order)(Reines, Edward) Modified on 8/18/2011 (mll, ).

EXHIBIT L

I hereby certify that this correspondence is being
deposited with the United States,Postal Service as
first class mail in an envelope addressed to:
Assistant Commissioner for Patents,
Washington, D.C. 20231,
on

VU/Le c? 1??7

Attorney Docket No. 023071-553

TOWNSEND and TOWNSEND and CREW LLP

BY~
IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
In re application of:

)
)

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.

)

Examiner: D. Dinh·

)

Application No.: 08/324,443

)

Art Unit: 2317

)

Filed: 10/17/94

)

AMENDMENT

)

For: EMBEDDED PROGRAM OBJECTS IN)
DISTRIBUTED HYPERMEDIA
)
SYSTEMS
)

\

--------------------------------)
Assistant Commissioner for Patents
Washington, D.C.
20231
Sir:
Responsive to the Office Action mailed March 26, 1997,
please amend the above identified application as follows:
IN THE CLAIMS:
Please cancel claim 6-15, 17-43, and 49-56 .

./

Please amend the followin
1.

1

(Twice Amended)

claims:

A method for running an application

program in a computer network environment, comprising:

2

providing at least one client workstation and one

3
4

~

network server coupled to said network environment, wherein said

5

network environment is a distributed hypermedia environment;
executing, at said client workstation, a browser

6
7

application, that parses a first distributed hypermedia document

8

to identify text formats included in [the] said distributed

9

hypermedia document and for responding to predetermined text

10

formats to initiate processing specified by said text formatg;

11

utilizing said browser to display, on said client workstation, at

)\

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

12

least a portion of a first hypermedia document received over said

13

network from said server, wherein the portion of said first

14

hypermedia document is displayed within a first browser-

15

controlled window on said client workstation,

16

first distributed hypermedia document includes an embed text

17

format,

18

hypermedia document, that specifies the location of at least a

19

portion of an object external to the first distributed hypermedia

20

document [ and that specifies], wherein said object has type

21

information associated with it utilized by said browser to

22

identify and locate an executable application external to the

23

first distributed hypermedia document[i], and wherein said embed

24

text format is parsed by said browser to automatically invoke

25

[invoking, with said browser application,] said executable

26

application to execute on said client workstation in order to

27

display said object and enable interactive processing of said

~C28
29

[and] wherein said

located at a first location in said first distributed

object within [the] a displaYI\~or..,t created at said first
location within the portion of said first distributed hypermedia

30

document being displayed in said [the] first browser-controlled

31

window [while a portion of said first distributed hypermedia

32

document continues to be displayed within said browser-controlled

33

window] .
2.

1

(Twice Amended) The method of claim 1, wherein

2

said executable application is a controllable application and

3

further comprising the step of:
interactively controlling said controllable

4
5

application (from] on said client workstation via

6

[communications sent over
said distributed hypermedia environment]

7
8

inter-process communications between said browser and said

9

controllable application.

~

1

/

(Twice Amended) The method of Claim): [2], wherein

2

additional instructions for controlling said controllable

3

application reside on said network server, wherein said step of
I •

Ii
,

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.! 08/324,443
Page 3

interactively controlling said controllable application includes
the following substeps:
issuing, from the client workstation, one or more
commands to the network serveri
executing, on the network server, one or more
instructions in response to said commandsi
sending information from said network server to said
client workstation in response to said executed instructions; and
processing said information at the client workstation to
interactively control said controllable application.

4

5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

~

PATENT

~~

1
2
3

Clai~[2J'

(Twice Amended) The method of
wherein
said additional instructions for controlling said controllable
application reside on said client workstation.

~

1
2
3

(Twice Amended) The method of claim 2, wherein the
communications to interactively control said controllable
application [from said client workstation] continue to be
exchanged between the controllable application and the
[hypermedia] browser even after the controllable application
program has been launched.

4

5
6

o

~
(Amended) A computer program product for use in a
system having at least one client workstation and one network
server coupled to said network environment, wherein said network
environment is a distributed hypermedia environment, the computer
program product comprising:
a computer usable medium having computer readable
program code physically embodied therein [for causing a client
workstation to invoke an external executable application
referenced by a hyper~edia document to display and process an
external object referenced by the'hypermedia document] said
computer program product further comprising:
computer readable program code for causing said client
workstation to execute a browser application to parse a
first distributed hypermedia document to identify text
formats included in [the] said distributed hypermedia

1
2

3
4

5
6
7
8

9

10
11
12
13
14
15

I

,)

,
MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

16

document and to respond to predetermined text formats to

17
18

initiate processes

19

workstation to utilize said browser to display, on said

20

client workstation, at least a portion of a first hypermedia

21

document received over said network from said server,

22

wherein the portion of said first hypermedia document is

23

displayed within a first browser-controlled window on said

24

client workstationL

25

hypermedia document includes an embed text format., located

26

at a first location in said first distributed hypermedia

27

document. that specifies the location of at least a portion

28

of an object external to the first distributed hypermedia

29

document[ and that specifies]. wherein said object has type'

)\

30

information associated with it utilized by said browser to

Q

31

identify and locate an executable application external to

32

the first distributed hypermedia

C-

specifie~~ec:.id

by the'text ,formatB.i

.or

computer readable program code for causing said client

[and] wherein said first distributed

do~ument[i

computer readable program code for causing said client

33
34

workstation to invoke, with said browser application], and

35

wherein said embed text format is parsed by said browser to

36

automatically invoke said executable application to execute

37

on said client workstation in order to display said object

38

and enable interactive processing of said object within
[the] a display w~r.... created at said first location within

0- 39

40

the portion of said first distributed hypermedia document

41

being displayed in said first

42

[while a portion of said first distributed hypermedia

43

document continues to be displayed within said

44

browser-controlled window] .

1

~,

2

;k.

browser~controlled

window

(Amended) The computer program product of claim

wherein said executable application is a controllable

application and further comprising:

3

computer readable program code for causing said client

4
5

workstation to interactively control said controllable

6

application [from] on said client workstation via

7

[conununications sent over said distributed hypermedia

"\

.I .".

'\

\

.i

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

8

environment] inter-process communications between said browser

9

and said controllable application.

1

(Amended)

The computer program product of

claim~

2

[45], wherein additional instructions for controlling said

3

controllable application reside on said network server, wherein

4

said step of interactively controlling said controllable

5

application includes:

6

computer readable program code for causing said client

7

workstation to issue, from the client workstation, one or more

8

commands to the network server;

9

~

computer readable program code for causing said network

10

server to execute one or more instructions in response to said

11

commands;

12

computer readable program code for causing said network

13

sever to send information to said client· workstation in response

14

to said executed instructions; and

15

computer readable program code for causing said client

16

workstation to process said information at the client workstation

17

to interactively control said controllable application.

1

,0
ft

(Amended)

The computer program product of

claim~

2

[45], wherein said additional instructions for controlling said

3

controllable application reside on said client workstation.

1

7~

(Amended)

The computer program product of

2

claim~

3

said controllable application [from said client workstation]

4

continue to be exchanged between the controllable application and

5

the [hypermedia] browser even after the controllable application

6

program has been launched.

wherein the communications to interactively control

REMARKS
Claims 1-15 and 17-56 have been examined, claims 1-5
and 44-48 are amended herein, and claims 6-15, 17 43, and 49-56
are canceled. Accordingly, claims 1-5 and 44-48 are now pending
in the application.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 6

PATENT

THE REJECTION OF CLAIM 1
Claim 1 is.. re,;i-ected under 35 U. S. C. §103 as being
unpatentable over Applicants' disclosed'prior art (Mosaic, HTTP,
HTML, and the World-Wide Web) and further in view of Khoyi et al.
and Hansen.
THE CLAIMED INVENTION
The present invention, as defined for example in
amended claim I, includes the step of executing a browser that
parses a first distributed hypermedia document to identify text
formats included in the distributed hypermedia document and that
responds to predetermined text formats to initiate processing
specified by the text formats.

The browser displays a portion of

a first distributed hypermedia document in a browser-controlled
window.
The first distributed hypermedia document includes an
embed text format located at a first location in the document.
The embed text format specifies the location of an object, at
least a portion of which is external to the first distributed
hypermedia document, that has type information associated with it
which is utilized by the browser to identify and locate an
executable application external the document.
The embed text format is parsed by the browser to cause
the browser to automatically invoke the external application to
execute on the client workstation.

The external application

displays, and allows the user to interactively process, the
object in a display window created within the portion of the
document being displayed in the browser-controlled window, at the
location within the document of the embed text format.
THE CITED REFERENCES
1.

Mosaic.
The Applicants' prior art (Mosaic) launches helper

applications, in response to a user's interactive command, in a
separate window to view certain types of file types.

As

described in the specification, the mechanism for specifying and
locating a linked object is an HTML anchor "element n that

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
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PATENT

includes an object address in the format of Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)

(pg. 3, line 30).

Many viewers exist that handle

various file formats such as ".TIF",

.GIF"., etc.

When a user

commands the browser program to invoke a viewer program,
typically by clicking on an anchor with a mouse, the viewer is
launched as a separate process.
image in a separate "window"

The viewer displays the full

(in a windowing environment) or on a

separate screen. This means that the browser program is no longer
active while the viewer is active. The viewer program is
completely independent of the browser after being invoked by the
browser.

This means that there is no communication between the

viewer program and the browser program after the viewer program
has been launched.

As a result, the viewer program continues to

run, even after the browser program execution is stopped, unless
the user explicitly stops the viwer program's execution.
The attached pages (attachment. A) describe how helper
applications are invoked in Netscape Navigator, which uses the
same mechanism as Mosaic.

The user creates an association in a

table between a file extension, e.g., the file extension ".MPG"
indicates a file formatted in MPEG video.

The browser could be

configured to launch the helper application VMPEG t9 display a
video file accessed using a URL in hypermedia document.

As

described above, the MPEG video file would be displayed in a
separate window and the browser would be inactive.
2.

Khoyi et al.
The reference Khoyi et al. describes an object-based

data processing operating system.

In that operating system data

from a child object may be internalized in a parent object.
Objects are related to one another through a linking mechanism
(col. 10, line 21).
direction of the link

The terms "parent" and "child" refer to the
(col. 10, line 31).

Programs for

operating on objects are known as "object managers", sometimes
referred to as applications

(col. 9, line 17).

Each type of

object has associated with it at least one object manager
designed as the primary means for operating on data stored in
that type of object (col. 9, line 20).

For example, the system

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

may support a "document type" of object for word processing and a
word processing object manager will be associated with that
object type. Similarly, a "data base type" object will have
associated with it a data base object manager as the primary
means for operating upon data stored in the data base type
object.
Application Integration Services of this operating
system provide a mechanism by which an individual application
(object manager) can appear to a user to integrate its operation
and manipulation of data with that of other applications (col.
13, line 40). To a user, the display of a page of a newsletter
having both text and a picture indicates to the user that the
text and picture are integrated into a single document. However,
in the Khoyi system this integration effect is accomplished by
the operation of two different object managers coordinated by the
use of the operating system's Application Integration Services.
The newsletter is stored in an object type document, which is a
type of object for storing text and formatting information. This
document object includes a link to a separate object of type
lIimage". The display is accomplished by a document object
manager displaying the text and the image object manager
displaying the picture. The information describing the link is
communicated from the. document object manager to the image object
manager with the assistance of the operating system's Application
Integration Services (col. 12, lines 60).
For most object types each object is stored in a
separate file (col. 15, line 5). If a destination object is not
capable of storing data from a source object then the data is
encapsulated. For example, a document object cannot directly
store p~cture data (col. 18, line 25). In order to edit
encapsulated data, the user must select the data and issue an
edit command, thereby invoking an. object manager capable of
handling objects of the type in which the encapsulated data is
stored: because of this difference encapsulated data will
typically be visually marked for the user (col. 18 1 lines 33-40).
The user will observe that editing the picture requires an extra
operation that results in opening a new window (col. 1~, line

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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44).

PATENT

No changes occur in the children while the viewer is

viewing the parent (col. 19, line 23) .
Link markers are included in the body of an object's
data to indicate the presence of linked data (col. 20, line 11).
The link marker is used to identify the object type so that the
child (source) object's object manager can be called to display
the child (source) object's data (col. 20, line 25).

A link

marker need not be physically stored at the location in the
parent's data where the linked data is to appear (col. 20, line
45).

Furthermore, the link marker does not specify the location

of encapsulated data.

The source object's object manager is used

to locate that object's encapsulated data (col.15, line 48).
3.

Hansen.
Hansen describes utilizing Andrew as a programming

environment for authoring and editing software programs which are
made up of multiple visual sub-languages. The reference teaches
the creation of hierarchically-embedded windows within a document
which provide views and interfaces to sub-elements of the parent
document as depicted in Fig. 1.

The Layout command provides for

scattering objects in a rectangle as depicted in Fig. 1 (page
258, second column, 4th para.). Hansen states that the author
should have, the power to organize a program's constituent
fragments for perusal by the reader. Since Hansen's system is
intended for use with visual languages, which are languages that
employ various graphical symbols to represent program elements
and relationships between program elements, Hansen points out
that it is preferable for the author to graphically arrange the
various program fragments within a single window, in order to aid
reader comprehension of the program, as a whole.

Hansen makes no

reference to embedding of any external executable program objects
within a document being edited by a program author.

Indeed,

Hansen makes no reference to external executable program objects
at all.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

THE EXAMINER'S REASONING
The Examiner states that the Applicants' prior art
(Mosaic) discloses utilizing the browser to display a portion of
a hypermedia document that includes an embed text format that
specifies the location an object external to the hypermedia
document.

It is also stated that is apparent that type

information is specified which is used by the browser to identify
and locate an executable application external to the hypermedia
document.
With regard to Khoyi, the Examiner states that Khoyi
teaches an object data processing system in which an extensible
set of objects may be embedded within an object.

The system

invokes a corresponding object manager (a program external to the
document) in response to an invocation request to process and
control the object and teaches links specifying the object and
type.
The Examiner acknowledges that Mosaic and Khoyi
disclose launching the external application into a separate
window to process the object.
However, the Examiner states that Hansen teaches that
displaying each sublanguage element in a separate window runs the
risk of chaotic imagery among which is difficult to discern the
relationships among program segments.
The Examiner concludes that it "would be obvious to
combine Khoyi with the Applicants' prior art to improve the
system by providing open-ended for integrating new
object/application and new type of information without
recompiling the browser"

(col. 12, line 65 to col. 13, line 28) .

The Examiner also concludes that, based on the Hansen
disclosure, it would have been obvious to provide an external
application to display and process the object within the browsercontrolled window because it would have improved the system by

reducing clustering of the display and aiding the reader
comprehension of the hypermedia document.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

TRAVERSE
The above rejection is respectfully traversed.
traverse is organized into two parts.

The

Part I eS,tablishes that

the features recited in claim 1 are not disclosed in the cited
references.

Part II establishes that: 1) there is no suggestion

in the prior art that would make the claimed invention obvious;
2)

the exercise of invention would be required by one skilled in

the art, apprised of the teachings of the cited references, to
make the claimed combination; 3) the commercial success of
products, developed subsequent to filing the present application,
incorporating the claimed features establishes that the
combination was not obvious at the time of invention.
Part I
A.

Mosaic does not disclose the recited embed text format that

is parsed by the browser to initiate processing to automatically
invoke an executable application external to the hypermedia
document.
As described above, in Mosaic the URL is an address to
an object.

A URL anchor in Mosaic is not an embed text format

that is parsed by the browser to initiate invocation of an
executable application external to the document.

Rather, when

the anchor is activated, by the user interactively selecting the
anchor, the browser retrieves the object and, if the object is
another hypermedia document, replaces the first document with the
second document.

If the object has a file name associated with a

helper application the application is launched and the object is
viewed and/or edited in a separate window controlled by the
helper application.
Accordingly, the external application is not
automatically invoked as a result of the browser parsing the
hypermedia document text, as required by the claim, but rather it
is invoked by an interactive command given by the user, namely
interactively selecting the URL anchor.
Further, a display window is not created in the first
hypermedia document at the location in the document of the embed
text format as required by the claim.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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B.

PATENT

Khoyi et el.
This reference discloses an operating system based on

capabilities similar to OLE, as used for example in Windows 95,
as described at page 5, lines 27-33 of the present application.
Source data in a form not displayable by a document manger is
displayed in a window by an object manager which can display the
source data.

In the example described above, a picture is

displayed in a document by the Khoyi system.
However, the display of the source data in the
destination object is non-interactive.

As stated above, the

source data displayed in the destination document is delimited to
be recognizable to the user.

If the data is to be processed it

must be interactively selected by the user and the source object
manager invoked to process the data in a separate window.
Depending on the link, the updated data will be displayed when
the source object manager is displayed.
Thus, the presentation of the source data in the
destination document is non-interactive.

In the claimed

invention, the external object is displayed in a window in the
document and interactively processed using the external
executable application.

As set forth in the attached Doyle

declaration, the claimed invention "lifted the glass" of the
browser display to allow interactive control of document elements
while being displayed in the browser controlled window.

The

Applicants' claimed invention allowed these elements to become
"active" or "live" without requiring external programs to be
first launched by the user's interactive commands.

Furthermore,

the Applicants' invention accomplished this functionality without
requiring Khoyi-like capabilities in the operating system, making
it practical for widespread use on a variety of operating
systems.

The claimed invention is a quantum leap over the

disclosure of Khoyi or other OLE-type operating systems.
C.

Hansen et al.
This reference discloses a programmer's source-code

editing environment for visual languages that allows

sub~elements

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

of the program being edited to be displayed in hierarchicallyembedded subdocument windows.

The Hansen system does not teach

embedding, within the source-code document, of any executable
applications which are external to the source-code document being
edited.
Part II
1) There is no suggestion in the prior art that would
make the claimed invention obvious.
Applicants' invention solves a different problem than
each of the references, and such different problem is recited in
the claims. In re Wright, 6 USPQ 2d 1959 (1988).
The Applicants' invention allows the hypermedia
document to act as a coordinator and deployment mechanism, as
well as a container, for any arbitrary number of external
interactive data/application objects, while hiding the details of
such coordination and deployment from the document's reader as
the reader uses the various data/application objects.

This

allows the hypermedia document to act as a platform for entirely
new kinds of applications that could not have been possible
before the invention.
Because most of the functionality exposed to the reader
is defined most directly by the hypermedia document, rather than
any specific computer operating system, document-based
applications using the invention tend to have the same look and
feel to the reader, regardless of what type of computer or
operating system is being used to run the browser application.
Additionally, because the embed text formats in the
document cause the browser to automatically invoke the external
application the document, the hypermedia document itself, and by
implication the author of that document, directly control the
extension of the functions of the browser.
Mosaic displays links, embedded in a first hypermedia
document, and retrieves information identified by a link when a
user activates the link.

The retrieved information either

replaces the first hypermedia document, or is displayed in a

...

__ __----.. •.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

separate window than the window displaying the first hypermedia
document.

Mosaic has the capability of invoking external

applications to open a new window to display file types that
cannot be displayed by Mosaic (helper apps) .
Mosaic was a significant advance that made the www
accessible and gave

do~ument

authors a powerful tool to provide

references external objects anywhere on the WWW.
The Khoyi system is an object oriented operating system
that allows different types of objects to be integrated and
object managers (applications) developed to manipulate and
display the objects.

The operating system coordinates

interaction between the object managers, but has no knowledge of
how any particular object is handled.

An important advantage of

the system is that new types of object-handling capability can be
added without modifying the existing code.

Thus the system is

extensible.
OLE-style linking of objects is enabled by allowing
different types of object data to be displayed in one document.
The object managers for the different types of data are
coordinated by the operating system so that each type of
displayed data is rendered by its associated object manager.

The

actual linking operations are coordinated by the operating
system.
Khoyi is an advance that allows applications to display
different types of data and work together seamlessly.

By the use

of links, when an object is displayed the linked data is
displayed in its latest format.
However, as described in detail above, there is no
provision, suggestion, or motivation in Khoyi to provide for
interactive processing of source data actually being displayed in
a destination document.

There is no need for such a feature in

Khoyi because the different object managers can be invoked by the
user at any time and source data can be processed in a window
opened for that purpose.
The Examiner reasons that it would have been obvious to
combine the teaching of Khoyi with Mosaic to improve Mosaic by
providing an open ended mechanism for integrating new

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

object/applications and new types of information without
recompiling Mosaic.
It is respectfully asserted that this reasoning is
incorrect for the following reasons.

In Khoyi the operating

system is extensible in the sense that new types of data may be
displayed, for example, in a destination document without
recoding the destination document display application.

However,

the functionality of the document display application is not
extended.

There is still no capability for interactively

processing the source data within the destination document window
while the destination document is displayed within the same
window.
Thus, there is no suggestion in Khoyi of modifying
Mosaic so that an external application, by analogy to Khoyi the
source document manager, is invoked to display and interactively
process the object within the document window while the document
is displayed by Mosaic in the same window.
The Examiner relies upon Hansen's teaching that, in a
programmer's source code editor, a programmer should have the
power to organize various fragments of the program for perusal by
a reader, in order to aid the reader in comprehending the program
[p256 col.l 1st paragraph].

The Examiner then states: "Hence, it

would have been obvious for one of ordinary skill in the art to
provide external application to display and process the object
within the browser-controlled window because it would have
improved the system by reducing the display and aiding the reader
comprehension of the hypermedia document."
However, there is no suggestion in Hansen that an
executable application external to the programming editor
environment should be displayed and interactively processed
within a document window.

There is no discussion of external

application programs at all.

The fact that Hansen teaches that

it is good to graphically organize the sub-elements of a document
for better comprehension would not suggest to the person of skill
in the art to combine parts of one reference, Khoyi's object data
processing system, with another reference in order to meet
Applicants' novel claimed combination.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

In view of the above, it is concluded that the cited
references neither explicitly nor implicitly suggest the claimed
combination to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
2)

The exercise of invention would be required by one

skilled in the art, apprised of the teachings of the cited
references, to make the claimed combination.
The combination of Mosaic and Khoyi would require
either that a) Mosaic be modified in view of the teachings of the
present invention or b) Khoyi be modified in view of the
teachings of Mosaic to make the claimed combination.

The only

two possible ways to attempt to combine Mosaic and Khoyi include
either adding the functionality of Khoyi to Mosaic or
implementing the functionality of Mosaic within the Khoyi
operating system.
Turning first to modifying Mosaic, to combine these
references as proposed would have required novel and unobvious
inventive steps.

One must first consider that Mosaic is an

application program which operates on anyone of three operating
systems: UNIX, Windows, and the Mac

os.

Much of the current

commercial success of the World Wide Web is due to this crossplatform compatibility of Web browsers. The system taught by
Khoyi, on the other hand, is a fully-independent and proprietary
operating system.

As is stated in section 1. 5 of Khoyi,

"The

operating system of the present invention differs from the
traditional operating system in that, firstly, the actual
functions and services performed by the operating system are
reduced to the minimum ... functions and services which would
normally be performed by an operating system, together with many
functions and operations which would normally be performed by the
applic~tions

programs themselves, are performed by libraries of

routines [pack routines].

Examples of services and functions

performed by pack routines include, but are not limited to,
input/output operations, graphics/text and display operations,
file access and management operations, and mathematical
operations."

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 17

PATENT

As is shown in the enclosed Doyle declaration, the only
presently-known way to combine an operating system with an
application program which runs on a different operating system is
through the use of what is presently-known as a "virtual
machine. II This concept of a virtual machine was invented by a
team of engineers working at Sun Microsystems Inc., in 1995, and
was first exposed to the world in the form of a Web-browser plugin called the "Java Virtual Machine." This virtual machine
technology was not known at the time of the Applicants

l

Therefore, any combination of the references
attempted at the time of the Applicants' invention would have
yielded an inoperable result.
As is further shown in the enclosed Doyle declaration,
the Java Virtual Machine concept has, together with Web browser
plug-ins and applets, been hailed by the Industry as inventive
and innovative. Since use of such an inventive step would be
required in order to combine Mosaic and Khoyi, it follows that
such a combination would have required novel and nonobvious
combinative steps not taught in the prior art.
Therefore, adding the functionality of Khoyi to Mosaic
would have been impossible at the time of the Applicants'
invention without the creation of new novel and nonobvious
technology. Even if such a combination had been possible and
operable at the time of the Applicants' invention, Mosaic would
have had to be significantly modified in a number of additional
complex and nonobvious ways to achieve the combination.
First of all, Mosaic would have had to have been
modified to incorporate the elements of a "virtual machine," that
is, a program, which runs on a first computer and operating
system, that emulates all of the necessary operations and
resources of a second computer, and is under the control of an
application executing on the first operating system. Such
operations and resources include, in part, the machine
instructions, graphics and I/O devices, and file system of the
second computer. This "virtual" second computer would have to
possess all of the characteristics necessary to allow the
invention.

execution of the operating system taught by Khoyi.

The Khoyi

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 18

PATENT

system would then have to be integrated with Mosaic so as to
execute on this virtual machine under the control of Mosaic.
Next, some sort of data interchange interface would
have to be constructed between Mosaic and the Khoyi virtual
machine to allow Khoyi's "packsl1 to create data structures that
could be transferred to Mosaic 1 and for messages created by
Mosaic to be transferred to Khoyi.
Mosaic would then have to be modified to allow data
object components of the document to be "linked ll to Khoyi's
applications which can process the data. These links would be
defined by an external link table, and the linking relationship
would not be affected by the text of the document.
These links would be distinguished from the HTML anchor
links defined in the hypermedia document, which would require
incorporating two incompatible linking systems to be maintained
by the system. Mosaic teaches that a major advantage of the HTML
document format is that all links should be defined by the
document text. This teaches away from combining the two systems
in the proposed way, since the result would be awkward, overly
complex and difficult to maintain.
In order for Mosaic to display the results of any
computations that may have been made on the data object during
viewing of the hypermedia document, Mosaic would have to be
modified to allow the Khoyi virtual machine to write data
directly to the Mosaic document data structure.
Mosaic would also have to be modified to allow it to be
caused to re-render the document window in response to any change
in the object imposed by the external program. Such re-rendering
would require synchronization messages to be continuously
exchanged between the browser application and the external
program. This would involve the creation of some kind of message
event loop that would wait for re-rendering messages to come from
Khoyi's external program.
Similarly Khoyi would have to be modified to
synchronize with Mosaic so that changes to the data would cause
to external program to send a message to Mosaic to cause it to
re-render its display. Of course, even after doing all of the

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 19
above,

PATENT

the external applications still could not be interacted

with from within the Mosaic document, as required by the claimed
invention, since Khoyi must launch any external application into

a separa te window before the reader can in teracti vely con trol it.
Turning second to modifying Khoyi, any implementation

of the functionality of Mosaic in the Khoyi operating system
would be inoperaple, due to the incompatibilities between the two
systems' linking systems described below, and due to the
differences between the two systems in storing, locating and
processing data objects.

Furthermore, such a combination would

be impractical and nonobvious since the resulting combination
would not conform to popular hypermedia protocol standards and
would not be operable on any of the three most popular operating
systems in the industry: UNIX, Mac OS, and Microsoft Windows.
The two linking systems could not be combined into one,
due to the architecture of Khoyi's object system. Since Khoyi
does not represent links within the document itself, but rather
uses a link table which is external to the document, some sort of
mechanism would have to be created to allow such links to be
fully defined by the document text itself.

This modification

would render Khoyi's object system inoperable, since Khoyi's
entire application ardhitecture depends upon the link tables
being the source of all link definitions, and being accessible to
all of the various programs that may have a need to operate on a
given data object.
Furthermore, since a document in the Khoyi system does
not allow the document author to explicitly define or control the
definition of the link's internal details, the document itself
cannot specify such details as the precise location of a data
file on a remote network disk drive.

The Web, on the other hand,

employs a uniform resource locator (URL) construct to manage both
link definition and object

locali~ation

on networked systems,

from within the Web document, under the precise control of the
Web document author. The URL mechanism would be incompatible with
the linking mechanism requirements imposed by the Khoyi operating
system.

Since the URL-based mechanism for linking and object

management is one of the major requirements for a successful Web

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 20

PATENT

browser, such an incompatibility would render the resulting
system useless for its intended purpose. Furthermore/ even i f the
above combination was operable, the external applications still
could not be interacted with from within the hypermedia document,

as required by the claimed invention, since both Mosaic and Khoyi
must launch any external application into a separate window
before the reader can interactively control it.

None of the modifications listed above are taught in
the prior art. Nor are there any suggestions in the prior art
that the references should be combined.

To combine Mosaic and

Khoyi in the manner suggested would require a mUltiplicity of
separate, novel, inventive and awkward combinative steps that are
too complicated to be considered obvious.

Combining Hansen with any combination of Mosaic and
Khoyi, while perhaps possible, would produce features that are
irrelevant to the present application. $uch a combination would
involve modifying the hypermedia document data structure to allow
mUltiple hierarchical subdocument windows to be contained within
a parent document. This would involve substantial modifications
to the Mosaic document rendering engine, as well as the
development of a new version of the HTML document definition
protocol to allow definition of hierarchical relationships within
subdocument elements. Such a protocol would be exceedingly
complex and would likely be incompatible with existing HTML
standards. Combining Hansen with Khoyi would involve novel and
unobvious steps similar to those described above for combining
Mosaic and Khoyi. Furthermore, the features that would result
from the combination of Hansen and Mosaic are irrelevant to the
Applicants' claimed invention, since, even after the combination,
they would not show external executable applications being
embedded within Hansen's documents.

Thus, the Applicants submit that combining Mosaic,
Khoyi and Hansen would require novel and unobvious inventive
steps, and that the Applicants' invention is therefore novel and
unobvious.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 21

PATENT

3) The commercial success of products,
developed subsequent to filing the present
application, incorporating the claimed
features establishes that the combination was
not obvious at the time of invention
As is shown in the enclosed Doyle declaration, several
major competitors have incorporated the features of Applicants'
invention into products, rather than to use the techniques of the
prior art.

The most notable of these products include the

Navigator Web browser application from Netscape corporation, the
ActiveX applet system from Microsoft corporation, and the Java
Web applet system from Sun Microsystems corporation.

The

enclosed Doyle declaration further shows that the success of
these products is directly attributable to the features of the
claimed invention which each of these products incorporate,
including an embed text format that is parsed by a Web browser to
automatically invoke an external executable application to
execute on the client workstation in order to display an external
object and enable interactive processing of that object within a
display window created at the embed text format's location within
the hypermedia document being displayed in the browser-controlled
window.
Some of these competitors have made laudatory
statements about the elements of the Applicants' invention which
are incorporated into their respective products, and have
characterized those features as being a significant advance over
prior art techniques.
Products incorporating the features of the invention have
attained extensive commercial success
It is well known that, in the 1966 case of Graham v.
John Deere, the u.s. Supreme Court decreed that Section 103 is to
be interpreted by taking into consideration "secondary and

objective factors such as commercial success, long-felt but
unsolved need, and failure of others."

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 22

PATENT

As is shown in the enclosed Doyle declaration, there is
universal acceptance within the computer software industry that
the aforementioned products incorporating claimed features of the
Applicants' invention have attained an extremely high degree of
commercial success.

Java, Navigator and ActiveX (all products

incorporating features of the invention) represent among the most
popular current technology in the computer industry for new
application development.
The vast degree of commercial success that products
incorporating features of the Applicants' invention have attained
argues strongly against obviousness of the invention, and
strongly for the patentability of the Applicants' claims.
The products incorporating features of the invention by others
have been given many awards and have received considerable
recognition in professional publications.

As is shown below, and in the enclosed Doyle
declaration, Netscape, ActiveX and Java, all incorporating
features of the Applicants' invention, have each been lauded as
among the most innovative technologies to appear in the computer
industry in recent years.
Some examples are:
The 1996 Discover Awards for Technical Innovation -- to Java and
Navigator
PC Magazine 1995 Technology of the Year Awards -- To Java and
Navigator
New Media Magazine 1996 Hyper Awards

to Java and Navigator

New Media Magazine 1997 Hyper Awards

to Active

As is evidenced in the enclosed Doyle declaration, this
acclaim is due to the innovative nature of features of the
claimed invention incorporated into those products and argues
strongly against the obviousness of the Applicants' claims and
argues strongly for the patentability of those claims.
Accordingly, since the Applicants' Claim 1 defines novel and
unobvious structure that provides new and unexpected results as
described above, and also because of the other numerous arguments

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 23

PATENT

against the obviousness of Applicants' invention, made above,
Applicants submit that Claim 1 is clearly patentable.

THE REJECTION OF CLAIMS 1-5
The Dependent Claims are A Fortiori and Independently Patentable
over Mosaic, Khoyi and Hansen

Amended dependent claims 2 to 5 incorporate all the
subject matter of Claim 1 and are therefore patentable for the
same reasons as claim 1.

Further, claims 2-5 add additional

subject matter which makes them further and independently
patentable over these references.
Claims 2-5 are rejected under 35 U.S.C. §103 as being
unpatentable over Applicant's disclosed prior art, Khoyi, Hansen,
and further in view of Moran "Tele-Nicer-Dicer:

A new tool for

the visualization of large volumetric data".
The rej ection of Claim 2 on Mosaic,' Khoyi, Hansen and Moran is
overcome

Applicants' Claim 2 recites the additional step over
Claim 1 of interactively controlling the controllable application
on the client workstation via inter-process communications
between the browser and said controllable application.
The disclosure of Mosaic, Khoyi, and Hansen has been
described above.

The reference Moran discloses a tool for

interactive visualization of large, rectilinear volumentric data
called Tele-Nicer-Slice-Dicer (TNSD).

TNSD is based on client-

server design where the client-side process is an extended
version of a stand-alone visualization tool and the server
process runs on a high-performance system where the data are
located.
The client-side process describes data sets by text
fields.

Each data set description is used as a command which is

sent to the server when a volume from the corresponding data set
is requested.

The use of a remote server is transparent.

The Examiner states that it would have been obvious to
utilize the Moran application as an external application
("Viewer") in the prior art system as modified because it would

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 24

PATENT

have improved the system by enabling the client station access to
resources on higher performance serves to have interactive
visualization of large data set capability.
Neither Mosaic, nor Khoyi, nor Hansen shows an
executable application which is external to a document being
displayed and interactively processed within that document's
display window, nor do they show such an application where said
executable application is interactively controlled on said client
workstation by interprocess communications between the external
application and the browser.

This feature produces surprising

and unexpected results over the prior art, since it allows the
reader to perform all necessary interactive functions with
external applications without directing his or her attention away
from the hypermedia document.

Additional surprising and

unexpected results are yielded by the fact that the hypermedia
browser application can have its functionality extended without
making any changes to the hypermedia browser's object code.
Further, surprising and unexpected results come from the ability
of the document author to design interactive hypermedia document
content that displays a similar look and feel to the reader,
regardless of what the underlying operating system or computer
platform the browser program is being executed upon.
The amendments to these claims have made the Moran
reference irrelevant to the case, since Moran teaches a remotelynetworked application being controlled via communications over a
network, not an embedded (in a hypermedia document)

interactive

external application on the client workstation being controlled
via inter-process communications between the document browser
application and the external application.
Even if Moran was still in some way relevant, and even
if the proposed combination was possible, was suggested by the
prior art, and showed the features of the invention, all of which
the above arguments for Claim 1 clearly show is not the case, the
fact that a large number of references (more than 3) must be
combined to meet the invention is further evidence of
unobviousness

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 25

PATENT

The rejection of Claim 5 on Mosaic, Khoyi, Hansen and Moran is
overcome
Applicants' Claim 5 shows the additional steps over
Claim 2 of communications to interactively control said
controllable application which continue to be exchanged between
said controllable application and said hypermedia browser even
after said controllable application program has been launched.
None of the cited references show this feature.

This

feature produces the additional unexpected and surprising results
over the prior art of allowing the browser application and the
external application to precisely coordinate their activity, such
as caching of the external application and shutting down its
execution when no longer needed, entirely under the control of
the browser application, in a manner that is transparent to the
user.

This drastically clarifies and simplifies the user's use

of the hypermedia document and its

relat~d

embedded applications.

The rejection of Claim 3 on Mosaic, Khoyi, Hansen and Moran is
overcome
Applicants' Claim 3 shows the additional steps over
Claim 5 of "additional instructions for controlling said
controllable application reside on said network server, wherein
said step of interactively controlling said controllable
application includes the following sUb-steps: issuing, from said
client workstation, one or more commands to the network server;
executing, on said network server, one or more instructions in
response to said commands; sending information from said network
server to said client workstation in response to said executed
instructions; and processing said information at the client
workstation to interactively control said controllable
application."
None of the cited references show this feature. This
feature leads to the additional surprising an unexpected results
over the prior art of allowing the user to employ the hypermedia
document as an interface to control and/or edit data objects
which reside on the network server, remotely, from the client
workstation. One of many possible uses of this feature is to

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 26

PATENT

allow the user to make modifications to the original data object,
which may remain in place on the network server, and which is
referenced in the hypermedia document, so that others viewing the
hypermedia document in the future from other client workstations
will see those modifications.
The rejection of Claim 4 on Mosaic, Khoyi, Hansen and Moran is
overcome
Applicants' Claim 4 shows the additional steps over
Claim 3

"wherein said additional instructions for controlling

said controllable application reside on said client workstation."
None of the claimed references show this feature. This
feature produces the additional surprising and unexpected results
of enabling a client & server system to be self-contained on the
client workstation.
The rejection of claims 44-48 is overcome
Claims 44-48 are apparatus of the same scope as claims
1-5 and are thus allowable for the reasons recited above.
Accordingly Applicants submit that the dependent claims are a
fortiori and independently patentable and should also be allowed.

Conclusion
For all of the above reasons, Applicants submit that
the claims are now in proper form, and that the claims all define
patentability over the prior art.

Therefore they submit that

this application is now in condition for allowance, which action
they respectfully solicit.
Conditional Request for Constructive Assistance
Applicants have amended, the claims of this application
so that they are proper, definite, and define novel structure
which is also unobvious.

If, for any reason, this application is

not believed to be in full condition for allowance, Applicants
respectfully request the constructive assistance and suggestions
of the Examiner pursuant to M.P.E.P Section 706.03(d) and Section

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Page 27

PATENT

707.07(j) in order that the undersigned can place this
application in allowable condition as soon as possible and
without the need for further proceedings.
In view of the foregoing, Applicants believe all claims
now pending in this application are in condition for allowance.
The issuance of a formal Notice of Allowance at an early date is
respectfully requested.
If the Examiner believes a telephone conference would
expedite prosecution of this application, please telephone the

Re'1(Soted'

undersigned at [phone].

C~~E.

Krueger

Reg. No. 30,077
TOWNSEND and TOWNSEND and CREW LLP
Two Embarcadero Center, 8th Floor
San Francisco, California 94111-3834
[phone]
Fax [phone]
CEK:db

i:\cek\share\02307i\553\june2.amd

'~

(

----

Amendment

TOWNSEND and TOWNSEND and'CKEW.LLP
r<,

Two Embarcadero Center, 8th Floor
San Francisco, CA 94111-3834
[phone]

Atty. Docket No. _ _....:0~2::::.30~7~I-....:<5~53~_ _ _ __

'70826 U. S. "PTO

Date

In re application of MICHAEL D. DOYLE et

~.6 /05/97

I hereby certify that this is being deposited with the United
States Postal Service as first class mail in an envelope
addressed to:

Appln. No. 08/324,443
Filed 10/17/94
Group Art Unit 2317
For

June 2. 1997

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Assistant Commissioner for Patents
Washington, D. C. 20231.

EMBEDDED PROGRAM OBJECTS
DISTRIBUTED HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS

.--..

IN

~~/_IL-::-,I1...L_d------+-/_I_~--=--?---l/~
_

Date: _ _

d!~w~

THE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR PATENTS
Washington, D.C. 20231
Sir:
Transmitted herewith is an amendment in the above-identified application.
[]
[]

Enclosed is a petition to extend time to respond.
Small entity status of this application under 37 CFR 1.9 and 1.27 has been established by a verified statement
previously submitted.
[] A verified statement to establish small entity status under 37 CFR L9 and 1.27 is enclosed.
[X] A declaration by co-inventor Michael D. Doyle is submitted herewith.
[X] A change of address is submitted herewith.
If any extension of time is needed, then this response should be considered a petition therefor.
The filing fee has been calculated as shown below:
(Col. 1)

(Col. 2)

(Col. 3)

CLAIMS
REMAINING
AFfER

HIGHEST NO.
PREVIOUSLY
PAID FOR

PRESENT
EXTRA

MINUS

*

INDEP.

MINUS

**
***

[1 FIRST PRESENTATION OF MULTIPLE DEP. CLAIM

*
**
***

If the entry in Col. 1 is less than the entry in Col. 2,
write "0" in Col. 3.

OTHER THAN A
SMALL ENTITY

SMALL ENTITY

RATE

ADDIT.
FEE

RATE
OR

ADDIT.
FEE

xll=

$

x22

$

x40=

$

x80=

$

+130=

$

+260=

$

TOTAL
ADDIT. FEE

$

TOTAL

$

OR

If the "Highest Number Previously Paid For" IN THIS SPACE is less than 20, write "20" in this space.
If the "Highest Number Previously Paid For" IN THIS SPACE is less than 3, write "3" in this space.
The "Highest Number Previously Paid For" (Total or Independent) is the highest number found from the equivalent
box in Col. 1 of a prior amendment or the number of claims originally filed.

[X] No fee is due.
Please charge Deposit Account No. 20-1430 as follows:
$_ _ _ _ _ _ __

[]

Claims fee

[X]

Any additional fees associated with this paper or during the pendency of this application.

_...:.n=o__ extra copies of this sheet are enclosed.

AMEND,TRN 9/%

LLP

ATTACHMENT A

TM

-~------~------.--~--~.-~---------~--

,

I

220

Multimedia, Plug-Ins, andAppiets
Part III
Netscape is the most important and basic tool you will need to explore the Internet. However,
there are other small tools, called Helper Applications, that you use in conjunction with Netscape
to enhance your surfing. These Helper Applications open up a vast array of multimedia files
for your viewing and! or listening pleasure. This chapter walks you through what types of files
you'll encounter on the Internet, what Helper Applications you'll need in order to view those
files, and how these Helper Applications work with Netscape. Many of the Helper Applications are available on the Netscape Unleashed CD-ROM; these Helper Applications are tagged
in the text by the CD-ROM icon. For all the other Helper Applications you'll find the information necessary to download them immediately from the Net.

Overview of Helper Applications
Netscape Navigator is an excellent tool for browsing the Internet, but it is also very limited in
its functionality for viewing multimedia files. Netscape, without any assistance, has the capability to view only two major types of multimedia files: GIF and ]PEG graphics files. Netscape
Navigator does not have the capability to view any of the multitude of other kinds of sound,
video, and graphics files available on the Internet without the assistance of Helper Applications and Plug-Ins. This chapter explains how to use Helper Applications effectively with
Netscape. Chapter 15, "Netscape Navigator Plug-Ins," will explore the closely related topic of
Plug-Ins for Netscape Navigator.

The Helper Applications Concept
Helper Applications, or Helper Apps, are applications that extend your ability to view and
manipulate multimedia and other types of files while browsing the Web using Netscape. A
Helper App can be any application you can use to view. listen to, andlor manipulate a file you
encounter on the Internet. Netscape associates Helper Apps with the file types that you set up
in the program. When the browser comes across a file with a file extension that has an associated Helper App, Netscape automatically launches the Helper App after the selected file has
been downloaded to your computer. From there, you can use the full functionality of the Helper
Application to use and work with the file.
:rhe World Wide Web contains a huge amount and variety of information. The types of files
this information is contained in often can also be just as varied. The idea of Helper Apps is to
allow you to add capabilities for viewing files that experience and usage will show you are necessary for your enjoyment of the Internet. Almost any application can be utilized as a Helper
App in conjunction with Netscape. For instance, Netscape comes with a small, preconfigured
Helper App for playing popular types of sound files you will run into while browsing the Web.
It is a small, dedicated program with no real manipulation capabilities-it will simply play back
the sound file:
On the other hand, it is possible to make a large, complex application like Microsoft Excel
work as a Helper App with Netscape. An example is when you go to a Web page that has pointers

-"---------------- - - - - - - - - -

--.
10wever,
Netscape
edia files
es of files
iew those
Applicare tagged
he infor-

imited in
the capaNetscape
of sound,
Applicavely with
1 topic of

view and
tscape. A
a file you
ou set up
an aSSOCld file has
le Helper

-

Using

to an Excel file containing financial data about a company whose stock you are considering
purchasing. When you click on that Excel file and it is downloaded, Netscape launches Excel.
Then you can use the full potential of the application to work with the information-moving
it around, creating charts, and so on-and make your decision.

File Types
The first step in working with Netscape and Helper Apps is understanding file types and how
to identifY them. You mayor may not be familiar with the types of files you will encounter
while browsing the Web. Many of the graphics files, such as ]PEG and G IF files, are common
file types that most computer users will have had experience with, regardless of whether or not
they have ever used the Internet.
However, more and more multimedia file types are appearing on the Internet for the first time
and are useful only when used online. A good example of this' kind of file is RealAudio files,
which are used to deliver real time audio over the Internet using Progressive Network's RealAudio
Player. RealAudio will be covered at greater length later in this chapter. Every Helper App has
a specific file type that it is programmed to access and/or manipulate. Some Helper Apps can
be used like a multimedia Swiss army knife to access a wide variety of file types.
The first step in being able to effectively set up and use Helper Apps is to identifY what file
types you want or need to access using Netscape. A file type can normally be readily ascertained by referring to the two- or three-digit file extension following the period in the filename.
Table 14.1 provides a brief overview and quick reference of the most popular file types that
you are likely to come across in your travels with Netscape.

Table 14.1. Helper App quick reference.
File extension

File type

Popular Helper Apps

WAY

Windows Sound

Windows Media Player

WHAM

WPlANY
,es of files
-\pps is to
J are neca Helper
Jnfigured
the Web.
playback

AU

Sun/NeXT Sound

Netscape Audio Player

WHAM

WPlANY
AlF, SND

MaclSGI Sound

Netscape Audio Player

WHAM

WPLANY
MP2

;oft Excel
s poimers

MPEGAudio

Xing Player

RA, RAM

RealAudio

RealAudio Player
continllrs

. 24 bSS£&12$S3Ul IJ EGO 1¥t.MiL&¥t.t

Multimedia, Plug-Ins, andAppiets
Part III

Table 14.1. continued
File extension

File type

Popular Helper Apps

MID

Midi Sound

Windows Media Player
Midi Gate

AVI

Windows Video

Windows Media Player

MPG

MPEG Video

VMPEG

MOV,QT

QuickTime Video

QuickTime Player

Often times when browsing the Web with Netscape, the filename may not appear in the
hyperlink that you are selecting on a Web page. For example, there is a Web page featuring
numerous clips from the popular al1imated series "MTV's Beavis and Butt-head." As you can
see from Figure 14.1 , none of the filenames of the clips are visible on the Web page. However,
by placing the pointer over any of the links, Netscape indieates the URL address of the linked
document in the status bar at the bottom of the browser. At the end of the URL address is the
name of the linked file with the corresponding file extension. In the Beavis & Butthead ex- .
ample, you can see that the file extension is MOV and thus it is a QuickTime movie file. You
can then determine whether or not you have the proper Helper App or which Helper App you
will need to get for viewing the file.

FIGURE 14.1.
T"~ status bar af fhr

bOfrom rrl/rQ/s rhr ulrcrion

iJ a

RI'1[J

•

" Netr,Cilpe -IM1V'r, Anlm<1lron - HerMS to l3utlhenfi- VlriOOJ

MOV fiif,
Beavis & Butthead Video

'" J

~t-);.:'"Ij

' ... '" ••• , "

-:1f..!:I?J1.A""-- • "

' .

~

,

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_

~ . ~~:

\ .'

. - . <I

,I

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~1'-b~~::i~~i

If you come across an unknown or unfamiliar file rype that you are interested in accessing while
using Netscape, there are plenty of places online co get help. You shouldn't be surprised if you
come across a file rype that is completely foreign co you. Many companies are developing new

--.

Using Help" Applications
Chapter 14
mtiltimedia software products every day to increase the speed and usefulness of the Web. These
products often result in new, proprietary file types. A good place to start looking for assistance
is in the Usenet newsgroup comp. infosystems. WNW. browsers. ms ·windows or a1 t. winsock. Posting
a question with the name of the file you're having trouble with and its URL will usually get
you an answer within a few hours.
After you've identified the file type, the next step is to locate a Helper App that is suitable to
your needs and circumstances.

Locating Helper Applications on the Internet
. in the
aturing
'ou can
)wever,
. linked
;s is the
ead exIe. You
ppyou

while
if you
gnew

Because Helper Apps work with N etscape, it shouldn't surprise you to learn that all of the most
popular and useful Helper Apps are available online. The vast majority of Helper Apps are either freeware or shareware, so you shotildn't hesitate to sample as many different apps as you
can to find the ones that you like the best and are most comfonable using. Some users like big,
powerful Helper Apps with lots of option~ for maniptilating mtiltimedia files; others prefer small,
simple apps that do one thing and do it well. And, of course, like everything else on the Internet,
change is a constant, so you may want to keep your eyes open fOf the new and improved Helper
Apps that may replace that old favorite on your hard drive.
There are thousands of FTP sites on the Internet that store the Helper Apps that you will be
seeking to help you more fully enjoy Netscape. Some of the Helper Apps, like the RealAudio
Player discussed earlier, are only available from the software manufacturer's FTP or Web site
or those authorized by them to distribute the app. As you go through each of the various types
of popular Helper Apps in this chapter, I will give you pointers to URL addresses for each of
the Helper Apps covered. In addition, the accompanying CD-ROM contains a Helper App
Web page with links to all these sites so that you will be able to access each Helper App' s FTP
site after you're online. When you're looking for a Helper App for a particular file type, you
need to know some basics that will make your search for the potential Helper Apps much easier.
The Internet contains several FTP sites that are huge depositories for Windows software. Most
of the Helper Apps you will be using with Netscape are available on public FTP sites and are
either shareware or freeware. You should always remember to view the README file that accompanies most apps to determine what type it is: freeware or shareware. Ifit's shareware, you
need to determine what your limitations are for using the program and how much it costs to
register if you decide you ~ant to keep using the app. One of the biggest FTP sites for Windows applications can be found at CICA at Indiana University: ftp: Ilftp.cica. indiana. edu.
This site contains separate directories for Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 files. Each directory
then has subdirectories for different types of apps, such as graphics, sound, and so on. You
should know from the file type which directory will be most likely to reveal useful Helper Apps.
Also, there are some good Helper Apps that have not yet been ported to Windows 95, so be
sure to look in both Windows directories on the site.

I hereby certify that this correspondence is being
deposited with the United States Postal Service as
first class mail in an envelope addressed to:
Assistant Commissioner for Patents,
Washington, D.C. 20231,
on

;: (tllLI
Q

cl
I'

ler f' 7

TOWNSEND and TOWNSEND and CREW LLP

By_________________________________

PATENT
Attorney Docket No. 023071-553
IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
In re application of:

)
)

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.

)
)

Application No.: 08/324,443

)
)

Filed: 10/17/94

)
)

For: EMBEDDED PROGRAM OBJECTS IN)
DISTRIBUTED )
HYPERMEDIA )
SYSTEMS
)
Assistant Commissioner for Patents
Washington, D.C.
20231
Sir:
I, MICHAEL D. DOYLE, hereby declare that:
1.

I am a co-inventor of the subject matter disclosed

and claimed in U.S. Patent Application No. 08/324,443.
2.

I am an expert in the subject matter claimed in the

referenced patent application as evidenced by the following
curriculum vitae:

PATENT

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 2
MICHAEL DAVID DOYLE

Born:

April 27, 1959, in Chicago, Illinois

Education

• Ph.D. in Anatomy and Cell Biology, 1991, Department of Cell and
structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• Bachelor of Science, with honors, 1983, Department of
Biocommunication Arts, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Health Sciences Center
Employment

• Chairman and CEO, Eolas Technologies Inc., Chicago, IL
(http://www.eolas.com. email: [e-mail])
• Adjunct Professor, 1996-present, Department of Computer
Science, DePaul University of Chicago, . Chicago, IL
• Asst. Adjunct Professor, 1994-present Department of Anatomy,
School of Medicine, Univ. of Calif., San Francisco.
• Director, Center for Knowledge Management, 1993 - 1994,

(the

UCSF Academic Computing and Informatics Research Center),
University of California, San Francisco
• Director, UIC Biomedical Visualization Laboratory, 1990 - 1993,
Department of Biomedical Visualization, College of Associated
Health Professions, University of Illinois at Chicago
• Assistant Professor, 1989 - 1993, Department of Biomedical
Visualization, College of Associated Health Professions,
University of Illinois at Chicago

Selected Professional Societies

Sigma Xi; Phi Kappa Phi; Mensa; International Society of
LymphologYi Healthcare Information and Management Systems
Society; Association for Computing Machinery, UIUC Chapter:
Chairman and Founder, Special Interest Group for Biological

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 3
Computing,

PATENT

(SIGBIO), member ACM national; IEEE Engineering in

Medicine & Biology Society; SPIE - The International Society for
Optical Engineering
Selected Honors and Awards

Procter and Gamble Fellowship in Cell Biology, 1988-1989;
National Research Service Award, Cell and Molecular Biology
Training Program of the National Institutes of Health, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987-88; Nominated for the
Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering achievements in higher
education, 1988; Francis and Harlie M. Clark Research Support
Award, University of Illinois, 1987; University of Illinois
Research Fellowship, 1987
Selected Committee and Board Memberships

• NIH Special Emphasis Panel: Computer Applications in Biology
and Medicine, Division

Research Grants,

National Institutes

of Health, 1993-present
• Scientific Advisory Board: The Visible Human Project, National
Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 1991-1994
• Scientific Advisory Board: Center for Human Developmental
Anatomy, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology, 1992-1995
• Heads of Information Systems Committee,

Un~versity

of

California System, 1993-1994
• Executive Committee: Integrated Advanced Information Management
Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 1993-1994
• Organizational Committee for the First NIH Workshop on
Osteoporosis Research in Dental·Science, National Institute for
Dental Research, 1991
• Curriculum Committee, College of Medicine, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986-1988

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/ 4,443
Paoe 4

PATENT

Selected Publications (of 54)

• Doyle, M.D.: The Visible Embryo: Embedded Program Objects for
Knowledge Access r Crea

on r and Management through the World

Wide Web r Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 20/6(1996)
• Williams, B.S., and M.D. Doyle: An Internet Atlas of Mouse
Development, Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, 20/6:
433-447 (1996)
• Doyle, M.D, C.S. Ang and D.C. Martin: Proposing a Standard Web
API, lead article in Dr. Dobb's Journal, February (1996)
• Doyle, M.D., C.S. Ang, and D.C. Martin: Embedding interactive
external program objects within open-distributed-hypermedia
documents r

High Speed Networking and Multimedia '94, SPIE

Press (1995)
• Ang, C.S., D.C. Martin and M.D. Doyle: Integrafed Control of
Distributed Volume Visualization Through the World Wide Web.
Proc. Visualization '94, IEEE Press (1994)
• Doyle, M.D, C. Ang, R. Raju, G. Klein, B.S. Williams, T.
DeFanti, A. Goshtasby, R. Grzesczuk, and A. Noe: Processing
cross-sectional image data for reconstruction of human
developmental anatomy from museum specimens.

SIGBIO Newsletter

(The Jnl. of the ACM SIG for Biological Computing), 13/1 (1993)
• Carlbom, I., W.M. Hsu, G. Klinker, R. Szelski, K. Waters, M.D.
Doyle, J. Gettys, K.M. Harris, T.M. Levergood, R. Palmer, L.
Palmer, M. Picart, D. Terzopoulos, D. Tonnessen, M. Vannier,
and G. Wallace:

Modeling and Analysis of Empirical Data in

Collaborative Environments, Communications of the ACM, 33/6,
75-84 (1992)
• Doyle, M.D.: The MetaMAP Process: A New Approach to the
Crea

on of Object-oriented Image Databases for Medical

Education r

Proc. 13th Annual International Conference of the

IEEE Eng. in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE Press (1991)

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 5

PATENT

• Doyle, M.D.: The Use of Fractal Analysis in the Screening of

Medical/Dental X-ray and Tomographic Images for Early Signs of
Osteoporosis, Proceedings of the 13th Annual International
Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society, IEEE Press (1991)
• Doyle, M.D.: A New Method for Identifying Features of an Image

on a Digital Video Display,
Applications,

Biostereometrics Technology and

SPIE Press (1991)

• Doyle, M.D.: The Interactive Digital Video Interface Process,
"Spatial Displays and Spatial Instruments",

NASA Conference

Publication #10032 (1989)
• Doyle, M.D., P.J. O'Morchoe, V. Navas, and C.C.C. O'Morchoe: A

Combined Enzyme Histochemical 'and Computer Image Analysis
Technique for the Identification of Intraorgan Lymphatic
Vessels in:

Progress in Lymphology-XI, H. Partsch, editor,

Elsevier Science Publishers (1988)
Patents

• Lead inventor of "Embedded program objects in

distributed

hypermedia systems," together with two additional co-inventors.
The US patent is currently pending approval (assigned to the
University of California, 1994). This patent is for the original
development of World Wide Web plug-in and applet technology in
1993.

It covers such currently popular technologies as Java,

Navigator plug-ins, and Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML).
The first public demonstration of this work was given by Dr.
Doyle's group at the second meeting of the Bay Area SIGWEB
(Special Interest Group for the World Wide Web), at Xerox PARe,
in November, 1993.
• Sole inventor: Awarded United States, Canadian and Australian
patents for the development of what may have been the earliest
hypermedia imagemap technology, entitled "Method and Apparatus

for Identifying Features of an Image on a Video Display" (US,

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 6

PATENT

#4,847,604, issued on July 11, 1989). Currently has related
patent pending in Japan. In addition to its use for Web imagemap
servers, this technology is also currently in use throughout the
computer game industry as a method for optimizing collision
detection algorithms.
Selected Invited Colloquia (of 23)

e"Interactive Content on the Web: The Next Wave of Computing,"
keynote address at the first Internet@Chicago conference,
sponsored by the Chicago Software Association, May, 1996
e

"The Embryology Metacenter: Biological applications of
supercomputing in a distributed hypermedia environment."
sponsored by the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
School of Medicine, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, March, 1994

• "The Visible Embryo Project: A National Resource for Biomedical
Information Technology,"

presented at the Annual Meeting of

the American Association for the Advancement of

Science, San

Francisco, CA, February, 1994
• "Accessing the Knowledge Base of Medicine in a Networked
Environment,"

UCSE Grand Rounds in Medical Education,

University of California, San Francisco, October, 1993
• "Televisualization for the Support
Developmental Anatomy,"

Research and Education in

a course in the Telemedicine Seminar

and Workshop, sponsored by the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, and the
International Academy of Telemedicine, May, 1993
• "The Embryology Metacenter: A distributed computational
resource 'center'

for developmental anatomy, Second Annual

Conference on Human Developmental Anatomy, National Museum of
Health and Medicine, Washington D.C., December, 1992

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et ale
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 7
3.

PATENT

In the course of my work in both academic research

and in the software idustry I have supervised and have been
associated with designers and developers of software, and I have
personal knowledge of the ordinary level of skill in the art
relevant to the claimed invention.
4.

In my opinion the combination of the Mosaic and the

Khoyi and Hansen references would not make the subject matter of
claim 1 obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

I base

this opinion on my belief that, firstly, based on the state-ofthe-art in software technology prior to October of 1994, the
combination of Mosaic and Khoyi would have been impossible or
nonfunctional without the invention of novel and nonobvious
technology, and secondly, the

combin~tion

of Mosaic and Khoyi, or

of Hansen with these two other references, would not have shown
the features of the applicants' invention.
The only two possible ways to combine Mosaic and Khoyi
would have been to either a) modify Mosaic in view of Khoyi or b)
modify Khoyi in view of Mosaic.

The discussion below shows that

either approach would have been infeasible.
a) Modifying Mosaic in view of Khoyi:
Mosaic is an application program that was available in
1994 for the UNIX, Mac and Windows platforms.

The system

disclosed by Khoyi was a fully-independent operating system,
developed by Wang Laboratories for use on proprietary word
processing systems.

In 1994, there was no published work, that I

know of, that taught any method which would allow an application
program, such as a Web .browser, developed for one operating
system, to "embed" the functionality of a different operating
system, such as Khoyi, while still maintaining compatibility with
the original operating system that the Web browser was developed

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 8
for.

PATENT

Even in light of the technologies available today, in 1997,

there is no obvious solution to such a problem.
If asked to attempt to accomplish such a combination
today, a person with an ordinary level of skill in the relevant
art would most likely attempt to employ a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM), which would allow a simulated computer platform to be
embedded within the Web browser. The JVM was first employed as a
mechanism to insure cross-platform compatibility of applet
programs embedded within Web pages.

This technology was first

demonstrated in 1995 by Sun Microsystems, and the virtual machine
component of it is generally acnowledged to have been innovative
and nonobvious (Appendix A, Reference #1).

Although the bytecode

interpreter element of the Java language derives from work done
on Smalltalk in the 1970s (Appendix A, Reference #2), the virtual
machine concept was absolutely new at the time of Java's release.
As Reference #2 of Appendix A states,

~The

final requirement is

what has stymied many attempts at ubiquity in the past.
base your system on any assumptions about what is
run-time system, you lose.

If you

~beneathff

the

If you depend in any way on the

computer or operating system below, you lose.

Java solves this

problem by inventing an abstract computer of its own and running
on that."

Prior to Java, simulated computers had already been
developed, but the JVM within the HotJava Web browser was the
first known instance of a simulated computer system being
incorporated into an application program running on another
computer system.

This allowed the Web browser to control the

execution of applications running on the virtual machine, and to
exchange information with those applications.
Even though .there is no evidence that the JVM is robust
enough to support a complete operating system, such as disclosed
by Khoyi, there is a possibility that such an implementation
could be accomplished. Alternatively, a new virtual machine
could possibly be designed specifically for this purpose.

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 9

PATENT

Attempts are underway at companies such as IBM to develop socalled universal virtual machine technology that can run programs
written in languages other than Java. As Reference #3 of Appendix
A points out,

~Once

developed, a universal virtual machine would,

in theory, allow developers to write an application in any
language and run it on any system.

But at this stage, the

challenges associated with developing UVMs are immense."
Assuming that the JVM would suffice for the purposes of
combining the references, a person with an ordinary level of
skill in the relevant art would then attempt to use the Java
programming language to recreate the functionality of the Khoyi
operating system on top of the JVM platform.

Assuming that it

would be possible to replicate the Khoyi system in the Java
language, It is not at all clear that the subsequent combination
with Mosaic would be useable, since there are a number of
incompatibilities between the fundamental architectures of World
Wide Web document systems and the type of document linking and
object management system described by Khoyi.

These

incompatibilities are described below, in the section on
modifying Khoyi in view of Mosaic.
b) Modifying Khoyi in view of Mosaic:
In order to modify Khoyi in view of Mosaic, one would
attempt to implement a new document type on the Khoyi operating
system through the development of an object manager to process
documents formatted in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
Such an implementation would have been nonfunctional due to
fundamental incompatibilities between the document linking and
object management architectures in the two systems.
These incompatibilities relate to the way that Web
documents handle object location and retrieval, and hypermedia
links between documents and objects.

The Khoyi system uses

operating system services in order to manage the definition and
resolution of links between data objects.

Each link has a unique

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et ale
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 10

PATENT

identifier, which is referenced in a document, for example, as a
"link marker."

The actual definition of the link referenced by

any particular link marker is located in an operating system data
structure called a "link table."

The document itself does not

allow the document author to explicitly define or control the
definition of the link's internal details, such as the precise
location of a data file on a disk drive.

The Web, on the other

hand, employs a uniform resourse locator (URL) construct to
manage both link definition and object localization on networked
systems, from within the Web document, under the precise control
of the Web document author.

It appears that the URL mechanism

would be incompatible with the linking mechanism requirements
imposed by the Khoyi operating system.

Since the HTML-based

mechanism for linking and object management is one of the major
requirements for a successful Web browser, such an
incompatibility would likely render the resulting system useless
for its intended purpose.
An attempt to actually perform the proposed combination

of Mosaic and Khoyi would likely reveal further
incompatibilities, but the obvious linking and object management
problems are sufficient to conclude that the combination of these
references is infeasible without the development of new and
unobvious technology.
This opinion is further supported by statements made in the
press by Microsoft Corp. concerning the difference between their
Khoyi-like Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology and
their ActiveX technology, first released in 1996, which allows
the implementation within HTML documents of the features of the
claimed invention, namely an embed text format that is parsed by
a Web browser to automatically invoke an external executable
application to execute on the client workstation in order to
display an external object and enable interactive processing of
that object within a display window created at the embed tag's
location within the hypermedia document being displayed in the

PATENT

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et ala
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 11
browser-controlled window.

Although many believed ActiveX to be

just "OLE for the Internet," the above discussion of the
difficulty of combining Khoyi with Mosaic may partly explain the
delay that Microsoft took in coming up with a competing
technology to Sun's competing Java product.

This is supported by

Reference #14 from Appendix A (Web Techniques, 10/96), which
recalls a conversation between Web Techniques' editor in chief
and ActiveX product managers from Microsoft:
"'[Web Techniques:]--So tell me about ActiveX.

Isn't it just

OLE for the Internet?'
'[Microsoft:]--Wrong, ...

ActiveX is a new API that, like

OLE, is based on Microsoft's Component Object Model

(COM).

While OLE supports a compound document architecture for
desktops, ActiveX is designed specifically to embed rich media
objects within Web-based documents.'
This was part of a scene that recently played out in the
offices of Web Techniques ... Microsoft marketers arrived on our
doorstep not for the standard dog-and-pony show, but
specifically to 'debunk the myths' surrounding ActiveX
technologies."
Of course, even if the combination of Mosaic and Khoyi had been
possible and functional, it still would not have shown the
features of the claimed invention, including an embed text format
that is parsed by a hypermedia browser to automatically invoke an
external executable application to execute on the client
workstation in order to display an external object and enable
interactive processing of that object within a display window
created at the embed text format's location within the hypermedia
document being displayed in the browser-controlled window.
Furthermore, the additional combination of Hansen with these
references would not have yeided the features of the claimed
invention either.

Hansen discloses a programmer's source-code

editing environment for visual languages that allows sub-elements

MICHAEL D. DOYLE
al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 12

PATENT

of the program being edited to be displayed in hierarchicallyembedded subdocument windows.

The Hansen system does not teach

embedding, within the source-code document, of any executable
applications which are external to the source-code document being
edited. Therefore the Hansen reference would not add features
relevant to the claimed invention, even if combined with Mosaic
and Khoyi.
The claimed invention lifted the glass, so to speak,
from the Web browser, making it possible to embed fullyinteractive external applications within Web pages, thereby
turning the browser into a platform

the development of

entirely new kinds of applications.
5.

Further, in my opinion secondary considerations,

including, in part, commercial success of products incorporating
features of the claimed invention and industry recognition of the
innovative nature of these products, demonstrate that the claimed
invention is not obvious over the cited references.
The three exemplary products which incorporate the
features of the claimed invention include Netscape Navigator 2.0
(or newer versions), Java, from Sun Microsystems, and ActiveX,
from Microso

. One need only open the pages of any major

business publication to see that these three products have been
tremendously successful in the marketplace. Appendix A of this
declaration presents a collection of excerpts from prestigious
Industry pUblications which support the contention that the
success of these products is directly attributable to the claimed
features of the invention.
Approximately 12 to 18 months after the applicants
initially demonstrated the first Web plug-in and applet
technology to the founders of Netscape and engineers employed by
Sun Microsystems in November and December of 1993, as described
in reference #4 from Appendix A (Dr. Dobb's Journal, 2/96), both
Netscape and Sun released software products that incorporated

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et ale
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 13

PATENT

features of the claimed invention, including an embed text format
that is parsed by a Web browser to automatically invoke an
external executable application to execute on the client
workstation in order to display an external object and enable
interactive processing of that object within a display window
created at the embed text format's location within the hypermedia
document being displayed in the browser-controlled window.

Sun

released the Java applet programming environment and the Hot Java
applet-capable Web browser in May of 1995, and Netscape release
version 2.0 of their Navigator Web browser, which incorporated
both Java technology and a plug-in API, in October of 1995.
From Marc Andreessen's comments, quoted in Reference #5
of Appendix A (Wired, 12/95), it is clear that corporate
management at Netscape put considerable emphasis on the
"platform" nature of the browser (enabled by plug-in and Java
technology which first appeared in version 2.0 of Navigator) in
their marketing communications for the product.

Andreessen

stresses the term "live online applications" in describing the
product's features.

He says, "We use the term live online

applications for the types of applications that people build on
our platform - online because the applications are networkcentric and dustributed,

~ive

because they're highly interactive

with users and with data retrieved in real time from databases
and other sources over the network.

Live Objects is our term for

things like Java applets and inlined viewers embedded in HTML
documents.

So, a live online application is built using HTML as

a framework."
Andreessen's comments relate directly to the
capabilities given to their Web browser through the use of "plugin" applications and Java applets.

These capabilities result

directly from both the plug-ins' and Java's incorporation of the
features of the claimed invention, including an embed text format
that is parsed by a Web browser to automatically invoke an
external executable application to execute on the client

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et ale
Application No.: 08/324,443
Paae 14

PATENT

workstation in order to display an external object and enable
interactive processing of that object within a display window
created at the embed tag's (or "applet" tag's)

location within

the hypermedia document being displayed in the browser-controlled
window.

Andreessen's use of the terms "live objects" and "live

online applications" refer specifically to the seemingly "live"
nature of these fully-interactive embedded windows within plugin-enabled or Java-enabled Web pages, as opposed to the static
nature of Web document content seen prior to the applicants'
invention.
A good indicator that Sun Microsystems felt that
enabling interactivity in Web pages was the key feature of Java
is given in the first chapter of "Hooked on Java," which was
written by members of the original Java development team.

They

say, "With applets written in the Java programming language, Web
users can design Web pages that include animation, graphics,
games, and other special effects.

Most important, Java applets

can make Web pages highly interactive."
This statement shows that the developers of Java felt
that the most important feature of the Java technology was the
ability of Java to allow an embed text format (the applet tag)
within a Web document to be parsed by a Web browser to
automatically invoke an external executable application to
execute on the client workstation in order to display an external
object and enable interactive processing of that object within a
display window created at the applet tag's location within the
hypermedia document being displayed in the browser-controlled
window.

The book's authors further emphasize the novelty and

nonobviousness of this technology when they say, "Quite simply,
Java-powered pages are Web pages that have Java applets embedded
in them.

They are also the Web pages with the coolest special

effects around .... Remember, you need a Java-compatible Web
browser such as HotJava to view and hear these pages and to

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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PATENT

interact with them; otherwise, all you'll access is static Web
pages minus the special effects."
The novel and nonobvious nature of the claimed
invention is further emphasized by a quote taken from Reference
#7 of Appendix A, where Marc Andresseen's early opinion of Java
is reported: "In December 1994, Java and HotJava (at this stage
called Oak) were posted in a secret file deep in the Net; only a
select few were given pointers and invited to check it out.
Three months later, Marc Andreessen gushed to the San Jose
Mercury News 'What these guys are doing is undeniably, absolutely

new.

It's great stuff.'"
Others in the Industry supported this opinion as well,

as Reference #8 clearly shows: "'The Java programming language
radically advances the multimedia potential of the Net, enabling
faster animation, games, and powerful interfaces within Web
sites,' says Nova Spivack, director of marketing and co-founder,
EarthWeb.

'Sun's Java technology is a stroke of genius that will

transform the Internet in a matter of months.'

'The Java

language is a revolutionary technology with profound implications
for the Internet as well as the computer industry in general,'
says Jack D. Hidary, chief executive officer, and co-founder of
EarthWeb."
That the interactive nature of embedded interactive
program objects was the specific reason for the commercial
success of Java was forcefully illustrated in Reference #9
(Communications Week, 10/95): "The impact of Java on our
[financial services] marketplace is that static browsers have to
become interactive and event-oriented," said Bill Adiletta,
president at Market Vision, in Santa Cruz, Calif.

'That is

absolutely essential for us to even consider [the Web] as an
option for our marketplace.'"

The "interactive and event-

oriented" capabilities which Mr. Adiletta refers to are those
that are specifically enabled through the Web browsers'

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
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PATENT

incorporation of the features of the claimed invention, including
an embed text format that is parsed by a Web browser to
automatically invoke an external executable application to
execute on the client workstation in order to display an external
object and enable interactive processing of that object within a
display window created at the embed tag's location within the
hypermedia document being displayed in the browser-controlled
window.
The status of Java, and by association, Netscape
Navigator, as one of the most popular development platforms for
new applications is supported by Reference #10 (Forbes, 11/96),
which states that "Java is also well on its way to becoming the
most important Internet software standard, catapulting Sun past

Netscape and Microsoft as the leader in Internet computing."
That the results of the featur~s of the claimed
invention are surprising and unexpected is supported by the above
references, and by Reference #10, which quotes Sun's CEO, Scott
McNealy as saying, "We always thought we were onto something with
Java--that it was our one big chance to challenge Microso
and
to change the economics of the business ... But I have to admit I
never thought Java computing could unfold quite this quickly, or
with such universal support from customers and competitors.

It's

astounding, really."

The novel and unobvious nature of the claimed invention
is strongly supported by Reference #11 (PC WEEK, 4/96), which
reports the award, by PC Week, of a technical innovation award to
Java.

They go on to state that "The best example so far of why

Java is more than a cool concept is Sun's Java WorkShop, a

development tool for creating applets that is completely written
in Java.

It is basically a set of Java applets that run on any

platform that has a Java virtual machine, which for now includes
Solaris and 32-bit Windows operating systems. A Macintosh
version is due this summer. Java WorkShop has another unique
quality that is likely to affect the way all applications are

PATENT

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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developed in the future.

The WorkShop applets and the

applications created with the development environment live within
a Web browser written in Java.

The basic notion is that if you

are developing for the Web, the containter should be Web-centric.
The user interface is a Web browser that integrates Net
technologies like Hypertext Markup Language at the core of the
product.

You click on an icon to load a new tool that lives on a

local Web page, and you can go to other pages to access other
tools, code and documentation."

This award illustrates that

there was Industry consensus that the most important part of the
Java technology was its ability to allow external interactive
applications to be embedded within Web pages.
Sun's Java WorkShop, as described in this reference,
shows many of the features of the claimed invention.

It is an

excellent example of the surprising and vnexpected results of the
claimed invention.
Despite the advantages and popularity of the Java
applet platform, it is not all things to all people.

Web plug-

ins, at least those that don't depend on applet interpreters, are
oftentimes a more pratical solution for enhancing the
interactivity of Web pages.

Reference #12

(Boardwatch, 6/96)

describes the feelings of one well-known expert in the field:
"Well, even though Java is supposed to be the elixer for the woes
of Internet standardization, every day seems to bring a new
flavor - smoother, tastier, more powerful.

How about sticking to

one flavor and form so that someone can actually figure out what
to do with it?

On to the stuff that's real.

Plug-ins are

currently the most useful browser enhancement. The variety and
quantity of plug-ins that have become available in the last few
months has astounded me.

They open up immense possibilities of

all kinds for unique and interesting applications."

Again, one

should note that the term "plug-ins" used here specifically
refers to programs which incorporate the features of the claimed
invention, including an embed text format that is parsed by a Web

PATENT

MICHAEL D. DOYLE et al.
Application No.: 08/324,443
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browser to automatically invoke an external executable
application to

exec~te

on the client workstation in order to

display an external object and enable interactive processing of
that object within a display window created at the embed tag's
location within the hypermedia document being displayed in the
browser-controlled window.
Of course, Microsoft did not sit idly by during this
period of rapid technological advance.

Marc Andreessen comments

on Microsoft's recent licensing of Mosaic in his Dec. '95 Wired
interview (Reference #5): "We have a wide range of competitors
entering this space, competing with one part of what we do.

The

Microsoft browser is basically what we did with Mosaic - I'm glad
to see that they've caught up to what we did two years ago."
It is clear from this comment that Microsoft's browser
at the time did not support embedded interactive program objects.
It took them almost a year to come up with a competing
technology, which they called ActiveX, and which was released in
1996.
Microso

felt that embedded interactive program

objects in Web pages (a feature of the claimed invention) was so
fundamental a requirement for commercial success, that they even
licensed Java for incorporation in their Web browser, at a time
when it was apparent that doing so might be at Microsoft's own
peril (from Reference #10, Forbes, 11/96): "Gates can thank
little Netscape for putting the $9 billion software behemoth in
the extraordinary position of having to support a technology that
could badly undermine Windows.

Once Gates decided he wanted to

unseat Netscape as the Internet browser king, Microsoft had to
incorporate Java into its own browser, Internet Explorer, just as
Netscape had done with

Navigator.~

.. Microsoft still derides Java

as merely a 'mildly interesting programming language' and is
doing all it can to torpedo Java with its own Internet software
component technology, ActiveX.

Microsoft claims ActiveX uses PC

hardware and software better than Java does."

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Like Netscape's Navigator and like Sun's Java products,
Microsoft's ActiveX technology has become very successful.

This

is evidenced by the following excerpt from New Media Magazine's
1997 "Hyper Awards" issue, where they give ActiveX the award of
"Technology of the Year":
"TECHNOLOGIES OF THE YEAR: Microsoft ActiveX
Microsoft ActiveX was first maligned as an unnecessary
Java competitor and part of Bill Gates' plot to dominate the
world, but this standard for Internet applets has assumed the
high ground as a universal OLE-based wrapper that embraces
Java, VRML, Shockwave, Visual Basic, C++, and other scripting
tools.
To further establish it as an industry norm, Microsoft is
ensuring development of ActiveX plug-ins for Mac and UNIX Web
browsers, and is even spinning off control of ActiveX into an

independent standards body, a first for Microsoft.

The

strategy is working -- ActiveX acceptance among developers has
been phenomenal, and nobody is comparing it to Java anymore."
The above citations, as well as the additional details
given in Appendix A, provide ample evidence of the commercial
success of products incorporating features of the claimed
invention, as well as evidence of the widespread acclaim that
these products have garnered for the technical innovations which
the features of the claimed invention allowed them to provide.
They further show that the successes of these products was a
direct result of the features of the claimed invention, which
they incorporated through implementation of an embed text format

that is parsed by a Web browser to automatically invoke an
external executable application to execute on the client
workstation in order to display an external object and enable
interactive processing of that object within a display window
created at the embed text format's location within the hypermedia
document being displayed in the browser-controlled window.

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PATENT

I further declare that all statements made herein of my
own knowledge are true and that all statements made on
information and belief are believed to be true; and further that
these statements were made with the knowledge that willful false
statements and the like so made are punishable by fine or
imprisonment, or both, under Section 1001 of Title 18 of the
united States Code, and that such willful false statements may
jeopardize the validity of the application or any patent issuing
thereon.

Dated:

~7~ ,

CEK:db
s:\02307I\553\DECL.Ol

1997.

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Appendix A to Doyle Declaration

List of relevant references:
1) "Today the Web, Tomorrow the World," by Tom Halfhill, Byte,
Jan. 1997:
"Never in the history of computing has a new language attracted
so much support from toolmakers, software developers, and OS
vendors in such a short time ..... Java trancends being a
language to being a software platform because. of the Java
virtual machine (VM), which simulates a computer in software.
The Java VM can run on existing computers and OSes (e.g.,
Windows and the Mac OS), or it can run on hardware designed
only for Java .... Java could trigger the biggest platform shift
since Windows surpassed DOS--all without forcing you to change
your hardware and OS ... Java is a stealth platform that
propagates entirely in software and coexists peacefully with
the native OS .... Java carries software abstraction to the next
level because it abstracts everything below the VM.
It's
designed for a world in which the OS and CPU are
interchangeable parts that can be replaced without breaking
applications."
2) "Teach yourself Java in 21 days," by Laura LeMay and Charles
Perkins, Sams Net Publishers, 1996, pages 423-424:
"It [Java] deserves to be there [at center stage].
It is the
natural outgrowth of ideas that, since the early 1970s inside
the Smalltalk group at Xerox PARC, have lain relatively dormant
in the mainstream. Smalltalk, in fact, invented the first
object-oriented bytecode interpreter and pioneered many of the
deep ideas that Java builds on today .... The final requirement
is what has stymied many attempts at ubiquity in the past.
If
you base your system on any assumptions about what is "beneath"
the run-time system, you lose.
If you depend in any way on the
computer or operating system below, you lose.
Java solves this
problem by inventing an abstract computer of its own and
running on that."
3) "Virtual Machines: Vendors move past Java to look for UVMs,"
By Jim Balderston and Bob Trott, InfoWorld, April 7, 1997:
"IBM, in conjunction with its Taligent subsidiary, has begun a
research effort intended to create a single virtual machine
capable of running applications written in Ctt, Smalltalk, or
Java .... Once developed, a universal virtual machine would, in
theory, allow developers to write an application in any
language and run it on any system. But at this stage, the
challenges associated with developing UVMs are immense, and any
such mechanism would probably only be capable of running

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interpreted code, which would have a big impact on performance
and memory requirements."
4) "Proposing a standard Web API," by Michael Doyle, Cheong Ang
and David Martin, Dr. Dobb's Journal, February, 1996:
"We designed and implemented an API for embedded inline applets
that allowed a Web page to act as a container document for a
fully-interactive remote-visualization application, allowing
real-time volume rendering and analysis of huge collections of
3-D biomedical volume data, where most of the computation was
performed by powerful remote visualization engines. Using our
enhanced version of Mosaic, later dubbed 'WebRouser,' a
scientist using a low-end client workstation could exploit
computational power far beyond anything that could ever be
found in one location.
This work was shown to several groups in 1993, including many
that were later involved in projects to add APIs and applets to
Web browsers at places like NCSA, Netscape, and Sun."
5) "Why Bill Gates wants to be the next Marc Andreessen,"
Interview by Chip Bayers with Netscape founder, Marc Andreessen,
Wired Magazine, December, 1995, page 165.:
"Bayers: Because it allows plug-ins, you're calling Netscape

2.0 a platform, rather than a browser in the company's
descriptions. But Photoshop has some pretty sophisticated
plug-ins, and it's only an application. Is Netscape 2.0 a
platform or an application?
Andree.ssen: It's a little of both.

It's an application in that
it runs on top of what is traditionally thought of as an
operating system - like Windows or UNIX - but it's a platfo~
in that people can build applications on it. We use the term
live online applications for the types of applications that
people build on our platform - online because the applications
are network-centric and dustributed, live because they're
highly interactive with users and with data retrieved in real
time from databases and other sources over the network. Live
Objects is our term for things like Java applets and inlined
viewers embedded in HTML documents. So, a live online
application is built using HTML as a framework. This gives
developers great flexibility in linking together people and
information over networks.
Our platform is also operating-system independent; you can
run the client on Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX any of 12 flavors - or Mac; the server can run on Windows NT,
UNIX, and in the near future, Windows 95.
We don't use the term browser because we think it's pretty
clear that Netscape Navigator 2.0 is far more than a browser.
On one hand it's a suite: it handles e-mail, threaded

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discussion groups, ftp, gopher, chat, et cetera. On the other
hand, it's a platform: it allows people to build these live
online applications on top of it."
"Bayers: S'ince this is an entrepreneurial environment with a
level playing field, who do you see as your biggest competitor
right now? Microsoft and its new browser?
Andreessen: We have a wide range of competitors entering this
space, competing with one part of what we do.
The Microsoft
browser is basically what we did with Mosaic - I'm glad to see
that they've caught up to what we did two years ago."
6) "Hooked on Java," by Arthur Van Hoff, et al., of Sun
Microsystems:
Page 1:
"With applets written in the Java programming
language, Web users can design Web pages that include
animation, graphics, games, and other special effects. Most
important, Java applets can make Web pages highly interactive.
Of course, users need a Java-compliant Web browser like
Netscape Navigator or HotJava to view and use Java-powered
pages .... Maybe we're a little bit biased because we are part of
the programming team that has been developing Java at Sun, but
we think it's true.
Java allows you to do exciting things with
Web pages that weren't possible before .... Greater interactivity
is one of the hallmarks of Web pages that use Java. Users can
interact with the content of a Java-powered page via the mouse,
keyboard, and other user-interface elements such as buttons,
slides, and text fields."
Page 2: "Small programs written in the Java programming
language called Java\ applets make this all possible.
Java
applets are embedded right in Web pages. When users access
these pages, the applets are downloaded to their computers and
executed.
Instead of the activity happening on the server side
as is the case with CGI programming, it happens on the client
side in a Java-compatible Web browser."
Page 3: "Quite simply, Java-powered pages are Web pages that
have Java applets embedded in them.
They are also the Web
pages with the coolest special effects around .... Remember, you
need a Java-compatible Web browser such as HotJava to view and
hear these pages and to interact with them; otherwise, all
you'll access is static Web pag~s minus the special effects."
7) "The Java Saga," by David Bank, Wired Magazine, Dec., 1995:
Page 166: "While today's Web is mostly a static brew - a grand
collection of electronically linked brochures - Java holds the

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promise of caffeinating the Web, supercharging it with
interactive games and animations and thousands of application
programs nobody's ever heard of .... Software developers are busy
shaping Java into applications that will add new life to Web
browsers, like Netscape and Mosaic, producing programs that
combine real-time interactivity with multimedia features that
have been available only on CD-ROM ... What's a Java application?
Point to the Ford Motor web-site, for instance, and all you'll
get are words and pictures of the latest cars and trucks.
Using Java, however, Ford's server could relay a small
application (called an applet) to a customer's computer.
From
there, the client could customize options on an F-seried pickup
while calculating the monthly tab on various loan rates offered
by a finance company or local bank."
Page 167: "Sun is giving away Java and HotJava for free for
noncommercial use, in a fast-track attempt to make them the
standard before Microsoft begins shipping a similar product,
codenamed Blackbird, in early 1996"
(note: Blackbird was later
renamed to "ActiveX" by Microsoft)
Page 242: "A new business plan was drawn up early in 1994,
which unceremoniously dumped the speculative markets
FirstPerson had pursued and began focusing on personal
computers - the technology the project was supposed to leapfrog
in the first place.
The new plan was to create a corps of CDROM developers who would write in Oak and, ideally, stick with
it as their platform language while moving applications to the
commercial online services .... The plan, remarkably, contained
no mention of Mosaic or the Web .... FirstPerson was scrapped in
the spring of 1994 ... "
Page 243: "Joy and Schmidt wrote yet another plan for Oak and
sent Gosling and Naughton back to work adapting Oak for the
Internet. Gosling, whom Joy calls 'the world's greatest
programmer,' worked on the Oak code, while Naughton set out to
develop a true 'killer app.' ... In January 1995, Gosling's
version of Oak was renamed the more marketable Java.
Naughton's killer app was an interpreter for a Web browser,
later named HotJava."
Page 244: "In December 1994, Java and HotJava (at this stage
called Oak) were posted in a secret file deep in the Net; only
a select few were given pointers and invited to check it out.
Three months later,Marc Andree$sen gushed to the San Jose
Mercury News 'What these guys are doing is undeniably,
absolutely new.
It's great stuff.'
That was how the Java team
knew it was finally going to make it.
'That quote was a
blessing from the god of the Internet,' Polese says"

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Page 245: "Sun is racing to stay ahead of the accelerating
wave. The day after that midnight deadline for sending the
finished code to Netscape, Joy was already at work pushing the
limits of what Java could do .... 'I've got 15 patents I could
Ie as soon as I type them,' Joy says. 'I figure I've got five
years. It's like we've got a blank sheet and it says
'Internet.' Normally the best products don't win. The
Internet is an opportunity for the best products to win. Java
is great technically and people want it. I'm happy to get that
once in my
fe - or maybe twice."
8) "Earthweb and Sun unveil Gamelan on the Internet; Premier
directory for the Java revolution goes online," PRNewswire,
October 11, 1995:
"'The Java programming language radically advances the
multimedia potential of the Net, enabling faster animation,
games, and powerful interfaces within Web sites,' says Nova
Spivack, director of marketing and co-founder, EarthWeb. 'Sun's
Java technology is a stroke of genius that will transform the
Internet in a matter of months.' •.. 'The Java language is a
revolutionary technology with profound implications for the
Internet as well as the computer industry in general,' says
Jack D. Hidary, chief executive officer, and co-founder of
EarthWeb."
9) "Goal/A multiplatform operating system/Sun positions Java as
universal interface," by Richard Karpinski, Communications Week,
October 9, 1995:
"What Sun sees with Java is the opportunity to build a
universal, multiplatform operating system ~ a 'ubiquitous API,'
said Schmidt - that will open up a new world of distributed,
networked applications .... According to Bill Joy, co-founder and
chief technologist at Mountain View, Calif.-based Sun, Java not
only will enable more interactive and animated Web content, but
eventually it will replace C++ as the standard building block
for computer applications, paving the way for a new paradigm of
distributed, network-based applications .... Nearer term,
however, Java mainly will be used to jazz up the Web .... 'The
impact of Java on our [financial services] marketplace is that
static browsers have to become interactive and event-oriented,'
said Bill Adiletta, president at Market Vision, in Santa Cruz,
Calif. 'That is absolutely essential for us to even consider
[the Web] as an option for our marketplace.'
II

10) "Sun's Java: The threat to Microsoft is real," by Brent
Schlender and Eryn Brown, Forbes, November 11, 1996:

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"Originally known as a way to jazz up Web pages with graphic
animations--stock tickers that crawl across your screen, for
example, and dancing icons--Java has quickly evolved into a
whole lot more.
To Microsoft's dismay, it is fast becoming
what is known as a computing platform--a sturdy base upon which
programmers can build software applications.
Java is making
possible the rapid development of versatile programs for
communicating and collaborating on the Internet .... Java is also
making possible a controversial new class of cheap machines
called network computers, or NCs, which Sun, IBM, Oracle, Apple
and others hope will proliferate in corporations and our
homes .... To graph the numbers, you'll call in a charting applet
that will let you print out your report nice and pretty, all
without leaving your browser. And you'll always get the
latest, greatest version of the applets too: Since the software
is stored in only one place, corporate techies can keep it up
to date more easily .... Java is also well on its way to becoming
the most important Internet software standard, catapulting Sun
past Netscape and Microsoft as the leader in Internet
computing .... The halo effect from Java is a big reason Sun's
stock has become hot."
"For Sun CEO Scott McNealy, it's a pipe dream come true.
'We
always thought we were onto something with Java--that it was
our one big chance to challenge Microsoft and to change the
economics of the business,' he says, 'But I have to admit I
never thought Java computing could unfold quite this quickly,
or with such universal support from customers and competitors.
It's astounding, really.' ... Java is also one of those
charmed technologies--Microsoft's original DOS operating system
is another--that arrived at exactly the right place at the
right time. Since Sun introduced Java in May 1995, a
constellation of forces--other Internet innovations, software
economics, industry politics, and customer need--aligned almost
simultaneously to let Java emerge .... The keys to Java's success
as a platform are ubiquity and absolute compatibility
throughout the industry.
To achieve ubiquity, Sun hitched a
ride on Netscape's popular Navigator Internet browser, the
program that unleashed the whole Internet phenomenon in the
first place .... Gates can thank little Netscape for putting the
$9 billion software behemoth in the extraordinary position of
having to support a technology that could badly undermine
Windows. Once Gates decided he wanted to unseat Netscape as
the Internet browser king, Microsoft had to incorporate Java
into its own browser, Internet Explorer, just as Netscape had
done with Navigator .... Microsoft still derides Java as merely a
'mildly interesting programming language' and is doing all it
can to torpedo Java with its own Internet software component
technology, ActiveX. Microsoft claims ActiveX uses PC hardware
and software better than Java does."

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11) "The First Annual IT Excellence Awards," PCWEEK, April, 1996:
"We had planned to pick one product that stood out from the
pack in terms of innovation, advancement, and improvement in
cost of ownership of information delivery technology. Java met
those criteria .... [Java] may enhance Sun's role as a mainstream
industry innovator and leader. Until recently, Java was famous
as hypeware, exemplified by cute but shallow applets. As one
of our readers said, it's 100% buzzword-compliant.
Nonetheless, we give Java a PC WEEK Corporate IT Excellence
award for innovation this week, and it appears that the
language environment is quickly moving beyond novelty to
practical application."
"The best example so far of why Java is more than a cool
concept is Sun's Java WorkShop, a development tool for creating
applets that is completely written in Java.
It is basically a
set of Java applets that run on any platform that has a Java
virtual machine, which for now includes Solaris and 32-bit
Windows operating systems. A Macintosh version is due this
summer.
Java WorkShop has another unique quality that is
likely to affect the way all applications are developed in the
future.
The WorkShop applets and the applications created with
the development environment live within a Web browser written
in Java.
The basic notion is that if you are developing for
the Web, the containter should be Web-centric.
The user
interface is a Web browser that integrates Net technologies
like Hypertext Markup Language at the core of the product. You
click on an icon to load a new tool that lives on a local Web
page, and you can go to other pages to access other tools, code
and documentation."
12) "Browser Plug-Ins: Good, Bad and Ugly," by Chris Babb,
June, 1996:

Boardw~tch,

"Well, even though Java is supposed to be the elixer for the
woes of Internet standardization, every day seems to bring a
new flavor - smoother, tastier, more powerful. How about
sticking to one flavor and form so that someone can actually
figure out what to do with it? On to the stuff that's real.
Plug"":ins are currently the most useful browser enhancement.
The variety and quantity of plug-ins that have become available
in the last few months has astounded me.
They open up immense
possibilities of all kinds for unique and interesting
applications."
13) "1997 Hyper Awards," New Media Magazine, January, 1997:

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"TECHNOLOGIES OF THE YEAR:
Microsoft ActiveX
Microsoft ActiveX was first maligned as an unnecessary Java
competitor and part of Bill Gates' plot to dominate the world,
but this standard for Internet applets has assumed the high
ground as a universal OLE-based wrapper that embraces JavaVRML,
Shockwave, Visual Basic, C++, and other scripting tools.
To further establish it as an industry norm, Microsoft is
ensuring development of ActiveX plug-ins for Mac and UNIX Web
browsers, and is even spinning off control of ActiveX into an
independent standards body, a first for Microsoft.
The
strategy is working -- ActiveX acceptance among developers has
been phenomenal, and nobody is comparing it to Java anymore."
14) "ActiveX, a Standard?," by Michael Floyd (Editor in Chief),
WebTechniques, October, 1996, page 5:
"'--So tell me about ActiveX.
Isn't it just OLE for the
Internet?'
'--Wrong, ... ActiveX is a new API that, like OLE, is based on
Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM). While OLE supports a
compound document architecture for desktops, ActiveX is
designed specifically to embed rich media objects within Webbased documents.'
This was part of a scene that recently played out in the
offices of Web Techniques ... Microsoft marketers arrived on our
doorstep not for the standard dog-and-pony show, but
specifically to 'debunk the myths' surrounding ActiveX
technologies."