Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al

Filing 561

Declaration in Support of #559 Declaration in Support, filed byApple Inc.. (Attachments: #1 Exhibit 3.02, #2 Exhibit 3.03, #3 Exhibit 3.04, #4 Exhibit 3.05, #5 Exhibit 3.06, #6 Exhibit 3.07, #7 Exhibit 3.08, #8 Exhibit 3.09, #9 Exhibit 3.10, #10 Exhibit 3.11, #11 Exhibit 3.12, #12 Exhibit 3.13, #13 Exhibit 3.14, #14 Exhibit 3.15, #15 Exhibit 3.16, #16 Exhibit 3,17, #17 Exhibit 3.18, #18 Exhibit 3.19, #19 Exhibit 3.20, #20 Exhibit 3.21, #21 Exhibit 3.22, #22 Exhibit 3.23, #23 Exhibit 3.24)(Related document(s) #559 ) (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 12/29/2011)

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EXHIBIT 3.11 WO 03/088176 PCTILISO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 What is claimed is: 1. An object position detector, comprising: a touch sensor formed as a substantially closed loop and having a physical constraint formed on an upper surface of said touch sensor and coextensive with said closed loop, said touch sensor configured to sense motion of an object proximate to said closed loop; and 10 a processor coupled to said touch sensor, said processor programmed to generate a signal in response to said motion on said touch sensor. 2. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said touch sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 3. 15 The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said touch sensor is a resistive touch sensor. 4. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said touch sensor is an inductive sensor. 5. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising: a processing unit; 20 instructions for directing said processing unit to: receive information from said electrodes, and generate an output responsive to receiving said information; and a media readable by said processing unit that stores said instructions. 6. 25 The object position detector of Claim 5, wherein said instructions further include instructions for directing said processing unit to detect an operating mode selected from activating an input device, tapping an activation zone, positioning an object in said activation zone, positioning an object in a navigation zone, activating a key on a keyboard and moving at least one object on said touch sensor responsive to receiving said information. 7. 30 The object position detector of Claim 5, wherein said instructions for generating said output further comprise instructions for directing said processing unit to perform an action selected from controlling a cursor, scrolling through data, navigating a menu, adjusting a value setting control, selecting data, interfacing with a computer program, interfacing with a drawing program, changing a direction of motion, changing an axis of motion, changing a direction of value adjustment, and interfacing with a game program. 35 8. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said physical constraint is defmed by at least one of the group consisting of a depression and a protrusion. 9. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising at least one activation 32 APLNDC00026090 WO 03/088176 PCTIUS03/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 ¯¯ ¯ ¯¯ zone disposed proximate to said touch sensor and coupled to said processor. 10. The object position detector of Claim 7, wherein said at least one activation zone is demarked by a guide. 11. The object position detector of Claim 10, wherein said guide is said physical constraint. 10 12. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising a pointing input device disposed proximate to said touch sensor and coupled to said processor. 13. The object position detector of Claim 12, wherein said pointing input device is responsive to one of a position, a velocity, and a force of said object 14. 15 The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising an activation key disposed proximate to said touch sensor, wherein said activation key is configured to initiate an action in response to a user input. 15. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said closed loop is configured substantially into a shape selected from the group consisting of a circle, an oval, a triangle, a rectangle, a square, a figure-eight, a polygon, a convex polygon, a concave polygon, an 20 ellipse, and a path that crosses itself. 16. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said processor generates a signal to a first action responsive to an object moving in a clockwise direction proximate to said closed loop. 17. 25 The object position detector of Claim 16, wherein said processor generates a signal to cause a second action responsive to said object moving in a counter-clockwise direction proximate to said closed loop. 18. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising a starting position along said closed loop. 19. 30 The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein the object position detector is disposed on a device selected from the group consisting of a computing device, a peripheral input device, a detachable input device, and a rotary control. 20. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising a switching method coupled to said object position detector that can be activated to select at least one mode. 21. 35 The object position detector of Claim 20, wherein said switching method is selected from the group consisting of activating an input device, inputting in a zone, activating a key on a keyboard and moving at least one of said object on said closed loop. 22. The object position detector of Claim 20, wherein said mode is selected from the 33 APLNDC00026091 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 group consisting of controlling a cursor, scrolling through data, navigating a menu, adjusting a value setting control, selecting data, interfacing with a computer program, interfacing with a drawing program, changing a direction of motion, changing an axis of motion, changing a direction of value adjustment, and interfacing with a game program. 10 23. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising at least one other touch sensor having a closed loop. 24. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein an arrangement of electrodes of said touch sensor is interleaving. 25. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein an arrangement of electrodes of said touch sensor is self-interpolating. 15 26. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising an electrode design that inherently outputs positional information in only one variable from said touch sensor. 27. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising an algorithm to calculate position on said touch sensor, said algorithm selected from the group consisting of a quadratic fitting algorithm, a centroid interpolation algorithm, a trigonometric weighting 20 algorithm, and a quasi-trigonometric weighting algorithm. 28. The object position detector of Claim 1, further comprising at least two electrodes of said touch sensor electrically coupled to a single sensor input. 29. The object position detector of Claim 1, wherein said touch sensor is one- dimensional. 25 30. A solid-state object position detector, comprising: a touch sensor having a plurality of electrodes disposed in a closed loop; and a processor coupled to said touch sensor, said processor configured to output positional information in only one variable. 30 31. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said touch sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 32. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said touch sensor is a resistive touch sensor. 33. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein at least two of said electrodes are electrically coupled to a single sensor input. 35 34. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, further comprising: a pointing input device disposed proximate to said touch sensor and coupled to said processor. 34 APLNDC00026092 WO 03/088176 PCT/US03/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 35. ¯ ¯ The solid-state object position detector of Claim 34, wherein said pointing input device is responsive to one of a position, a velocity, and a force of an input object. 36. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said processor is configured to operate in one of a first mode and a second mode, wherein said first mode reports relative motion and said second mode reports absolute position. 10 37. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wher'ein at least two of said electrodes are interleaved. 38. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 37, wherein each of said at least two electrodes are in a shape of a lightning-bolt. 39. 15 The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, further comprising: a guide disposed proximate to said electrodes. 40. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 39, wherein said guide is tactile. 41. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said processor is configured to receive positional information from said touch sensor in only one variable. 42. 20 The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said touch sensor is configured to output positional information from said closed loop in only one variable. 43. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 30, wherein said touch sensor is configured to output only positional information. 44. 25 A touch sensor having a plurality of interleaving electrodes disposed in a closed loop, each of said electrodes is interdigitated with an adjacent neighboring one of said electrodes. 45. The touch sensor of Claim 44, wherein said electrodes are self-interpolating. 46. The touch sensor of Claim 44, wherein said touch sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 47. The touch sensoi of Claim 44, wherein at least two of said electrodes are electrically coupled to a single sensor input. 30 48. The touch sensor of Claim 44, wherein a layout of said electrodes is selected from the group consisting of a lighting-bolt design, a flower petal design, and a triangle design. 49. The touch sensor of Claim 44, wherein said electrodes are of about equal size. 50. The touch sensor of Claim 44, wherein more than one interdigitation occurs between each said neighboring said electrodes. 35 51. A touch sensor, compnsmg: a plurality of sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop; and an indicator electrode disposed proximate to said electrodes. 35 APLNDC00026093 WO 03/088176 PCT/l]SO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 52. The touch sensor of Claim 51, wherein said touch sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 53. The touch sensor of Claim 51, wherein said touch sensor is a resistive touch sensor. 54. The touch sensor of Claim 51, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are ohmically coupled together. 10 55. The touch sensor of Claim 51, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are interleaved. 56. The touch sensor of Claim 55, wherein each of said at least two sensor electrodes are in a shape of a lighting-bolt. 57. The touch sensor of Claim 51, further comprising: a guide disposed proximate to said saa electrodes. 15 58. The touch a of r, - 57, wherein said guide is tactile. 59. A solid-state object position detector, comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor inputs having a primary function; and 20 a touch sensor having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer such that N 5 M, each of said N sensor electrodes is coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of said touch sensor. 60. 25 The solid-state object position detector of Claim 59, wherein said touch sensor is a capacitive touch sensor. 61. The soHd-state object position detector of Claim 59, further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer such that Q 5 M, each of said Q sensing electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; and 30 wherein said primary function is related to operation of said object position detector. 62. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 59, wherein said processor is configured to operate in one of a first mode and a second mode, wherein said first mode reports relative motion and said second mode reports absolute position. 63. 35 The solid-state object position detector of Claim 59, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are ohmically coupled together. 64. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 59, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are interleaved. 36 APLNDC00026094 WOD3/088176 SYN-113PCT 5 65. ° ~ ~ PCT/USO3/11015 ¯ The solid-state object position detector of Claim 59, further comprising: a guide disposed proximate to said sensor electrodes. 66. 67. 10 The solid-state object position detector of Claim 65, wherein said guide is tactile. A solid-state object position detector, comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor inputs having a primary function; and a touch sensor having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer; wherein said N sensor electrodes are coupled to ones of said M sensor inputs such 15 that at least two of said N sensor electrodes are coupled to a same one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of said touch sensor. 68. The solid state position detector of claim 67, further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer 20 such that Q 5 M, each of said Q sensing electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; and wherein said primary function is related to operation of said pointing input device. 69. A solid-state object position detector, comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor 25 inputs having a primary function; and P touch sensors, where P is a positive integer, each of said P touch sensors having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer such that NE (M / P), each of said N sensor electrodes of each of said P touch sensors is coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; 30 wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of each of said P touch sensors. 70. The solid state position detector of claim 69, further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer such that Q i M, each of said Q sensing electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of 35 said M sensor inputs; and wherein said primary function is related to operation of said pointing input device. 71. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 69, wherein at least one of said 37 APLNDC00026095 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 touch sensors is a capacitive touch sensor. 72. The solid-state object position detector of Claim 69, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are ohmically coupled together. 73. A solid-state object position detector, comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor 10 inputs having a primary function; and P touch sensors, where P is a positive integer such that P 5 M, each of said P touch a rs having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer; wherein said N sensor electrodes of each of said P touch sensors are coupled to said M sensor inputs such that at least two of said N sensor electrodes of each of said P touch 15 sensors are coupled to a same one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of each of said P touch sensors. 74. The solid-state object position detector of claim 73, further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer 20 such that Q 5 M, each of said Q sensing electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; and wherein said primary function is related to operation of said pointing input device. 75. A combination comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer; and 25 an object position detector comprising: a touch sensor having N electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer such that N 5 M; and an indicator electrode disposed proximate to said N sensor electrodes, each of said N sensor electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of M input electrodes; 30 wherein said indicator electrode is electrically coupled to at least one of said M sensor inputs that is not coupled to one of said N sensor electrodes; and wherein said processor is configured to-output data related to operation of said object position detector. 76. 35 The combination of Claim 75, wherein said touch - -,r is a capacitive touch sensor. 77. The combination of Claim 75, wherein said touch 78. The combination of Claim 75, further comprising: is a resistive touch sensor. a pointing input device disposed proximate to said touch sensor and in electrical 38 APLNDC00026096 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 communication with said processor. 79. The combination of Claim 75, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are ohmically coupled together. 80. The combination of Claim 75, wherein at least two of said sensor electrodes are interleaved. 10 81. The combination of Claim 80, wherein each of said at least two sensor electrodes are in a shape of a lighting-bolt. 82. A combination comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer; and an object position detector comprising: 15 a touch sensor having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer; and an indicator electrode disposed proximate to said N sensor electrodes, said indicator electrode electrically coupled to at least one of said M sensor inputs that is not coupled to one of said N ,- electrodes; 20 wherein said N sensor electrodes are electrically coupled to ones of said M sensor inputs such that at least two of said N sensor electrodes are coupled to a same one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said processor is configured to output data related to operation of said object position detector. 25 83. A combination comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor inputs having a primary function; and an object position detector comprising: a touch sensor having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N 30 is a positive integer such that N < M; and an indicator electrode disposed proximate to said N sensor electrodes, each of said N sensor electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said indicator electrode is electrically coupled to at least one of said 35 M sensor inputs that is not coupled to one of said N sensor electrodes; wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of said object 39 APLNDC00026097 WO 03/088176 PCT/USU3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 position detector. 84. The combination of claim 83, further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer such that Q < M, each of said Q sensing electrodes electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; and 10 wherein said primary function is related to operation of said pointing input device. 85. A combination comprising: a processor having M sensor inputs, where M is a positive integer, said M sensor inputs having a primary function; and an object position detector comprising: 15 a touch sensor having N sensor electrodes disposed in a closed loop, where N is a positive integer; and an indicator electrode disposed proximate to said N sensor electrodes; wherein said indicator electrode is electrically coupled to at least one of said M sensor inputs that is not coupled to one of said N sensor electrodes; 20 wherein said N sensor electrodes are electrically coupled to ones of said M sensor inputs such that at least two of said N -- electrodes are coupled to a same one of said M sensor inputs; wherein said processor is configured to output first data related to said primary function and to output second data related to operation of said object 25 position detector. 86. The combination of claim 85 further comprising: a pointing input device having Q sensing electrodes, where Q is a positive integer such that Q 5 M, each of said Q sensing electrodes is electrically coupled to a different one of said M sensor inputs; and 30 wherein said primary function is related to operation of said pointing input device. 87. A method for processing signals from a plurality of electrodes in a closed loop sensor device comprising: receiving a signal from each of said plurality of electrodes in said closed loop sensor; determining a capacitance of each of said plurality of electrodes from said signals 35 responsive to a receipt of said signal from each of said plurality of electrodes; and determining position information of an input object proximate to said closed loop sensor responsive to a determination of said capacitance of each of said plurality of 40 APLNDC00026098 WOU3/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 electrodes. 88. The method of claim 87 wherein said step of dete- ---:--:--g said position information comprises: determining a highest capacitance electrode from said plurality of electrodes responsive to a dets samtion of said capacitance of each of said plurality of electrodes; 10 determining an equation of an inverted parabola from said capacitance of said highest capacitance electrode, said capacitance of a first one of said plurality of electrodes on a first side of said highest capacitance electrode, and said capacitance of a second one of said plurality of electrodes on a second side of said highest capacitance electrode; determining a center point of said inverted parabola from said equation responsive to 15 a determination of said equation; and determining said position information from said center point responsive to a determination of said center point . 89. The method of claim 88 wherein said step of determining said position information further comprises: 20 determining a modified center point by subtracting a modulus of a number of said plurality of electrodes from said center point of said inverted parabola responsive to a determination of said center point. 90. The method of claim 89 wherein said step of determining said position information further comprises: 25 applying a non-linear function to said modified center point to determine said position information responsive to a determination of said modified center point. 91. The method of claim 88 wherein said step of determining said position information further comprises: applying a non-linear function to said center point to determine said position 30 information responsive to a det- ----:--ation of said center point. 92. The method of claim 87 wherein said step of detems:ui g said position information comprises: determining a highest capacitance electrode of said plurality of electrodes responsive to a determination of capacitance of each of said plurality of electrodes; 35 setting an orientation of said plurality of electrodes to have said highest capacitance electrode as a center of said plurality of electrodes; determining a position of said input object by calculating a centroid responsive to 41 APLNDC00026099 WO 03/088176 PCT/USo3/11015 SYN-113PCT 5 said orientation of said plurality of electrodes being set; and applying said reverse rotation function to said position to generate said position information. 93. The method of claim 92 wherein an application of said reverse rotation function sets said orientation of said plurality of electrodes to an original orientation. 10 94. The method of claim 87 wherein said step of determining said position information compnses: applying a first periodic weighting function to capacitances of said plurality of said electrodes to determine a numerator, applying a second periodic weighting function to said capacitances of said plurality 15 of electrodes to determine a denominator , and applying a third function to said numerator and said denominator to generate said position information responsive to a determination of said numerator and a determination of said denominator. 95. 20 The method of claim94 wherein said third function is a four quadrant arctangent. 96. The method of claim 94 wherein said step of applying said first periodic weighting function comprises: applying a first periodic weighting function to said capacitance of each of said plurality of electrodes to determine a weighted capacitance component for each of said plurality of electrodes, and 25 dete- ---:--:--g a numerator from said weighted capacitance components of said plurality of electrodes responsive to a determination of said weighted capacitance component of each of said plurality of electrode. 97. The method of claim 96 wherein said first periodic weighting function is based on sme. 30 98. The method of claim 94 wherein said step of applying said second periodic weighting function to determine said denominator comprises: applying said second periodic weighting function to said capacitance of each of said plurality of electrodes to determine a weighted capacitance component for each of said plurality of electrodes, and 35 determining a denominator from said weighted capacitance component of each of said plurality of electrodes responsive to a determination of said weighted capacitance component of each of said plurality of electrodes. 42 APLNDC00026100 WO 03/088176 PCT/US03/11015 10 Sensor 12 i / 14 Closed Loop Path \ Decoder / i Message \ \ Generator 16 / Host Device Fig. 1 20 22 - 24 26 Fig. 2 28 26 Fig. 3 APLNDC00026101 WOU3/088176 PCT/US03/11015 30 34 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 40 35 39 38 37 36 Fig. 7 41 Fig. 6 42 Fig. 9 Fig. 8 Y 43 Fig. 10 APLNDC00026102 WO03/088176 Fig. 11 PCTIUSU3/11015 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 co 8 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 44 45 Fig. 18 46 Fig. 19 Fig. 20 48 Fig. 21 2 - -- - - t- 4 File Edit View( Fig. 22 66 50 54 52 File Edit View ( Fig. 23 se ! I IP V 50 APLNDC00026103 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 62 IFile iEdit View 60 --- 66 IFile |Edit View 64 66 64 Fig. 24 62 68 74 60 I i I Fig. 25 62 72 I / I I I 60 66 76 Fig. 26 82 File Edit View 66 84 86 Ill/Allii IP/W 80 Fig.27 APLNDC00026104 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 90 92 94 93 91 94 Fig. 28 95 A 98 96 Fig. 29 APLNDC00026105 WO 03/088176 PCT/US03/11015 o ao APLNDC00026106 WOG3/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 0 102 92< 90 94 100 Fig. 31 APLNDC00026107 WO 03/088176 PCTIUSO3/11015 101 I I - / i 103 \ \ \ / X / '× 12345678 X or Y Axis Sensor Inputs Fig. 32 APLNDC00026108 WOU3/088176 PCTIUSU3/11015 34 110 115 114 112 116 34 Fig. 33 115 116 114 112 114 116 110 115 Fig. 34 120 124 124 122 124 124 Fig. 35 APLNDC00026109 WOU3/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 132 134 ( 130- - O +L Volume - R Balance +Treble + Bass Fig. 36 142 144 148 140 -- ++ - We 146 + o e Fig. 37 APLNDC00026110 WO03/088176 PCT/US03/11015 150 I 158 - L - - * * Bass Treble R 156 Balance 154 Volume 152 Fig. 38 X C(0) . --- J & C(1) C(2) C(3) C(4) i -1 i C(5) i+1 Fig. 40 APLNDC00026111 WO 03/088176 PCTIUSO3/11015 Start Determine which electrode has the largest capacitance measurement t Fit capacitance measurements of electrode with largest capacitance and its neighboring electrodes to an inverted parabola t Calculate the center point of the parabola Reduce the calculated mula point by Modulo N, if necessary † Pass calculated center point value through a non-linear function to compensate for non-linearities Fig. 39 APLNDC00026112 WO 03/088176 PCTIUSO3/11015 Locate peak electrode i Rotate coordinate system by renumbering each electrodejto Q-i+N/2) ModuloN, thus centering i Calculate mathematical centroid X / Reverse rotate X'=(X+i-N/2)ModuloN, X' is final input object location Fig. 41 APLNDC00026113 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 Start Compute numerator N as N= Sum(sin(i*2 pi/N) * C(i)) Compute denominator D as D= Sum(cos(i*2 pi/N) * C(x)) Compute atan2(N,D) to obtain angular position Fig. 42 APLNDC00026114 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 w Compute numerator Nas N=f, W Compute der aminator D as D=fc ComputefA(N,D)to obtain angular position Fig. 43 APLNDC00026115 WO 03/088176 PCTIUSO3/11015 Calculate NewPos Was an object previously present on the sensor? No Copy NewPos into OldPos Yes Determine relative motion between two samples (Motion + NewPos - OldPos) a Motion is Greater than 180°or more ? No Yes Motion à Less than -180° ? No Yes Subtract 360° from Motion Add 360 ° from Motion Fig.44 APLNDC00026116 WO 03/088176 PCT/USO3/11015 Start Determine a first point and a second point on the closed loopsensor Calculate the distance between the first and second points Calculate the angles corresponding to the first and second points Subtract the angle ofthe second point from the angle of the first point to get a result Use the sign ofthe result to indicate direction of motion Fig. 45 APLNDC00026117 INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT International application No. PCT/USos/11015 A. CIASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER IPC(7) US CL :GosC 21/00; GO9G s/oe : 178/18.01,18.05,18.06,18.07,81,39; 345/173 According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC B. FIELDS SEARCHED Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classification symbols) U.S. : 178/18.ol,18.05,18.os,18.07,81,se; 8+5/178 Documentation searched other than minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields seggggd Electronic data base consulted during the international search (name of data base and, where practicable, search terms useÃ) none C. DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Category* Citation of document, with indication, where appropriate, of the relevant passages Relevant to claim No. X US 5,159,159 A (ASHER) 27 OCTOBER 1992, (figs.1-5,7-9); col. 3, 55- col. 4, lines 52. 1-58 Y US 5,518,078 A (TSUJIOKA et al) 21 MAY 1996, All 1-58 X -- US 5,907,472 A (FARAHMANDI et al) 25 May Abstract and fig. 9A) 1999 (see, 1-58 44-50 O Further documents are listed in the continuation of Box C. See pm 4 * "A" Special categories of cited deemnenk document defining the general state of the art which is not considered to be of particular relevance "S" later document published after the international filing dato or priority hte and not in conflict with the application but cited to understand the principle or theory nadatlying the invention "E" earlier doomnent published on or after the international filing dato "X" 'L" document which may thror doubts on priority claim(s) or which is cited to establish the ynblication date of another citation or other special reason (as specified) doenment of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considoted novel or cannot be considered to involve an inventivo stop when the doomnent is taken alone "T" document of partienlar televance; the claimed invention cannot be *0" ðoenment referring to an oral disclosure, aso, exhibition or other "&" a o a obvious to a person skilled in the art document member of Ebe same palani family y (ho international Cling date but later Date of the actual completion of the international search Date of mailing of the interna ional search report 31AUG 03 01 AUGUST eoos Name and mailing address of the ISA/US Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks Box Per Washington, D.C. 20231 Authori ed officer Facsimile No. Telep (708) 305-8980 A i MENGIST No. (7os) .sago ' Form PCT/ISAlelo (second sheet) (July 1998)* APLNDC00026118 This Page is Inserted by I¥w Indexing and Scanning Operations and is not part of the Official Record BEST AVAILABLE TMAGES Defective images within this document are accurate representations of the original documents submitted by the applicant. Defects in the images include but are not limited to the items checked: ACK BORDERS O IMAGE CUT OFF AT TOP, BOTTOM OR SIDES O FADED TEXT OR DRAWING O BLURRED OR ILLEGIBLE TEXT OR DRAWING O SKEWED/SLANTED IMAGES O COLOR OR BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS O GRAY SCALE DOCUMENTS NES OR MARKS ON ORIGINAL DOCUMENT O REFERENCE(S) OR EXHIBIT(S) SUBMITTED A E POOR QUALITY O O--R: IMAGES ANY BEST AVAILABLE COPY. As rescanning these documents will not correct the image problems checked, please do not report these problems to the 1¥ w Image Problem Mailbox. APLNDC00026119 PCT WORLD IPLi ECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION Intemational Buæau INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PA mm COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (51) International Patent Classification 6 : GO6F 3/14, 15/02 (11) International Publication Numher: - A2 (43) International Publication Date: WO 98/14863 9 April 1998 (09.04.98) (21) International Application Number: (22) International Filing Date: (30) Priority Data: 9620464.9 PCT/IB97/01139 (81) Designated States: JP, European patent (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, OB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE). 22 September 1997 (22.09.97) 1 October 1996 (01.10.96) GB Published Without international search report and to be republished upon receipt of that report, (71) Applicant: PHILIPS - - --ONICS N.V. [NUNLl; Groenewoudseweg 1, NL-5621 BA Eindhoven (NL). (71) Applicant (for SE only): PHILIPS NORDEN AB [SE/SE]; Kottbygatan 7, Kista, S-164 85 Stockholm (SE). (72) Inventor: STOVE, Andrew, Gerald, Stove; Pof. Holstlaan 6, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven (NL), (74) Agent: ERTL, Nicholas, J.; Intemationaal Octrooibumau B.V., P.O. Box 220, NL-5600 AE Eindhoven (NL). (54) Title: HAND-HELD IMAGE DISPLAY DEVICE (57) Abstract A hand-held image display device (10) has a display (12) and at least one sensor (14, 16) responsive to an angle of tik of the device (10). Stie tilt of the device is used to effect a scrolling function of the display (12). 12 r 26 24 A 20 APLNDC00026120 FOR THE PURPOSES OF INFORMATION ONLY Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of parnphlets publishing intemational applications under the PCT. AL AM Albania Annenia ES FI AT Austria FR France AU AZ Australia Azerbaijan GA GB Gabon United Kingdom BA BB BE BF BG BJ BR Bosnia and Herzegovina Barbados Belgium Burkina Faso Bulgaria Benin Brazil GE GH GN GR HU IE IL Georgia Ghana Guinea Greece Hungary Ireland Israel MD MG MK BY CA CF CG Belanis Canada Central African Republic Congo IS IT JP KE CH CI CM CN CU CZ DE DK EE Switzerland Côte d'Ivoire Cameroon China Cuba Czech Republic Germany Denmark Estonia KG KP KR KZ LC Li LK LR Spain Finland LS LT Izsotho Lithuania Si SK Slovenia Slovakia LU Luxembourg SN Senegal LV MC Latvia Monaco SE TD Swaziland Chad ML MN MR Republic of Moldova Madagascar The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mali Mongolia Mauritania TG TJ TM TR TT UA UG Togo Tajikistan Turkmenistan Turkey Trinidad and Tobago Ukraine Uganda Iceland Italy Japan Kenya MW MX NE NL Malawi Mexico Niger Netherlands US UZ VN YU United States of America Uzbekistan Viet Nam Yugoslavia Kyrgyzstan Democratic People's Republic of Kosta Rcpublic of Korea Kazakstan Saint Lucia Liechtenstein Sri Lanka Liberia NO NZ PL FI' RO RU SD SE SG Norway New Zealand Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Sudan Sweden Singapore ZW Zimbabwe APLNDC00026121 WO98/14863 PCT/IB97/01139 HAND HELD IMAGE DISPLAY DEVICE s This invention relates to a hand held image display device, such as a hand held computer or electronic diary. It is known for conventional image display devices to include a scrolling function which enables the display device to show only a portion of an image to be viewed. This enables a magnification to be selected of the displayed to portion for comfortable viewing, and the scroll function enables easy viewing of the entire image to be displayed. Conventionally, the scroll function may be implemented as horizontal and/or vertical scroll bars which may be activated using an electronic pointing device such as a mouse. Alternatively, a keyboard may be used to scroll up and down a document, or indeed from side to side. 15 2o 25 In the case of a hand held device, additional keys may be required to enable this function to be implemented using a keyboard input, and the use of a mouse may not be possible. According to the invention there is provided a hand held image display device having an image display means and at least one sensor which is responsive to an angle of inclination of the device, wherein the display means displays a portion of an image to be displayed, and the selection of the portion to be displayed is controlled in dependence upon the sensor signal, such that the portion to be displayed is controllable by varying the angle of inclination of the device. In the device according to the invention, a portion of an image to be displayed is selected by tilting the device itself. ao This provides a natural operation for scrolling around text documents or images. Preferably the angle of inclination comprises the angle to the horizontal of a first axis extending from the top to the bottom of the display means. In other words, it is possible to scroll up and down a document by pivoting the device about a horizontal axis extending laterally across the screen. APLNDC00026122 WO 98/14863 PCT/IB97/01139 2 Similarly, the angle of inclination may comprise the angle to the horizontal of a second axis extending from one side to the other side of the display means. In this case, it is possible to scroll from side to side of a 5 io document by tilting the device left or right about an axis extending from the top to the bottom of the screen. By using either or both of these possibilities, the impression is generated that the document displayed by the device can be rolled about within the screen until the desired portion of the image is displayed. The sensor or sensors may comprise tilt switches so that a predetermined deviation from the horizontal gives rise to the scrolling effect. However, it is preferred that the sensor or sensors comprise force transducers which provide a variable signal depending upon the level of inclination of the device. In this way, it is possible to put into effect a control of the speed of scrolling as well as the direction. is Preferably, the device further comprises calibration means for defining a reference inclination of the device, such that at the reference inclination of the device, the portion to be displayed is constant. In this way, it is possible to ensure that the user can select a preferred operating position of the device for which the image to be displayed remains constant. Deviation from this 20 preferred orientation of the device gives rise to the required scrolling. The image display device may comprise a hand held data processing device, such as a telephone, personal digital organiser or game module. 25 The present invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to and as shown in the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 shows in simplified form a device according to the invention for showing the operating principle; and Figure 2 shows a data processing device employing a display of the present invention. 30 Figure 1 part A shows a hand held image display device 10 according to the invention and including a display screen 12 for displaying at least a APLNDC00026123 WO98/14863 PCT/IB97/01139 3 portion of an image to be displayed. The device 10 includes at least one tilt sensor, and two such sensors 14, 16 are shown in Figure 1, arranged orthogonally. The sensors 14, 16 each enable an angle of inclination of the s to device 10 to be determined which is subsequently used to control a display command which effects scrolling of the image display. When a programme produces a quantity of data for display which is greater than can be displayed at any one time on a display device, it is conventional for a scrolling function to be provided. For example, in the case of word processing software package, horizontal and vertical scrolls may be provided enabling a user to move between portions of a document whilst maintaining sufficient clarity or size in the portion of the document displayed. The scrolling function either requires the use of a mouse, to operate on scroll bars, or requires the use of direction indicators on a keyboard. is 20 The invention provides a more intuitive approach for image scrolling on the screen of a hand held device, wherein the whole device is tipped. For example, if the device is tipped towards the bottom of the screen the image or text displayed by the screen will "fall" down the screen. If the device is tipped towards the top of the screen, the image or text displayed will "fall" up. As shown in Figure 1, two sensors 14, 16 may be provided, each of which is responsive to tilting of the device about a horizontal axis. Taking the sensor 14, an axis of the sensor extends along a top-tobottom direction of the display 12, and is therefore responsive to tilting of the device 10 about a horizontal axis 20 which extends across the display 12. Thus, the sensor 14 is responsive to rotation as represented by arrow 22 in 25 Figure 1 part A. The sensor 14 provides the most intuitive feel for scrolling up and down a document. As shown in Figure 1 part B, when the base of the screen 12 is pivoted downwardly about the axis 20 the image displayed by the screen 12 effectively falls down as shown. In the case of a text document, the display scrolls towards the beginning of the document. ao Figure 1 also represents a second sensor 16 which has an axis extending from side to side of the display 12 and is therefore responsive to rotation of the device 10 about a horizontal axis 24 extending from the top to APLNDC00026124 WO 98/14863 PCT/IB97/01139 4 the bottom of the display 12. Thus, the sensor 16 is responsive to pivoting about the axis 24 as represented by arrow 26. This enables scrolling from side s to side of an image displayed on the screen 12, for example where the width of an image to be displayed is greater than the width which can be displayed on the display screen at any one time. lo In order to implement the invention, the controller which determines the information to be displayed must receive signals form the sensors 14, 16. The sensors may comprise conventional tilt switches which are binary devices detecting when the angle of tilt from a horizontal plane (in two directions) is greater than a predetermined level. The use of such sensors may provide limited control capability for the scroll function, since it is not possible to determine the speed at which the user wishes to scroll around the image. Of course, the use of different tilt switches each with differing sensitivity may provide a number of levels of controt for the display, but the use of analogue is tilt sensors is preferred. Such analogue sensors will enable proportional control to be possible, and may comprise arrangements of pressure sensors which detect the pull of gravity. One example of such a sensor is made by the company "Analogue Devices" under the code ADXLO5. This is a monolithic silicon device known as 20 8 "Single chip accelerometer" having an etched substrate which deflects under the influence of gravity. This deflection alters a capacitance which is measured, and enables a steady state resolution of 0.005g. The use of proportional tilt sensors may also enable a reference orientation of the device 10 to be established for which the displayed 26 ao information is stationary, and this reference orientation need not necessarily be horizontal. It is possible, through appropriate software, to put into effect a dead zone compnsing a range of orientations in which the displayed information remains constant. These orientations will then cover the normal operating position of the device by a user. Of course, if may be preferred that each user can reset the dead zone according to the situation in which the device is being used. For example, the device may be rested on a horizontal work surface in which case the dead zone will operate when the device is in a substantially APLNDC00026125 WO 98/14863 PCTIIB97/01139 5 horizontal plane. Altematively, if a user is standing while operating the device, the hand held device may be held in a nearly upright position, for example in the case of a mobile phone when the user may be scrolling between stored telephone numbers. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that each of a to is these commands may easily be implemented with appropriate software. It would, of course, also be desirable to include an override function so that any unwanted scrolling may be prevented, for example, for situations when the device will not be stationary during use. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various software tools may be employed to improve the interface between the device 10 and the user. For example, a portion of a complete image can be displayed with the desired scale, and information may be.provided around the edge of the display screen 12 which indicates to what extent the entire image extends, for example by showing a compressed version of the remainder of the image. Equally, scroll bars may be employed as position indicators , as are conventionally used in word processing packages. The technique described with reference to Figure 1 may be applied to many different types of hand held device where th'ere is a large amount of information to be displayed. For example, the device may comprise a personal 20 organiser, such as represented in Figure 2, a communications device such as a pager or mobile phone or any number of other such products. In Figure 2, the device 10 comprises a personal organiser and the display screen 12 includes scroll bars 30 representing the position of the 2r, so portion displayed within the entire list of information. The specific hardware and software required to implement the invention will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Generally speaking, the tilt sensors 14, 16 will provide input signals to a microprocessor which controls a display controller. The information to be displayed will then be modified in dependence upon the sensor signals by appropriate software implementation. The software will then enable the calibration stage referred to earlier (for providing a dead zone) to be put into effect as well as any override function which may be provided. Implementation of the invention may be carried out using conventional APLNDC00026126 WO98/14863 PCTIIB97/01139 6 apparatus, which will therefore not be described in detail in the present application. From reading the present disclosure, other modifications will be apparent a to persons skilled in the art. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known in the design and use of electrical or electronic circuits and component parts thereof and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein. Although claims have been formulated in this application to particular combinations of features, it should lo is be understood that the scope of the disclosure of the present application also includes any novel feature or any novel combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or implicitly or any generalisation of one or more of those features which would be obvious to persons skilled in the art, whether or not it relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as does the present invention. The applicants hereby give notice that new claims may be formulated to such features and/or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom. APLNDC00026127 WO98/14863 PCTIIB97/01139 7 CLAIMS s io 1. A hand-held image display device having an image display means and at least one sensor which is responsive to an angle of inclination of the device, wherein the display means displays a portion of an image to be displayed, and the selection of the portion to be displayed is controlled in dependence upon the sensor signal, such that the portion to be displayed is controllable by varying the angle of inclination of the device. 2. A hand-held image display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angle of inclination comprises the angle to the horizontal of a first axis extending from the top to the bottom of the display means. is 3. A hand-held image display device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the angle of inclination comprises the angle to the horizontal of a second axis extending from one side to the other side of the display means. 4. A hand-held image display device as claimed in claim 1, comprising two sensors, one of which is responsive to the angle to the 2o horizontal of a first axis extending from the top to the bottom of the display means, and the other of which is responsive to the angle to the horizontal of a second axis extending from one side to the other side of the display means. 5. 25 A hand-held image display device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the sensor or sensors comprise tilt switches. 6. A hand-held image display device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the sensor or sensors comprise force transducers which provide a variable signal depending upon the level of inclination of the device. 30 7. A hand-held image display device as claimed in claim 6, wherein the device further comprises calibration means for defining a reference APLNDC00026128 WO98/14863 PCT/IB97/01139 8 inclination of the device, such that at the reference inclination of the device, the portion to be displayed is constant. 8. s A hand-held image display device as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising a hand-held data processing device. APLNDC00026129 WO98/14863 PCTIIB97/01139 12 16 26 22 20 14 FlG. 1A 16 20 1. 10:30am 30 Meeting at London hotel to discuss Lunch with Mr. Jo 2. 12.45pm I '6 \ 3° FIG.2 APLNDC00026130 (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World IntellectudalndroCy Organization (43) International Publication Date (10) International Publication Number 2 March 2006 (02.03.2006) WO 2006/023569 A1 (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, GO6F 3/044 (2006.01) AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, FT, RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number• PCTIUS2005/029270 (22) International Filing Date: 15 August 2005 (15.08.2005) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Language: English (30) Priority Data: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 60/522,107 16 August 2004 (16.08.2004) US kind of regional pwrection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, (71) Applicant(foralldesignatedStatesexcept US): FINGER¯ ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), WORKS, INC. [US/US); P.O. Box 430, Townsend, DE 19734 (US) (72) Inventors; and M (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): - - ---, Wayne, Carl [US/US]; 260 King Street, Apt. 1507, San Francisco, CA 94107 (US). ORR, James, Edmund, IV [US/US); 5642 Sevens Creek Boulevard, Apt. 504, Copertino, CA95014 (US).ELIAS, John, Greer [US/US]; 798 Taylors Bridge Road, Townsend, DE 19734 (US)- Eumpean (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IS, IT LT, LU, LV, MC, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). Published: - with international search report - before the expiration of the time limir for amending the claims and to be republished in the event of rece¡pt of amendments (74) Agent: ALLEN, Billy, C., IH; Wong, Cabello, Lutsch, Rutherfoul & Brucculeri, L.L.P., Suite 600, 20333 Tomball Parkway, Houston, TX 77070 (US). Fortwo-letter codes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guidance Notes on Codes and Abbreviarions" appearing at the beginning of each regular issue ofthe PCT Gazette. (54) Title: A METHOD OF INCREASING THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF TOUCH SENSITIVE DEVICES 1 6 2 10 3 A Hiiii A sensor Number g A B 4A102189 Sensor Number A 5 a 2 20 6 a r "P 18 6 A Electrode 6 2 Number 17 7 A Group 19 4 15 a 14 7 8 B 10 11 12 13 1 A B A B A 7 (57) Abstract: Disclosed herein is a capacitive touch sensitive device. One aspect of the touch sensitive device described herein is a reduction in the number of sensor circuits needed for circular or linear capacitive touch sensitive devices while maintaining the same resolution and absolute position determination for a single object. A related aspect of the touch sensitive device described herein a coding pattern that allows each sensor circuit of a capacitive touch sensitive device to share multiple electrodes at specially chosen locations in a sensor array such that the ability to determine the absolute position of a single object over the array is not compromised. APLNDC00026131 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 A METHOD OF INCREASING THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF TOUCH SENSITIVE DEVICES Cross-reference to Related Applications [0001] This application is related to and claims priority to Provisional United States Patent Application Serial No. 60/522,107, filed August 16, 2004, having the same title and inventors as herein, which provisional application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Background [0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of touch sensitive devices, and, in particular, to the field of optimizing capacitive sensing electrode shape and arrangement to increase the effective spatial resolution and/or the physical range of the sensing device using a limited number of sensors. [0003] In a capacitive touch sensitive device, each sensor, of which there may be many, comprises a conductive pad that forms one plate of a capacitor and a way to measure the capacitance of the conductive pad in conjunction with another movable conductive object. The movable conductive object is typically a finger or stylus that is kept at a minimum distance from the conductive pad by a non-conductive spacer. The two conductive objects (conductive pad and movable conductive object), along with the non-conductive dielectric between them, form a capacitor. As known to those skilled in the art, the capacitance of this capacitor changes as the distance and/or overlap between the objects changes. In a typical deviœ the number of conductive pads (henceforth called electrodes), the size of the electrodes, and the spacing between the electrodes determine the physical range and spatial resolution of the touch sensitive device. - 1- APLNDC00026132 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 [0004] In typical implementations of capacitive touch sensitive devices the position of a finger gliding over a dielectric-covered array of sensor electrodes is determined by observing the change in capacitance as the finger moves on the surface. Scanning and processing circuitry measures the change in capacitance due to the varying overlap between the finger and a given electrode. If a finger is large enough to partially overlap multiple neighboring electrodes then interpolation allows the finger position to be determined to a resolution much higher than the electrode spacing. The interpolation calculation follows the classic centroid formula: the sum of the signal values at each electrode is multiplied by its coordinate and divided by the sum of all the signal values. This technique works equally well with linear arrays of row and column electrodes, radial arrays of electrodes ananged as spokes in a wheel, or two-dimensional arrays of electrodes arranged to fill a planar space. Special electrode shapes intended to boost interpolation accuracy or resolution are the main distinction between the various related art designs. [0005] For example, U.S. Patent 5,463,388 to Boie et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference, teaches fingertip sized, interleaved electrode spirals to minimize the number of electrodes needed for a multitouch sensor array. The interleaving ensures that a finger overlaps multiple electrodes even when centered on a particular electrode and electrodes are one fingertip width apart. Stable interpolation generally . requires continual finger overlap with multiple electrodes. [0006] Seonkyoo Lee, "A Fast Multiple-Touch-Sensitive Input Device," Master's Thesis, University of Toronto (1984) teaches virtual grouping of square electrode cells to more quickly determine whether an object is present within a neighborhood. U.S. Patent 5,767,457 to Gerpheide teaches locating an object by finding the balance point of a -2 - APLNDC00026133 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 virtual grouping of electrodes on either side of the object. Both of these references are hereby incorporated by reference. [0007] Finally, U.S. Patents 5,543,590; 5,543,591; 5,880,411; and 6,414,671; each assigned to Synaptics and hereby incorporated by reference, teach dense interleaving of row and column spanning electrodes in the same plane by shaping each row electrode as a connected string of diamond shapes, and each column electrode as a string of diamond shapes with centers offset from the row diamond centers. [0008] However, additional improvement in resolution is still desired for such devices. Although resolution may be increased by adding additional sensor elements, dictates of scanning time, circuitry cost, and power consumption simultaneously drive systems towards as few sensor elements as possible. Therefore, there is a need in the art of sensor array design for sensor arrangements that maximize resolution with a limited number of sensors. Disclosed herein is a touch sensitive device that addresses the needs of the prior art for increased resolution and decreased sensor element count. Summarv [0009] Disclosed herein is a capacitive touch sensitive device. One aspect of the touch sensitive device described herein is a reduction in the number of sensor circuits needed for circular or linear capacitive touch sensitive devices while maintaining the same resolution and absolute position determination for a single object. A related aspect of the touch sensitive device described herein a coding pattem that allows each sensor circuit of a capacitive touch sensitive device to share multiple electrodes at specially chosen locations in a sensor array such that the ability to -3- APLNDC00026134 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 determine the absolute position of a single object over the array is not compromised. Brief Descrintion of the Drawinas [0010] Figure 1 illustrates a touch sensitive device employing certain teachings of the present invention. Detailed Description [0011] A capacitive touch sensor is described herein. The following embodiments of the invention are illustrative only and should not be considered limiting in any respect. [0012] . The touch sensitive device described herein allows each sensor circuit to share two or more electrodes by dispersing the shared electrodes in a particular pattern. The electrodes are shared in the sense that they both electrically connect to the same capacitive measuring sensor circuit through a common conductor without the need for multiplexing switches. Preferably, the distance separating a pair of shared electrodes, i.e., the dispersal distance, is one-third the number of electrodes in the device. The touch sensitive device employed herein further includes a particular coding pattern so that: 1) adjacent electrodes never share the same sensor circuit; and 2) the electrodes sharing the same --- -r circuit are always separated from one another by the dispersal distance, i.e., roughly one third of the number of electrodes. [0013] A touch sensitive device incorporating the teachings herein is illustrated in Fig. 1. The capacitive touch sensitive device 100 is a onedimensional circular array, although other arrangements, e.g., linear arrays, etc., could also be used. The circular array includes 22 electrodes, numbered 0-21. The circular array includes only 11 sensor circuits. These - ^r circuits may take the form of various sensor circuits known -4- APLNDC00026135 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 to those skilled in the art. One such circuit is disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,323,846, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Integrating Manual Input," which is hereby incorpor,ated by reference. The sensor circuit corresponding to each electrode is designated by a number located at the outer portion of each sensor electrode. [0014] The touch sensitive device 100 thus shares two electrodes per sensor. However, additional electrodes may be shared with each sensor. Each electrode in Fig. 1 also includes a group designator, either "A" or "B". Each group A electrode shares'a sensor with a group "B" electrode. As noted above, the preferred dispersal distance (i.e., the distance between two electrodes sharing a sensor) is a span of approximately one-third the number of sensors, and thus approximately one-third of a characteristic dimension of the device. Thus for the circular device illustrated in Fig. 1, the preferred dispersal distance is approximately one-third the circumference of the circle, thus encompassing approximately one third of the sensors. Any two adjacent electrodes and the two electrodes that share sensor circuits will thus be evenly spaced, a third of the way around the circle. For example, electrode 1 in group A shares sensor 1 with electrode 8 in group B. Electrode 1 is located at approximately the eleven o'clock position, while electrode 8 is located at approximately the seven o'clock position. Similarly, electrode 0 in group A shares sensor 0 with electrode 15 in group B. Electrode 0 is located at the twelve o'clock position, while electrode 15 is located at approximately the four o'clock position. [0015] The sensor may alternatively be constructed as a onedimensional linear array. For such a sensor, the dispersal pattern is basically the same as for a circular array: linear arrays can be treated as a circular array that has been broken between two electrodes and uncurled. Again, it is preferred that the dispersal difference between two electrodes -5- APLNDC00026136 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 sharing a censor be about one-third the characteristic dimension of the device, which for a linear sensor is the length of the device. [0016] Obviously, because multiple electrodes share a sensing circuit, the absolute position of an object in contact (proximity) with a single electrode cannot be determined. For absolute position interpolation to work properly in a device constructed according to the principles herein, each electrode must be sufficiently narrow enough that the object belncj tracked, usually a finger or conductive stylus, overlaps multiple (e.g., two or three) adjacent electrodes. Likewise, to eliminate any ambiguity, the object being tracked must be smaller than the dispersal distance so that it does not overlap both shared electrodes of any sensor circuit. [0017] While other electrode sharing patterns are possible, some of these can not be used to unambiguously determine the position of a finger. For example, an electrode arrangement with a dispersal distance of half the array size would fall. For a circular array, this would correspond to sharing of electrodes on opposite sides of the circle, 180 degrees from one another. No matter how decoding and interpolation were done, the system could never tell whether the finger or stylus was really at the opposite position halfway around the circle. [0018] Because each sensor circuit. is connected to multiple electrodes, the sensor illustrated herein requires a decoding method that finds the set of electrodes with the largest signals, then decides which of two possible electrode groups would attribute these largest signals to adjacent rather than scattered electrodes. Once this best decoding is known, classic centroid interpolation can commence amongst the adjacent electrodes. For purposes of centroid computation, each sensor's entire signal is attributed to its electrode in the adjacent group, leaving its other electrode from the dispersed group with zero signal and zero contribution to the centroid. Assuming the signal to noise ratio of the sensor circuits is adequate, the sensor described herein offers the same position resolution -6- APLNDC00026137 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 as a conventional position detector that has a separate sensor circuit for each electrode. [0019] The example of computer instructions below demonstrates the algorithm used in the present invention to find the position of a finger or stylus that is touching somewhere on the circular array of electrodes. Sensor and electrode mappings are held in look-up-tables (LUTs) to minimize the computation needed for decoding the location of the touching finger. The LUTs map electrode number to sensor number for each group (Sensor_to A_type_electrode, Sensor_to_B_type_electrode), map the sensor number corresponding to the adjacent electrode (next X_electrode_sensor, previous_X_electrode_sensor, where X = A or B), and electrode number to sensor number (Electrode_to_Sensor). The use of these LUTs simplifies the calculation of the finger location using the present invention but they are not n=·==ry. [0020] A brief description of the algorithm implemented by the code is as follows: 1. The sensor array is scanned and the signal values corresponding to each sensor are collected. 2. The sensor having maximum strength signal is located using code segment findMaxSensor. 3. The electrode under which the finger is located is computed using code segment findMaxElectrode. 4. The centroid is computed using code segment computecentroid. 5. Steps 1 - 4 are repeated. -7- APLNDC00026138 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 #define NUM_SENSORS 11 #define NUM_ELECTRODES 22 // Group A electrode and sensor mappings Sensotto_A_type_electrode[NUM SENSORS] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,11,13}; next_A_electrode_sensor[NUM_SENSORS] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,1,3,5,7}; previous_A_electrode_sensor[NUM SENSORS] = {6,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,3,5}; // Group B electrode and sensor mappings Sensotto_B..type electrode[NUM SENSORS] = {15,8,17,10,19,12,21,14,16,18,20}; next_B_electräde_sensor[NUM_SENSORS} = {8,8,9,9,10,10,0,0,2,4,6}; previous_A_electrode_sensor[NUM_SENSORS) = {7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,0,2,4}; // Electrode to sensor mapping Electrode_to_Sensor[NUM_ELECTRODES) = { 0, // 0 1,//1 2, // 2 3, // 3 4, // 4 5, // 5 6, // 6 7, // 7 1,//8 8, // 9 3, // 10 9, // 11 5, // 12 10, // 13 7, // 14 0, // 15 8, // 16 2, // 17 9, // 18 4, // 19 10, // 20 6 // 21 }; // This code finds the sensor that has the strongest signal void findMaxSensor(void) { unsigned char maxval, i; max_sensor = 0; maxval = 0; for (i = 0; i < NUM_SENSORS; i++) { if (SensorData[e] > maxval) { maxval = SensorData[i]; max .. . = i; -8- APLNDC00026139 WO 2006/023569 PCTIUS2005/029270 } } } // This code finds the electrode that has the strongest signal // It starts by examining the electrodes adjacent to those electrodes that // belong to the maximum sensor. The electrode being touched is identified // by comparing the signal strength of the two electrodes on either side // of the electrodes belonging to the maximum sensor. The group with the // largest signal is the one under the touching finger. void findMaxElectrode(void) { int Asum, Bsum; Asum = SensorDatainext_A_efectrode_sensor[max_sensor]] + SensorData[previous_A_electrode_sensor[max_sensor)]; Bsum = SensorData[next_A_electrode_sensor[max_sensor]] + SensorData[previous B_electrode_sensor[max_sensor]]; if (Asum > Bsum) { maxelectrode = Sensor_to A_type_electrode[max_sensor]; } else { maxelectrode = Sensor_to_B_type_electrode[max_onsor]; } // This code computes the centroid corresponding to the touching finger // using the location decoded using the algorithm of the invention. #define CENTMULumm 8 void computeCentrold(void) { int pos_sum, electrode; char offset; int sval; pos sum = 0; total_signal = 0; //sum from maxelectrode in positive direction for two electrodes for (offset = 1; offset < 3; offset++) { .9- APLNDC00026140 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 electrode = maxelectrode + offset; if (electode >= NUM_ELECTRODES) { electrode -= NUM_rt r· mODES; } sval = SensorData[Electrode to_Sensor[electrode]]; LLLaignal += sval; pos_sum += CENTMULTTPLIER*sval*offset; //sum from maxelectrode in negative direction for two electrodes for (offset = 1; offset <3; offset++) { electrode = maxelectrode - offset; if (electrode < 0) { electrode += NUM_- - -ODES; sval = SensorData[Electrode to_Sensor[electrode)]; totaLsignal += sval; pos_sum -= CENTMULTIPLIER*Sval*offset; } totaLsignal += sensorDatalmaxe]; sval = pos sum/totaLsignal; sval += CENTMULTIPLIER*maxelectrode; //absolute offset by maxelectrode if(sval < 0) { Centroid = 176 + sval; } else { Centroid = sval; } } [0021] While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, numerous modifications and variations will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. It is intended that all such variations and modifications fall with in the scope of the following claims. - 10 - APLNDC00026141 WO 2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 What is claimed is: 1. A touch sensitive device comprising: a plurality of touch sensitive electrodes; and a number of sense circuits, wherein the number of sense circuits is less than the number of touch sensitive electrodes such that at least one sense circuit is shared between more than one of the touch sensitive electrodes; wherein each of the touch sensitive electrodes that share a sense circuit are spatially separated from each other by a dispersal distance and wherein each touch sensitive electrode is directly connected to a sense circuit. 2. The touch sensitive device of claim 1 wherein the dispersal distance is approximately one-third of a characteristic dimension of the touch sensitive device. 3. The touch sensitive device of claim 1 wherein each -- drcuit is directly connected to two touch sensitive electrodes 4. The touch sensitive device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of touch sensitive electrodes are arranged in a circular array. 5. The touch sensitive device of claim 4 wherein the dispersal distance is approximately one-third the circumference of the circular array. 6. The touch sensitive device of claim 4 wherein each sense circuit is directly connected to two touch sensitive electrodes. 7. The touch sensitive device of claim 1 wherein the touch sensitive electrodes are arranged in a linear array. - 11 - APLNDC00026142 WO 2006/023569 8. PCT/US2005/029270 The touch sensitive device of claim 7 wherein the dispersal distance is approximately one-third the length of the linear array. 9. A method of tracking an object used in conjunction a touch sensitive device, wherein the touch sensitive device comprises a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of sense circuits, wherein at least one of the sense circuits is directly connected to more than one electrode, the method comprising: scanning the plurality of sense circuits to collect a signal value corresponding to each of the plurality of sense circuits; identifying a sense circuit having a maximum signal value; identifying an electrode having a maximum signal value, the electrode corresponding to the sense circuit having a maximum signal value; and computing a centroid of the object being tracked with reference to the electrode having the maximum signal value and adjacent electrodes. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein sensor and electrode mappings required for identifying a sense circuit having a maximum signal value and identifying an electrode having a maximum signal value are stored in look up tables. 11. The method of claim 9 wherein identifying an electrode having a maximum signal value comprises: picking out each electrode associated with the sense circuit having a maximum signal value; finding each electrode adjacent the electrodes associated with the sense circuit having a maximum signal value; comparing signal values associated with the adjacent electrodes; and - 12 - APLNDC00026143 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 identifying the electrode having a maximum signal by selecting the electrode having adjacent electrodes with the highest signal value. - 13 - APLNDC00026144 WO2006/023569 PCT/US2005/029270 1/1 1 0 6 2 10 3 A Number A 4 Sensor Number B A A a 5 2 1 0 21 B 20 ya 4 A 6 Electrode Number GrouP 17 15 B 14 7 10 11 12 13 A , er up 16 7 A g 18 5 A 6 Sensor A B 8 0 A 1 B A B 7 8 10 3 g 5 Figure 1 APLNDC00026145 ill I DIMA I IVIMAL DEAM4-f1 81mYUn i interr nal Application No PCTi 32005/029270 A. CLASSIFICATION OF GO6F BJECT MATTER 44 According to Intemational Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC B. FIELDS SEARCHED Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classificatlon symbols) 006F Documentation searched otherthan minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields searched Electronic data base consulted dudng the International search (name of data base and, where practicat search terms used) EPO-Internal, WPI Data, IBM-TDB C. DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Category * X Citation of document, with indication, where appropriate, of the relevant passages Relevant to claim No. US 4 733 222 A (EVANS ET AL) 22 March 1988 (1988-03-22) 1-3,7-11 figures 1,2 figures 10-16 column column column column column column column column X 4, line 45 - column 5, line 46 6, line 12 - column 7, line 15 8, line 4 - column 9, line 9 10, 1 ines 54-38 11, 1 ne 10 - column 13, line 29 16, 1 ne 4 - column 17, line 24 18, 1-ne 65 - column 19, line 15 20, 1-ne 34 - column 21, line 51 WO 03/088176 A (SYNAPTICS, INC) 23 October 2003 (2003-10-23) figure 30 page 18, line 36 - page 19, line 24 Further documents are listed in the continuation of box C. *Special categories of cited documents: 'A' document defining the general state of the att which is not considered to be of particular relevance *E' earlier document but pubished on or after the intomational filing date "L' document which may throw doubts on priority claim(s) or which is citedto establish the pubication date of another citation or other special reason (as specified) *O' document retening to an oral disclosure, use, exhibition or other means "P' document published prior to the intemational tiling date but tater than the priorily date claimed Date of the actual completion of the intemational search 5 January 2006 Name and mailing address of the ISA 1-6 Patent family members are listed in annex. 'T' later document published aner the intemational tiling date or priorily date and not in conflict with the application but cited to understand the principle or theosy underlying the invention 'X* document of particular relevance; the claimed Invention cannot be considered novel or cannot be consklered to involve an Inventive step when the document is taken alone "Y' document of particular relevance; the claimed invention cannot be considered to involve an inventive step when the document is combined with one or more other such documents, such combination being obvious to a person skiDed in the arL '&' document member of the same patent family Date of malling of the intemational search report 12/01/2006 Authorized officer European Patent Office, P.B. 5818 Patentlaan 2 NL - 2260 HV Rijswijk Tel (+31-70) 34Œ-2040,Tx.31 651 epa nl' Fa3e (+31-70) 34(Ml016 ŸiPi Ou * Y.N • wn PcTasArzio (second sheet) (January 2004) APLNDC00026146 int nal Application No PCT 52005/029270 C.(Continuation) DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Category * A Citation of document, with indication, where appropriate, of the relevant passages US 4 788 384 A (BRUERE-DAWSON ET AL) 29 November 1988 (1988-11-29) figure 1 column 2, 1 nes 21-68 column 3, 1 nes 8-12 column 3, 1 nes 60-63 column 5, 1 nes 18-59 Relevant to claim No. 1-6 Form PCTasAt2to (conunuation of omnd sheel) genuary 2004) APLNDC00026147 um a aun a avsyna or-nn n ncr asn a Patent document Pubilcation cited in search report intem Application No PCT mation on patent family members 32005/029270 Patent family data Publication member(s) date US 4733222 A 22-03-1988 NONE WO 03088176 A 23-10-2003 AU EP JP US US 2003226049 1500062 2005522797 2005156881 2004252109 Al Al T Al A1 27-10-2003 26-01-2005 28-07-2005 21-07-2005 16-12-2004 US 4788384 A 29-11-1988 BR DE EP FR 8707066 3770438 0273824 2608753 A DI A2 Al 02-08-1988 04-07-1991 06-07-1988 24-06-1988 Form WRISMMO (patent famRy annex) (January 2004) APLNDC00026148 Europäisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Officeeuropéendesbrevets (12) (11) EP 1 014 295 A3 EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (88) Date of publication A3: 09.01.2002 Bulletin 2002/02 (51) Int ci?: GO6K 11/06, GO6K 11/08, GO6K 11/18, GO6F 3/033 (43) Date of publication A2: 28.06.2000 Bulletin 2000/26 (21) Application number 99125631.4 (22) Date of filing: 22.12.1999 (84) Designated Contracting States: AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR lE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE Designated Extension States: AL LT LV MK RO SI (30) Priority: 25.12.1998 JP 36999898 25.12.1998 JP 36999998 (71) Applicant: Kabushiki Kaisha Tokai Rika Denki Seisakusho Niwapun, Aichi-ken 480-0195 (JP) (54) (72) Inventors: • Nishikawa, Masato, K.K.Tokai-Rika-Denki,Seisakusho Niwa-gun, Aichi-ken (JP) • Nagasaka, Chikao, K.K.Tokai-Rika-Denki-Seisakusho Niwa-gun, Aichi-ken (JP) • Kunimatsu,Yoshimasa, K. K. Tokai-Rika-DenkiNiwa-gun, Aichi-ken (JP) (74) Representative: Klunker . Schmitt-Nilson . Hirsch Winzererstrasse 106 80797 Milnchen (DE) Touch-operating input device, display system, and touch-operating assisting method for touch-operating input device (57) A touch-operation guide shape is formed on an input pad for inputting a touch operation by variably deforming the surface of the input pad, forming grooves or the like to enable a user to recognize the operation position on the input pad through finger touch. In addition, an image representing the touch-operation guide shape is displayed on a menu frame of a display together with selection items, whereby the corresponding position on the input pad can be recognized on the screen of the display. F I G.2 14 18 20 PRESENT LOCATION 24- DESTI¯ NATION HEND DAIR CON ITIONER AUDIO IMAGE QUALITY 28 16 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PAMS (FR) APLNDC00026149 EP1 014295A3 European Patent onke EUROPEAN SEARCH REPORT EP 99 12 5631 DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT citation of X cumentwith indication, where approptate, oneleygg y I Relevant _ to aalm EP 0 884 691 A (TDKAI RIKA CO LTD) 16 December 1998 (1998-12-16) CMSSIFCATIONOF THE _ APPL AT©N gnt01. 1,2, B-11, 15-20 CO6K1 706 GO6K1 /08 GO6K1 /18 GO6F3/033 * column 6,_line 10 - line 38 * A * column 8, line 49 - column 9, line 1; figures 1-3,12 * 3-7 X PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 561 (P-1142), 13 December 1990 (1990-12-13) & JP 02 240715 A (MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD), 25 September 1990 (1990-09-25) 1,2,10, 11,20 PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 09, , 13 October 2000 (2000-10-13) 1-5, 7-11,19 * abstract * E & JP 2000 181629 A (NEC CORP), 30 June 2000 (2000-06-30) * abstract * X A --- --- mus WO 97 18546 A (CIROUE CORP) 22 May 1997 (1997-05-22) * page 6, line 26 - line 35 + * page 14, line 30 - line 34; figures 2,4 1-5, NWKWED 7-11,19 006K GO6F 12-14 0443.0 * A WO 98 09446 A (HO SENG BENG) 5 March 1998 (1998-03-05) * page 52, line 1 - line 22; figure 9 * 12-14 A WO 98 08241 A (ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M) 26 February 1998 (1998-02-26) 12-14 * abstract; claims; figures + The present search report has been drawn up for all claims Placeaseeren BERLIN CATEGOmtOF CRED DOCUMEUS \ unisaomsseslanavia••alm ===mar 13 November 2001 Durand, J T : theory or preciple urghdying the twention E : earner patent document, tiui pubished on, or X : panicularly relerard if takanalans Y: palticubrly relerard il comNaad with anoihar documeni of the same calogory eher the fång date D : document cBed in Ihe appication L : <bcument cted tor other reasons O: dbclosure P: bdermediate documord & : member of Use same palem family, correspondhg document A : tecimobgical backUraund ......... - ......... .......-. 2 APLNDC00026150 EP1 014295A3 ANNEX TO THE EUROPEAN SEARCH REPORT ON EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. EP 99 12 5631 This annex IIsts the patent family memberarelating to the patent documents cited in the abova-mentoned European search report. The members are as contained in the European Patent Office EDP tile on The European Patent Omae is in no waytlable for these parUnulars which are merely given for the purpose of Information. 13-11-2001 Patentdocument CRed in search report Publicaion date Patentiamily member(s) EP 0884691 A 16-12-1998 JP EP JP 02240715 A 25-09-1990 NONE JP 2000181629 A 30-06-2000 NONE WO 9718546 A 22-05-1997 WO 9809446 A 05-03-1998 WO 9808241 A 26-02-1998 Pubacation dam 11003169 A 0884691 A2 06-01-1999 16-12-1998 AU WO 7726296 A 9718546 Al 05-06-1997 22-05-1997 US US AU WO 6064384 5909207 4408197 9809446 16-05-2000 01-06- 999 19-03- 998 05-03- 998 SE A A A A2 515663 C2 17-09-2001 AU BR CN EE 3875397 9711207 1228194 9900059 A A A A 06-03-1998 17-08-1999 08-09-1999 16-08-1999 SE WO US 9603061 A 9808241 Al 6072475 A 24-02-1998 26-02-1998 06-06-2000 EP 0920704 Al 09-06-1999 O = or more detalis about this annex : see Of5cla! Joumal of the European PaterW Ottice. No. 12/82 3 APLNDC00026151 Europäisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office i Office européen des brevets (12) . (11) Illa i i Ilu I I ml I EP 1 621 989 A3 EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (88) Date of publication A3: 17.05.2006 Bulletin 2006/20 (51) Int CI.: GO6F 3/033 6 0 HO4H 7/00/2 0 (43) Date of publication A2: 01.02.2006 Bulletin 2006/05 (21) Application number 05254654.6 (22) Date of filing: 27.07.2005 (84) Designated Contracting States: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT Li LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR Designated Extension States: AL BA HR MK YU (30) Priority: 30.07.2004 US 903964 17.12.2004 US 15978 (74) Representative: Alton, Andrew Urquhart-Dykes & Lord LLP Tower North Central Merrion Way Leeds LS2 8PA (GB) (71) Applicant APPLE COMPUTER, INC. Cupertino, CA 95014 (US) (54) (72) Inventors: • Lengeling, Gerhard Los Altos CA 94022 (US) • Rubinstein, Jonathan Jake San Francisco CA 94111 (US) Touch-sensitive electronic apparatus for media applications, and methods therefor (57) An electronic apparatus, such as an electronic mixing apparatus and an electronic keyboard apparatus, and associated methods are disclosed. The electronic mixing apparatus or the electronic keyboard apparatus is provided on a touch screen that provides user input and display capabilities. In one embodiment, the touch screen is a multipoint touch screen so that multiple user touch inputs can be simultaneously acquired. In another embodiment, surface guides can be provided on the touch screen to assist with user input. 100 104 GGG Q. UJ 999 FIG. 1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) APLNDC00026152 EP1 621 989A3 European Patent ownee Application Number EUROPEAN SEARCH REPORT EP 05 25 4654 DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Category* Citation of document with indication, where appropriate, X GB 2 330 670 A (* SONY UNITED KINGDOM LIMITED) 28 April 1999 (1999-04-28) Y * * * * * * * Y Relevant CLASStFICATION OF THE to claim of relevant passages APPUCATION (IPC) 1-10,25, GO6F3/033 36,37,43 HO4H7/00 11-19, 26-35, 38-41, 44-58 abstract * figures 1-5,6A,68,9,10,12,15 * page 2, ine 17 - page 3, line 13 * page 3, ine 14 - page 7, line 4 * page 7, ast line - page 8, line 13 * page 9, ast line - page 10, line 17 * claims 1-4 * US 2003/164820 Al (KENT JOEL) 4 September 2003 (2003-09-04) 11-14, 26-35, 44,45, 48-52, 54-56,5E * abstract * * paragraph [0081] - paragraph [9883] * Y US 5 825 352 A (BISSET ET AL) 20 October 1998 (1998-19-20) ECHNICALREtBS SEARCHED (IPC) 11-14, 35,44, 45,48, 52,58 GO6F HO4H GO9B * the whole docunent * Y 12 US 2003/132950 Al (SURUCU FAHRI ET AL) 17 July 2003 (2003-07-17) * paragraphs [0025], (6032] * 55 The present search report has been drawn up for all claims nace or meeren Munich Date el convieten or the season 27 Harch 2606 CATEGORY OF CITED DOCUMENTS T : theory or principle undertying the invention E : earlier patent document, but published on, or siter the filing date D : document cited in the application L : document cited for other reasons X :particularly relevant if taken alone Y : particularly relevant il corrhined wih another document of the same category e A:technologicaibackground 2 o aaminer Valin, S O: non-written disdosure P : intennediate document & : menber of the same palentfamily, conesponding document 2 APLNDC00026153 EP1 621 989A3 European Patent or** Application Number EUROPEAN SEARCH REPORT EP 05 25 4654 DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Categogr' Citation of document with indication, where appropriate, Relevant Y A A APPLICATION (IPC) EP 0 664 504 A (US WEST TECHNOLOGIES, INC) 15-19, 26 July 1995 (1995-07-26) 38-41, 46,47, 53,57 20-22,42 * ab tract * * co umn 1, line 1 - line 6 * * co umn 3, line 55 - coluno 7, line 49 * EP 1 014 295 A (KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOKAI RIKA DENKI SEISAKUSHO) 28 June 2000 (2000-06-28) * column 1, line 51 - colune 3, line 30 * * column 4, line 45 - colunm 12, line 11 * A et ss1FtcATION OF THE to claim of relevant passages US 2002/118848 A1 (KARPENSTEIN NISSIM) 29 August 2002 (2002-08-29) 15-24, 38-42, 46,47, 53,57 1-58 * the whole document * TECHNICAL FIELDS SEnnona, 12 (IPC) The present search report has imen drawn up for af claims M c Hc CATEGORY OF OfTED DOCUMENTS 2 6 Valin T : theory or prinople underlying the inventon E : eariier patent document, but published on, or X : particularly relevant Itaken alone after the filing date 8 Y : particularly relevant I corrhined with another document af the same category D : document dted in the application L : docurnent cited for other reasorm a A : technological background O:nomwrittendisclosure &:menberofthesamepatentfamily,corresponding o P : intermediate document document 3 APLNDC00026154 EP 1 621 989 A3 ANNEX TO THE EUROPEAN SEARCH REPORT ON EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION NO. EP 05 25 4654 This annex lists the patent family members relating to the patent documents cited in the above-mentioned European search report. The members are as contained inthe European Patent Office EDP file on The European Patent Office is in no way liable for these particulars which are merely given for the purpose of information. 27-03-2006 Patent document Publication date cited in search report Patent family member(s) GB 2330670 A 28-04-1999 JP US 2003164820 A1 04-09-2003 NONE US 5825352 A 26-10-1998 NONE US 2003132959 Al 17-07-2003 AU WO EP 9664504 A 26-07-1995 US EP 1014295 A 28-06-2000 NONE US 2002118848 Al 29-08-2002 Publication date 11219248 A 10-98-1999 2002335827 Al 03046706 Al 10-86-2003 05-06-2003 NONE 5572573 A 05-11-1996 O o w For more details about this annex : see Official Joumat of the European Patent Office, No. 12/82 4 APLNDC00026155 (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PA mm COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Pm rty Oiganization (43) International Publication Date (10) International Publication Number 23 February 2006 (23.02.2 (51) International Patent Classification: WO 2006/020304 A2 Not classilled (21) International Application Nurnber: PCT/US2005/025641 (22) International FHing Date: -19 July 2005 (19.07.2005) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Language: English (30) Priority Data: 10/903,964 60/592,483 11/038,590 30 July 2004 (30.07.2004) 30 July 2004 (30.07.2004) 18 January 2005 (18.01.2005) US US US (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): APPLE COMPUTER, INC. [US/US]; 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California 95014 (US). (72) Inventors; and - (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): Huanocusa, Steve [US/US}; 1351 Hidden Mine Road, San Jose, California 95120 (US). STRICKON, Joshua, A. [US/US]; 333 Santana Row #212, San Jose, California 95128 (US). HUPPI, Brian, Q. [US/US]; 101#2 28th Street, San Francisco, California 94131 (US). KERR, Duncan, Robert [GB/USJ; 2600 18th Street, #15, San Francisco, California 94110 (US). CHAUDHRI, Imran [US/US]; 2713 Sacramento Street, No. 3, San Francisco, California 94115 (US). CHRISTIE, Greg [US/US]; 1112 Kelly Drive, San Jose, California 95129 (US). IVE, Jonathan, P. [uwu>]; 196 Twin Peaks Blvd, San Francisco, California 94114 (US). ORDING, Bas [NUUS); 1119 Dolores Street, #4, San Francisco, Califomia 94110 (US). (74) Agent: HOELLWARTH, Quin, C.; BEYER WEAVER & THOMAS, LLP, P. O. BOX 70250, Oakland, California 94612-0250 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, [Continued on next page] iiii (54) Title: MODE-BASED GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES FOR TOUCH SENSITIVE INPUT DEVICES (57) Abstract: A user interface method is disclosed. The method includes detecting a touch and then determining a user interface mode when a touch is detected. The method further includes activating one or more GUI elements based on the user interface mode and in response to the detected touch. OSPLArG EBRMTBASEDON USERafrERFAŒMODEANDRi 98 ATTENTE 802DCTECTIONr.rs--,.7 N 804 DÉE ONABON MODE onmFACE UUUSATEUR 806 310130 E _ _ UTILISATEUR EN FONCTION DU MODE UGHFACE UUUSATEUR ET EN ASSOCanON AVEC ses activAnON RGmFACE URUSATEUR 812 DÊSACilVATION INTERFACE UilUSAIEUR ? 814 OÊSACTWATION INTERFACE UTIUSATEUR ET SON EFFACEMENT DE L16CRAN o CD NON APLNDC00026156 WO 2006/020304 A2 lilllllllillillllllilillililllililllllllllllllllliligligg . SM, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, 12, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW· RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI(BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PubHshed: -- without international search report and to be republished upon receipt of that report kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IS, IT LT, LU, LV, MC, NL, PL, PT, For two-lettercodes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guidance Notes on Codes andAbbreviations"appearing at the beginning ofeach regular issue ofthe PCT Gazette. APLNDC00026157 PCT WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION Intemational Bureau INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (51) International Patent Classification 6 : GO9G 5/00 (11) International Publication Number: WO 99/38149 A1 (43) International Publication Date: 29 July 1999 (29.07.99) (21) International Application Number: PCT/US99/01454 (81) Designated States: AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, CA, CH, CN, CU, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, GB, GE, (22) International Bling Date: 25 January 1999 (25.01.99) GH, GM, HU, ID, IL, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM, (30) Priority Data: TR, TT, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZW, A WO patent 60/072,509 26 January 1998 (26.01.98) US (GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, SD, SZ, UG, ZW), Eurasian patent 09/236,513 25 January 1999 (25.01.99) US (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European patent (AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE), OAPI patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, (71)(72) Applicants and Inventors: WESTERMAN, Wayne CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TU). (US/US); 715 Oak Street, P.O. Box 354, Wellington, MO 64097 (US). JAS, John, G. (US/USJ; Huguenot Farm, 798 Taylors Bridge Road, Townsend, DE 19734 (US). Published With international search report. (14) Agent: OLSEN, James, M.; Connolly & Hutz, P.O. Box 2207, Wilmington, DE 19899 (US). (54) Title: --··-·OD AND APPARATUS FOR INTEGRATING MANUAL INPUT (57) Abstract 4 Apparatus and methods are disclosed for simultaneously tracking multiple finger (202--204) and palm (206, 207) contacts as hands approach, touch, and slide across a proximity-sensing, compliant, and flexible multi-touch surface (2). The surface con- " sists of compressible cushion (32), dielectric electrode (33), and circuitry layers. A simple proximity transduction circuit is placed under each electrode to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio and to reduce wiring complexity. Scanning and signal off- 2 ELECTRODE SCANNING HARDWARE 6 CAUBRATION AND PROxaßTY IMAGE FORMATION E CONTACT TRACIONG AND IDENTIRCATION 10 set removal on electrode array produces low-noise proximity images. Segmentation processing of each proximity image constmets a group of electrodes corresponding to each distinguishable contacts and extracts shape, position and surface proximity features for each group. Groups in successive images which correspond to the same hand contact are linked by a persistent path tracker (245) which also detects individual contact touchdown and liftoff. Classification of intuitive hand configurations and motions enables unprecedented integration of typing, resting, pointing, scrolling, 3D manipulation, and handwriting into a versatile, ergonomic computer input device, 12 TYPING REcoGNizER RNM DETECTOR MOTION COMPONENT EXTRACTION 16 PENGRIP DETECTOR 17 I CHORD MOTION RECOGNi2ER 18 F24 | o- CO ER SYSTEM HOST CAR INTERFACE 20 APLNDC00026158 FOR THE PURPOSES OF INFORMATION ONLY Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of pamphlets publishing intemational applications under the PCT. AL Albania ES Spain LS * SI Slovenia AM AT AU AZ Annenia Austria Australia Azedmijan FI FR GA GB Finland France Gaban United Kingdoin LT LU LV ÍWC Lidurania Luxembourg Latvia Monaco SK SN Sz TD Slovalda Senegal Swaziland Chad MD MG MK Republic of Moldova Madagascar T11e former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mali Mongolia TG TJ TM TR n UA Togo Tajikistan Tmkmenistan Turkey gg g Tgo Ukraine BA Bosnia and Herzegovina GE BB BE BF BC BJ Badados Belgiurn Burkina Paso Btdgaria Benin CH GN GR HU IE Georgia Ghana Guinea Greece Hungary Ireland MI. MN BR Brazil IL Israel MR Mauritania UG Uganda BY Belarus CF Central African Republic IS IT JP MM Italy Japan W MX NE Malawi Mexico Niger US UZ VN United States of America Uzbekistan Viet Nam CH Swinerland KG KE Kenya Kyrgyzstan NO Norway Nedleriands YU CI Cote d'Ivoire Canteroon China KP Democratic People's Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Kazakaan Saint Lucia Liechtenstein NZ PL PT RO RU SD New Zealand Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Sudan Sri Lanka Ltberia SE Sweden SG Singapore CZ DE Ngo Czech Republic Germany KR KZ LC LI DK M LK EE Emania LR NL ZW Yugoslavia Zimbabwe APLNDC00026159 (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION 'I' ATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Pmpert Organization (43) International Publication Date (10) International Publication Number 23 February 2006 (23.02.2 WO 2006/020305 A2 (51) International Patent classuication: Not classified (21) International Application Number: PCT/US mvv ou 7 (22) International Filing Date: 19 July 2005 (19.07.2005) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Language: English (30) Priority Data: 60/592,483 10/903,964 . 30 July 2004 (30.07.2004) 30 July 2004 (30.07.2004) US US Califomia 94115 (US). CHRISTIE, Greg [US/US]; 1112 Kelly Drive. San Jose, Califomia 95129 (US). ORDING, Bas [NUUSl; 1119 Dolores Street, #4, San Francisco, Califomia 94110 (US). KERR, Duncan, Robert [GB/US}; 2600 18th Street, #15, San Francisco, Califomia 94110 (US). IVE, Jonathan, P. [GB/US]; 196 Twin Peaks Blvd, San Francisco, Califomia 94114 (US). (74) Agent: HOELLWARTH, Quin, C.; Beyer Weaver & Thomas, LLP, P. O. BOX 70250, Oakland, California . 94612-0250 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of nationalprotection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, SY, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, YU, ZA, ZM, ZW. (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): APPLE COMPUTER, INC. [US/US]; 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, Califomia 95014 (US). (72) Inventors; and - (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): HOTELLING, Steve [US/US); 1351 Hidden Mine Road, San Jose, California 95120 (US). STRICKON, Joshua, A. [USIUS]; 333 Santana Row #212, San Jose, California 95128 (US). HUPPI, Brian, Q. [US/US); 101#2 28th Street, San F---^, California 94131 (US). CHAUDHRI, Imran (US/US]; 2713 Sacramento Street, No. 3, San Francisco, (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, 12, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), [Continued on next page] (54) Title: GESTURES FOR TOUCH SENSITIVE uvro a DEVICES 69 GUI DISPLAY a 58 68 GESTURE --> , r PROC SSOR ' ' MEMORY GESTURAL PROGRAM 88 80 I/O DEVICE ouTPuT (57) Abstract: Methods and systems for processing touch inputs are disclosed. The invention in one respect includes reading data from a multipoint sensing device such as a multipoint touch screen where the data pertains to touch input with respect to the multipoint sensing deviœ, and identifying at least one multipoint gesture based on the data from the multipoint sensing device. APLNDC00026160 WO 2006/020305 A2 lillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllililillH European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). Published: - Fortwo-lettercodes and other abbreviations, referto the "Guidance Notes on Codes andAbbreviations"appearing at the beginning ofeach regular issue ofthe PCT Gazette without intemational search report and to be republished upon receipt of that report APLNDC00026161 270 APLNDC00026162 © IFP, 1990 Force-to-Motion Functions for Pointing Joseph D. Rutledge Ted Selker IBM T.J.Watson Research Center, Yorktown N.Y. 10598 SELKER@ibm.com A pointing device which can be operated from typing position avoids time loss and distraction. We have built and investigated force-sensitive devices for this purpose. The critical link is the force-to. motion mapping. We have found principles which enable a force joystick to match the function and approach the performance of a mouse in pure pointing tasks, and to best it in mixed tasks, such as editing. Examples take into account task, user strategy and perceptual-motor limitations. I. INTRODUCFION conventional rate joystick. The function relating . Various kers over the past two decades have in· force to velocity is critical to the performance of the vestigated ar.d compared a variety of analogue dePointing Stick, and Icads to the principle results re vices for use in computer interface pointing tasks ported bere. [1, 4]. The usual conclusion has been that the The force joystick has a long history of investigation mouse has the advantage over alternatives, and the and use (2). It has been found that inting times current commercial fashion seems to agree. could be upccted to be perha¡is 20Ý•slowerthan for We have been intrigued with the 1.5 (2]or so seconds a mouse performing the same tasks. Another concem required to stake an excursion from the kekard to . is the "feel" - the subjective impression of exact conthe mŠÑaZittum;in applications which intelmix trol of the cursor, and that its movementsire thà pointing alit! ¼'ug, this can be significant. Also, the atug esponse to actions, mouse has other inherent disadvantages, especially in Many people fuid pointing witËthe position of a environments which provide restricted space or where mouse natural. Can pointing with a rate joystick also dangling wiresor loose bits of equipment are a hazfeci natural? The rate joystick appears to have an ard. immediate disadvantage here, since the most natural ešisis that it is possible to point efficiendy response to a hand motion (for manýýeople) is à tiiÑ isoving the hands from the normal touch ... ..nf of proþõiiional magnitude'independent typÑËme posÑÍnn. This requires locating the of duration. An analogous discordance will be repointié device eitN ÏÑëe immediate vicinity of the called by anyone who has takeit the controls of a lighi J or F keys.ithe Íiidex fi being rather clearly the aircraft for the first time - the aircraft responds to a finger of choice), or below the space bar, convenient - control offset with a rate of change, not with a direct to the annibs. We firsi investigated the use of the J change. As la that case, we find that useršvery or F keys themselves, to serve for both pointing and quickly become accustomed to the rate modè of re. t . This rei¡nires that the user tell the éomputer sponse, and find if naturaL . wiilch usiis intended. A number of made switch The less tangible aspect of "h:el" is the positive conpoidlilûtios are available, but after preliminary ci• trol; here the force to motion funcdon à critical. perimeiità gäiiicluded that the cognitive load of Good "feel" seems to correlate, agi to a point, with making the switch was serious, and shifted attention . the more easily measured speed of pointing tasks, esto a miniatute joy-stick, located between the G and - pecially with small targets. H keys in "no-hands land" where it does not interfere with normal Ris paper reports the result of an investigation of a subject of thetyping. This PODir!NG STICK is Me studies reported here. class of force-temotion ihnctions (transferfanetions) and their effect on the speed of several experimental T1ic constraints of Space in the keyboard eliminate pointing tasks for our in-keyboard pointing device, the kind of position-.to-position mapping used for the the Pointing Stick. mouse• bence an isometric or force joystick. We could map force applied to the joystick to the velocity 1 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS of the cursor, to its position, or perhaps to some Our exploration of the space of transfer functions combination. We report here on the first choice, the began with three families of mathematically simple APLNDC00026163 702 mappings of force to cursor velocity•1inear, para· bolic, and a sigmoid parabolic, obtained by reflecting the initial part of the parabola in the point 1/2,1/2 ((v=f),(v=J2),and(v=2×ft,05|¾l/2; v=2×(1/2-(1-fy,l/25fsi:v==1,f>l)). Forcefand velocity v have scale factors (coefficients), making each of these a 2-pararneter family of functions. From experience with these functions, we arrived at the foDowing conjectures' l. A 'solid' feel, that a point can be heid, requires a 'dead band' near zero force, in which the cursor does not move, even if the finger is not perfectly steady. 2. Pointing at small targets requires accurate control of low speed motion - one pixel at a time must be possible. This needs to be done without excess strain in fine motor control, hence the slope of the function at low speed should be low. 3. For long-distance cursor movements, high speed is required. However, we found that when eye-tracking became inaccurate, overall speed was reduced. A high-speed dash off the screen, or to somewhere distant from the target, is counter-productive. In less extreme form, one has the impression of playing golf - a long-distance, partially controlled 'drive', followed by "now where is it•oh,there", then perhaps another, shorter shot, recovery, and finally a low-speed 'putt'. This suggests that a limitation of maximum speed to the eye•trackinglimit Will be desira6te. 4. As a final touch, users like to feel that they can make the cursor dash across the screen almost in- stantly, and there may be occasions when one wants ' to reach the opposite edge and start again from there. To accommodate this, we add a steep rise near the top of the force scale. This probably adds little if anything to speed of performance, but it does no damage, and seems to increase acceptance. Of the simple functions, the sigmoid parabolic seems the most promising, according to the conjectures. This was borne out in informal experiments. However, its behavior near zero was less than 'solid'. The addition of a 'dead slow' plateau suggmed itself, following a true dead band. This gives no motion at all for very low force, foÏlowed by a region of pre· dictably slow motion somewhat independent of force, then followed by a rapid but smooth acceleration. Similarly, in the upper ran8e, We Would like to be able to easily 'cruise' just below the eye-hand-track· ing limit, without danger of exceeding it. An upper plateau provides this, reached smoothly from the acceleration regime (Figure 1). S P E E D FORCE Figure 1. Transfer Function 2Plateau The ordinate of this graph is force, the abscissa is cursor velocity, in percent of the corresponding scale factors. The velocity scale factor (multiplier of v in the above formulas) is 1500 pixels/second, or on our screen, 66 cm/second. The force scale factor (multiplier off) was fixed for these experiments at a comfortable value of 225 grams; all sensitivity , adjustments were done with the velocity scale, 3. APPARATUS The Pointing Stick, as used in these experiments, is a steel rod of 2 mm diameter and 2 cm length, mounted on an acrylic base. A section near the base has or. thogonal flats to which miniature semiconductor strain gages are bonded (Figure 2). .' J. Figure 2. Pointing Stick The base is glued on the sutskey surface of an IBM. PS/2 keyboard, so that the stick protrudes approximately 4 mm above the surface of the keys in their rest position, between the G and H keycaps, which are relieved at their bases to allow space for it. The top is rounded to provide a comfortable fingertip grip. To provide mouse button signals, two micro- . switches and operating buttons are mounted nearly flush just below the space bar, convenient to the thumbs. The keyboard was placed about 6 cm from the edge of the desk, allowing subjects to use it as a rest for the heel of the hand. The keyboard retains its normal function as the keyboard of a PS/2 Model 80 computer, whic.') presentee' and recorded the experiments. AVAILABLE COPV APLNDC00026164

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