Cambridge University Press et al v. Patton et al

Filing 319

DEPOSITION of Patricia Dixon, Ph.D. taken on April 20, 2011 by Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Inc., Sage Publications, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Defendant Ex. 20, # 2 Exhibit Defendant Ex. 21, # 3 Exhibit Defendant Ex. 22, # 4 Exhibit 20, # 5 Exhibit 21, # 6 Exhibit 22 -part 1, # 7 Exhibit 22- part2, # 8 Exhibit Plaintiff Ex. 18, # 9 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 1, # 10 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 2, # 11 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 4, # 12 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 8, # 13 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 10, # 14 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 11, # 15 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 12, # 16 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 14, # 17 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 15, # 18 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 16, # 19 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 17, # 20 Exhibit Previously Marked Plaintiff Ex. 17 - Seamans)(Rains, John)

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Plantation Realities

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in

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pattern

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249

Defendants
17tC4I

EXhibit

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IRE

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.4

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250

life

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251

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The Slave Community

254

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of
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21-30
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82-109

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Washington

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Louisiana

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humane fashion Walter Peterson

slaves

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22
it

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Charles

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15

munity

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June 1946
24

82-109

Carson

in

us.26

25
torical

26

1961

Plantation
vii-xxi

Mary

Journal

Osborne

Highsaw
Tennessee

s8o6-sB6o

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1956

York

1966

86-94

171-91
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January

Plantation
History

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Historical

277-88

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243-67
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Anderson
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lity

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them humanely

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slavery

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On

were not uncommon

lashes

to

50

planters

263

Realities

Peterson

Alabama

Philip

Slavery

Historical

Jones

in the

Quarterly

Rensiniscences

Collection

University

Amanda

Washington

of

of

North

How

z8os Recollections of an Alabama
XXX Fall and Winter 1968 222
Philip

Jones

Southern

His

Carolina

Beauty

Was

Saved

New

Ii
York

Exhibit 20 - 15

1907

64

The Slave Community

264

The

testimony

of

slaves

majority

former

whom

they

master

two masters
described

the white

as

his

of

felt that

Dr

Collock

man

ever

lived

ferson
lar

Carolina

recalled

Old

stripe

earned

of

as

kind

wreaking

many

Grimes

and

slaves

Elijah

Mans

The

slaveholders

use of the lash

and

food
think

to

Jef
simi

of

mainte

mas

their

owner was
pleasant

of

the

kind

very

not

hard

when

master

crotchety

Steward

but

humor

was

like

Grimess

passion

He

according

to

when

an-

severe

exceedingly

re

but generally

in

temperament
but

master
good

in

when

terrible

Austin

slaves.25

very

Indulgent

same

were sometimes

their

benev

of

had no guarantee

slave

masters

on

anger

the southerners

was

master

kindest

their

his

was kind and
of

the

Isaac

of

was

Sparing

clothing

led

all

master the

his

The

treatment

often
ported

shelter

on

ways

Aleck-

men7

olent

that

various

family unit

kindly

However

not

in

Sam

servants

us

cif

and

generous

Jefferson

to

hard

was

master

adequate

the

of

nance

kind

encomiums

these

provision

master Thomas

his

man

jovial
best

under

was kind and

master

the

one

Henson

Josiah

and

was

worked

or

master

Our

declared

ten

that

men

liberal

Savannah

of

with

that

out

by
time had

one

at

kindly

kind-hearted

humane

borne

is

the slaves

considered

Grimes

sons South

witnesses

gry2
Most

were neither

masters

with

relationships

for

physicians

when

slaves

planter

defined

flogged

them

for

merous other offenses
lashes

5o

slaves

for

other

in

humiliation
27
son
ville

a8
fron

29

Henson
Life

most

of

1951
Leonard
SLavery

the

typical

confinement

Grimes

Life

of

Jefferson

Elijah
Black

New

ready

withholding

ways

Petersburg

Mans
The

Bedford

Steward Twenty-two

Life

Years

and

the

and

demotion

Union

Virginia

Blacksmith

and

and

Sufferings

History

Louisville
of

II Pennington
Grimes

Life

Leonard

to

extra

violent

Aleckson

nu

and

from to

slave

preferred

Less

theft

hired

what

tools

breaking

etc.

in

shelter

them

gave

planter

Life

1847

saints

planters

give the

to

passes

36-48

Life

ill

clothing

fighting

While

offenses

solitary

Isaac

food

stealing

lying

possible

were

they

adequate

as

nor

fiends

pitiless

Whenever

slaves

work

means
Isaac

of

Jeffer

Charlottes

s88
Black

to

punish

is
Fugitive

Blackmitls

33

Ii

Exhibit 20 - 16

Plantation

or

one

man

In

Aleck
acjef
simi
Marrs

childhood

lash

mainte

mas

were so brutal and

otchety

re

the

One

of

in

their

rs

hired

what

and

and

sive

and nis
so to

punish

work

Isaac

of

Jeffer

Charlottes

ii
Fugitive

and

3o
New

Journal
of

of

the

1952

135-38
5-8

Southern
South

Calhoun
II

fetish

of

encouraged

The

as

being

the
white

courtship
the

family
child

prolific

planters

was

family

Males were given

filio-pietistic

well

courteous

be

to

taught

courageous

and

children

adulthood

The

rural

affectionate

McCollams

Southern
Life

Smedes

Dahney
so8-s

Work in the
Ante-Uum
1960

and

The

family

aggres

hon

chivalrous

of

family
Planter

VI

History

Rev Noah

were frequently
sometimes

isolation

Aug

relations

the

of

Family

94

Old

347-67 Noah

Man

Colored

Davis

Disci

Balti

114

29

Arthur

at

impelled

influenced

which

formalized

and

Sitterson

Susan

sufferings

marriages

as

until

South

31
1887

and

stressed

were venerated

them

spontaneous

1859

liamsburg

early

Carlyle

more

from

could

made him

which

made

which

lessons

fathers

on

Narrative

Davis

he

lazy

While

slaves

their

the

intelligent.31

Although

promoted

ways

too

was the white

angelic

independent

and

dependent

as

religious

moral

the

few

crush

labor

institutions

of affection
displays

deeply

proud

the
forces

family

caused

humane

too

of

the slaves

slave

society

promoted

and

orable

the

lter

of the

on public

of

in

could

they

were

of

treatment

of

variety

that

conflicting

the

humanity

women

frowned

religious

Others

toward

in

grew up

romanticized

great

sadistic

most important

the

treatment

patriarchal

in

all

several

their

bearing

Crimess

means

flog

beliefs

dependents

callous

recognize

planters
child

tra

than

Differences

religious

extracted

were

same time

roles

child-like

planter

there

slaves

instinct

make

to

normal

to

their

manly

every

blacks

enerally
like

treat

too stupid

him

benev

to

rep
and

discipline

plantation

and

experiences

masters

or

defined

to

planters

the

tons

property

valuable

to

preserving

institutionally

to

slaves

bolders

but

in

from plantation

varied

life

yard

effective

the

of

spite

slaves

ir

more

often

were not morally

they

harm

gings.3

most

be

no physical

involved

rehensible

were

enson

because

were preferred

punishment

of

iat

265

Realities

36

Memorials

Southern

of

Edmund

Morgan

45-48

Cherry

Colonies
Carolina
Social

Julia

Chapel
Social
History

History
of

Spruill

5938

Hill

the

Planter
at

Virginians

Baltimore

Home

Womens

43-5o

Rosaer

Chapel

Hill

American

Family

Wil

Life

and

Taylor

942
New

1-55

Exhibit 20 - 17

5973
York

yj

266

The Slave Community

pline

was unsystematic

In

of

spite

ney Smedes
his

express

ily

for

with

tions

affections

of her

of

picture

her

and thc subsequent

One

of

the

and

love

him

for

has

when

him.M Often

mammy
Black

as

33

Smedes

Fifties

Virginians

or

the

York

Spruil

and

prevent

far

of

company

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always
suckled

love

his

for

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childhood

sale

conformity

slaves

to

white

many

or

that

on

friend

of enduring

less

will

it

and wishes

punishment

them

of

the

the

she

less

little

impressionable

to

accent

abiding

result

is

Carolinas

say Richard

demands

only

mammy As

their

preferred

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had

playmates

and

because

whipped

is

her

on

are imitative

lady

her

of
to

of

their

the
their

11

215

Memorials

in

know

elegant

more at

personality
the

in

we

all

him

told

influence

gestures

deep

20

x6

32-33

io

63-65 Calhoun

Quoted

that

whose

punished

sleep

and

for

the

ran

second

his

language
wrote

him

to

mammys

formed

Memorials

New

The

behavior

favorites demanded

Smedes

34

served

adult deferred

intervened

32
the

general

an

.4

was

turned

often

protect

him

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the child

formed during

role

to

rocked

Quasheehan

an

mammy who

parents

children

to

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youngsters

slave

for

widowers

socialization

he frequently

him

mother

and

widows

childs

white

Englishman

childhood

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black

as

his

Momma

its

copy

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in

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child

necessarily

ships

with

the

reinforced

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situation

whom

to

women

of

rela

religious

children

the black

nursed

loving

charges

grieves

was

It

stories

inestimable.33

is

the

mammy

interceded

more

tentive

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in

black

misbehavior

fascinating

white

figures

key

their

read

childs

being His fathers

saintly

remarriages

on

Dab

not

almost

his

by

white

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strains

security

household

with

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as

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delicate

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did

father

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in

hedged

genteel

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her

against

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children

their

that

militated

children

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more by the frequent

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for

as

in

circumspection

for

reported

mother were

his

veneration

example

often

manners

children

their

overindulged

parents

affection

deep

displaying

parents

and

the formalized

this

Family

Taylor
II

Virginia
South

Clay-Clopton
Carolina

312-55

Women

Exhibit 20 - 18

22-34

Belle

Morgan

of

Plantation

white

such

in

New
liam

Greens

young

but never

old

to

shoot

gard

in

which

so

he

im

The

at

member

had

exposure

for

his

demand

the

to

his

deference

and

blacks

chil

threat

The

re

masters

sons

where he

went

were not

slave

unusu

which

blacks

re
of

that

he

insistence

the child

taught

to

and

demeanor

the

Similarly

led

slaves

love

his

his parents

and

parents

from

with

conflicted

associates

Southerner His

upon

perpetrated

black

his

especially

the white

on

cruelties

black

close

toward

slaves

all

and

might prevent

family

influence

profound

detachment

of

sense

with

association

early

spect

of the masters

the

if

his

punish

fiddler

his

father

Even

neigh

instance

by

their

white

wife

his

for

the slave
held

tell

to

by ap
Stroyer

the control

planter
of

favorite

was

from Kentucky

mammy

is

refused

they

constant

her

of

could

flogging

her

his

because

to

Wil

treatment

cruel

ally

terrorized

Rarely

Jackson

escaped

favorite

ed

for

Andrew

that

great

when he

an overseer

from

nursed Jacob

John Thompsons master

of

son

ened

was

him

boy

Similarly

escape

had

slaves

forty

impunity if he were the

with

dren The

as

his

exercised over

mammy

slave

abused

Browns

the

sell

to

separation

she

man

white

one intemperate

that

wrote

his

whom

master

to

held

master

refused

tried

mother prevented

his

to

pealing

he had

after

even

he

that

esteem

high

Orleans

bors

William Wells Browns

neighbors

father

267

Realities

au

exercise

to

iays

thority

dad
his

with

He

hite
their

the
their

own

desires

Often

he

to

learned

tion

with

among

36 Henry
of

organ

1-21

23-38

Monroe

social

break

she

the

slaves

the

Memorials
Box

Samuel

5912

Syracuse

Brown
Hall

Narrative

Andrew

N.Y 1847

and

of

South

Henry

Slave

Jackson

of

Brown

Bishop

Narrative

and

but

con

the

pur

22-34

Carolina

Box

his

rela

sexual

women and

his

black

mammy

the casual

Washington

Work

of

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onto
black

slave
all

projected

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of white

of

Years

the

thing His intimate

observation

s6a Taylor

sx6

of

black

hated

Autobiography

s-a

restraints

ideal

irresponsibil

envied

these

conflicted

code

morality

He
and

idealization

47

loose

restraints

love

was

moral

strict

associates

through

mammy his

Jansison

Nashville
Jackson

that

the

Smedes

tile

black

internalized

later

tacts

his

from

freedom

his

more desirable

of

happiness

apparent

end

observed

the apparently

and
ity
on

soon

that

s8x

Boston

5912

Iowa

Jamison
Writings

of

n.p

D.D

Andrew

20-23

Exhibit 20 - 19

TA

The Slave Community

268

of

joy

in

sexual

and

The

his

to

the cruel

vented

Moses

vented
Charles
retain

his

public

never

embarrassment

his

death

Frederick
restraint

failing

and

seers

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almost

felt that

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pre
of

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Much
Louis

upbraided

slave

flogged

to

an

tin-

was

opinion

barbarity

and

pre

once

slaveholder

officials

city

whenever

restrained

him One

flogging

benevolent

the cruelty

upon

slave-drivers

any

often

innkeeper

him because

overseer

Douglass

to

cruelty

whites

An

from

master

as

the
with

liaisons

were frequently

slaves

Memphis

when

master

extreme

flogged

reputation

Hughess

with

for

Sympathetic

of

drunken

masters

male

impulses

punishment

allegedly

women.37

disapproval

Ropers

Balls

black

the

reacted

sadistic

of public

fear

male fre

the

by pursuing

sexual

that

white

same time he exaggerated

of white

monopoly

slaveholders

the

the

of

and

The

paramour

complex

At

desire

women

white

challenge

to

woman

prowess

angelic

love-hate

his

black

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black

him

convinced

males

white

arms of

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resolved

quently

by

women by

black

lay

suit

of masters

wherever

over
reach

can

it

them

One
of

of

the

strongest

forces

religion

was

slaves

Although

how many

slaveholders

the sources

that

their

in

ciples

ever
duties

to

the

was

number

to

Convention

essays

on

The

$200

The

of

Christian

Slavery

1849

from

prin

thing

how

of

their

is

apply

important

masters
in

this

subject

by

the

Baptist

interest

sponsored

men

forty

Masters

offered

Some

in

an

submitted

effort

to

of the essays

win
went

editions

relationship of the minister

Grimes
Bail

In

the convention

prize

of the

contest

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Christian

it

reminded

continually

Alabama

in

to

The

essay

an

Duties

several

through

tried

treatment
determine

to

impossible

religious

slaves

One example

slaves

their

response

them

of

with

relations

State

the

were deeply

ministers

that

is

is

it

cruel

against

operating

Watson

Life

to

the planter

5-z Loguen

Narrative

was

complex

Freedman

19-25

238-300

38

Ball

39

Frederick

Slit

Very

Brown

23-40

Douglass

My

Bondage

Narrative

and

My

21-26
Freedom

Exhibit 20 - 20

New

York

1968

Real

Plantation

one
hood
of

the

white

minister

the master-slave

ters

on

insisted

slaverys
their

ister

in

preserving

about

preached

and

an

slaves

first

duty

humanity

created

the

Southern

encouraged
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the

of

refusal

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he

slaves

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to

min
often

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slaves

their

was

master
entailed

to

Reverend

the

recognize

the feel

for

respect

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that

argued

role

and

institution

treatment

divines

minis

slaves

had toward

Gods image The

in

morality

the

in spite

so

Christian

liveli

and

origin

This recognition

of the slave

ings

majority of

master-slave relationship

planters
of

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questioned

fact

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for

planters

the peculiar
for

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responsibilities

The

In

Even

masters

the planters

castigate

never

divine

to

played

wealthy

relationship

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to

on

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Frequently

269

ities

was

slave

Thornwell

also

testified

that

the

Negro
we

as

of one

is

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have

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stinctive

form

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in

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intellectual
as

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plainest

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image

of

brother.4

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never

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Freeman

freely

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of

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Church Charleston

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with

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prove

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slaves

too

and

low

as

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own

your

exhorted

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forget

are

beingsfeelings

sensitive

the Bible

she Dedication

45 George
1837 27

Freeman

feelings

slaves

human

of

Thornwell
Preached

of

scale

respected

Ministers
ters

us

religious

which

blacks

with

relations

delicate

as

be

the

respecting

their

they are in the

mand

with

the

Reverend George
Freeman was not as certain of
between master and slave he was more insistent
on the

necessity

and

in

to call

to

the

the link

as

lead

moral

not ashamed

are

but

humanity

the

in

us

may attempt

combined

Cod

of

turethe same humanity

God

of

nature

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called

so

has sinned

with

interest

equal

falsely

our

of

he

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has an

brotherhood

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impulses

declarations

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Science

redemption

dude

blood

that

of

of

Paul

Masters

s8o

mas

obligations

that

had

ad-

Sermon

is

Slave-Holders

Charles

ton

Exhibit 20 - 21

The Slave Community

270
vised

masters

Master

him

also

The

is

and

just

How

Masters

was

Most

Southern

Rule

The Reverend

divines

such

to

Equity

the conscientious

in

of

treatment

were

their

treatment

The

on

of

by

so

there

for

them

of labor
their

ness

know

old

age

insistent

42

him

for

on mild

treatment

McTyeire
Charleston

Essays

it

et

585

McTyeire

at

slaves

et

aL

Him

the

repeated

care

amount
respect

question

John

what

mild-

tried

1774
Holmes

told

planters

his

and

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servant
will

good

you

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several

properly

time and

Kindness

entertained

is

He

Duties

It

declared

of

Masters

of

is

desire

the duty

Servants

the

that

Freeman was

for

the

just

of

Duties

of

ChristIan

Masters

Essays

533

Exhibit 20 - 22

as

mas

Three Premium

136

a-a6
McTyeire

of

reasonable

leisure

do

implies

whom

uninfluenced

had

masters
the

Have

in

the friend of

Friendship
of

cautioned

displeasure

more than

no

ministers

would

gentleness
be

to

require

slaveholders

He

your

you1

treat

of persons.44

respect

Many

Reverend
treat

you

interest

the

give them adequate

them

asked

it

welfare

his

maintain

should

master

to

must incur

Christian

humanity

and

right

only

part
cruel

authority on the part

and

They had

in

The

As

more direct

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from

Wesley

was
of

his

that

asserted

declared

slaves

their

the master

on

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censure

Divine

to

According
ties to

he

view

humanity

Master in heaven

your

servant

no

is

the general

prompts

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to

exercise

right

Golden

the

into

of

duty

would

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reference

his

to

of

as

Holmes

master with

whom

with

lead

will

the

that

kindness

servant

New

of

Reverend

the

pleads

Master

and equity

justice

terms

the

reversed.42

earth

slaveholders

the

discharge

would

slaves

McTyeire
servants

his

positions

of

to

translated

Holmes summed up

when he observed
and

determine

ad

servants

have

also

ye

with

Biblical

unto your

give

that

your

persons

quoted

frequently

equal knowing
the master

of

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most

Colossians

was

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heaven

in

69

neither

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knowing

slaves

threatening

Heaven

in

is

Ephesians

monition
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forbear

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Nashville

xBp

Plantation

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ters

in

thing

LtS

In

reasonable

all

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the

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do

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and to

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e1

slaves

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not

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for

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slaves constant

killed

low

size

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hfl

often

ild

veillance

the

Review

uld

apathy

the

estates
sires

slaves
this

recognized
of

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master

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all

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all virtues
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activities

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minority

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strict

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to

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that

repose

his

as

Quarterly

labour

of

the

from

his

and

de

result

absence

thousand

habits

decency

sobri

and temperance.43

humility

labor

limitation

insurance

detail

subordination

of regularity

ensure

this

stupid

acquires
with

in

too

wrote

of

the

every

lazy

editor

when he

of

spite

on plantations

that

summer

the

of labor

beyond which

limit

factor

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supervise

slave

inconsistent

86o

super

the kind

the slaves

obvious

is

were

during

their

over

it

What

had

the consequent
of

many

in

personally

spas

visiting

of

slaves

masters

Seeking

ety

plantations

more slaves

could

planters

Besides

and

the

ordinarily

Consequently in

important

were

on

death

to

never

extract

was an absolute

legally

there

planter

him

the planter
to

for

militated

Dependent

the

work

or

pre

the slave

Although
slave

authority

survival

The most

of most

the

in
that

plantation

over

enough

there

half of the

ing twenty
of

that

few months

in

manhood

of the slaves

torture

large

labor

or

of

use

of surveillance

level

part

economic

he was not pushed
was the

the

on the plantation

men

ed

of

which

forces

of cruelty necessary

of

trace

authority

starve

which

staff

visory

his

social

the kind

every

the

on

his

the regimen

43

of

absolute

restraints

and

personal

features

docility

had

planter

it

ias

but

servants

situation

to

from practicing
extinction

systematic

against

as

their

effort

several

to

planters

there

fin

their

to

make

to

power

addition

vented

ur

merciful

happy.43

er

er

their

forth

put

be

to

only

271

Realities

and

humility

most

planters

inns

McTyeire

59

Duties

84 McTyeire

at

at

Essays

143

Freeman

Rights

25
46

N.P.B

Quarterly

The

Review

Treatment

XX

of

Slaves

in

the

Southern

States

Southern

Jan z8sz ui

Exhibit 20 - 23

The Slave Community

272
hired

was

to

overseers

One

difficult7

unbelievably

The

slaves

their

manage

of

job

the

indicated

overseer

overseei

this

plainly

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ever

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contemptible
to

glad

what

know

be

favorable

the

is

them
no

home

at

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the

and

most

dad

your

Planters

care

thriftless

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at

was

and

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off

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quietly

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in

case

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Moore

ed Two

of

worse
to

Documents

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work

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back
idle

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alto

but

either

Nor

disease

is

other

and

thieving

prevent

don

well

retrieve

than

when

people

your

work

attend

opportunities.49

5831-5832

Region
Lucille

ed The

1856-57

to

Relating

Journal

of

Plantation

MisSisSippi

Plantation

Overseers

History

Record

of

Mississippi

and

Southern

Journal

XVI

Book

History

of

VII

25-31
Bonner

James

Revealed

Jan

in

constantly
or to

overlookers

an

cannot

this

remaizi

getting

their

slight

are

mode than

1954
31-36
Brookdale
Farm Anilte County

as

way
when

correction

consequence

Jan

48

will

which

the

Vicksburg

Jan

for

them

of

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produces

John

the

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of

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on

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by unavoidable

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to

other

no

is

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47

his

not

did

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upon

it

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called

gether

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characteristic

terms

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wasting

alive

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owner

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overseer

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slaves

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would

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up

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down

right
If

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flogs

taken

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makes

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if

mean and

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found

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and

careless

not turn out
as

the

would

to

master

and

locked

or

are

hogs

where

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fault

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overseers

meat

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any circumstances
it

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life

in

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will

or ever
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in

William

the

Career

The

Plantation

of Garland

Scarhorough

The

Overseer

Harmon
Overseer

Baton

Agricultural

Rouge

Nationalism
History

5966

XIX

73

ii

Exhibit 20 - 24

Plantation

While
ful

constant

work
eat

One

duties

was

or

have

sleep

Oct

The

business

on

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with

of

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the welfare

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aging

property

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planters

the slaves

order

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the overseer

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On

the

the other

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for

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for

sexual

relations

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retain

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with

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tremes Whenever

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heavy

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rite

strate.5
the
For

re

masters

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please

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to

away
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donte

and

the plantation

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overseer

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indicated

that

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or

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slaves

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slaves

impossible

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with

transgressions

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punishment

please

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driving
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dissatisfied

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they

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women the slaves ex
On the other hand

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work

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er

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used

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en
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on the one hand the overseer became

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of

such

to

strictest

make

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ly

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begin

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scarcely

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858

the plantation

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of

the planter

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ii-

May

in

negros without

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off

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that

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part.t

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or

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no man can

is

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set

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of

complained

consuming
not been

truth

was mandatory

slaves

one

overseer

time

so

of

was

this

management

seers

if

surveillance

273

Realities

every

the overseer

slaves

he

example

was
John

CIX
Quoted
John

Mass

1925

in Scarborough
Bassett

The

Overseer
Southens

46
Plantation

Overseer

Northampton

64

Exhibit 20 - 25

Exhibit 20 - 26

Exhibit 20 - 27

The Slave Community

276

Lamar

As the
frequent

the

An
wards
tends

to

and

the

that

is

so

of

The

to

supervise

were unwilling

to

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with

an

t._.._-

the

over-seer

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meanly

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ne

hatred

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pre

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themselves

poor
think

mean enough.5

overseer

and

stabbed

poisoned

plantations

the slaves

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solitary

shot

at

some

of duties

the overseer
could

consequently

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or

night

could

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on

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keep

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be

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the

level

of

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left

in

order

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multi

by

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slaves

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for

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overseers

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themselves

for

plantation

life

life

most

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was impossible

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periodically

tude

character

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lead

recreation

find

in the chain

link

detail

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management

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be

to

as

do

people

was the weakest

Whatever

management

lance

as

one

the

mosi

wox

slaves.M

overseer

overseer

think

negroes

the

to

spite

great

were beaten

overseers

ovea

their

be

and

them when

fight

white

over

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have

negroes

poor

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was

the overseer

the business

all

rich

retain

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them The
as

rebellious

slaves

frequently

people

Hundreds

and

surveil

surveillance

was

lower.5

even

As

of the

result

many

masters

lined in the

who

52

have

differences

plantations

rules

the characters of overseers
strikingly

According
management
of South Carolina
there
like

anything

Ulrich

in

deviated

of

Herbemont

of
ers

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to

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whip

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of authority

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all

groes

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him too.5

like

of

over-seer

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negroes

visible

target

load food

z8

in

wrote

because

seer

ad

Phillips

regular

system

and

Plantation

from the
to

the

ideal

investigations

are

very

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either

Frontier

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out

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vols

Cleveland

igroI
g3

170
Martha

Van

s4

Herbert

Aptheker

Phillips Plantation

5tine

ad

Briesen

The

Letters

of

Elijah

Fletcher

Revolts

New

Charlottes

1965 23

ville

Charles

Historical

II

American

Nero

Slave

Owner

and

York

1943

117-25

Sydnor
Review XIV

Slave

Jan 1937

His

Overseers

31-38

Ls

Exhibit 20 - 28

North

Cam

Plantation

Realities

277

writer in the American
government of their slaves
Farmer agreed
There is in fact little or no system of manage
or physical

ment in regard

our

to

unman

and

insubordinate

are

slavesthey

ageable.5

when

Even

not

order

in

they

the

could

and

others

by him

who were
age

to

my

slaves

of

was

at

dwelling

charac
most

treatment

than

the plantation

in

or

never

mo

they

were

sold

many

certainly

Manigaults

was

the only
of

capable
or

night

sagacious
in

inevitahly

either

Louis

Jack

the

better

power

were

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sew-

every

much

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like

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possession

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In

same manner The

the

positions
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control
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in

some

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spotted him quickly

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forced

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lestecL

make

to

in

slaves

slaves

since the

of absolute

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planter

are the strong

were given

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hierarchy

slaves

the

govern

had

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one

shrewdest

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strong-willed
most

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instance

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realized

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simple Second

slaves

all

ter

that

For

quarters

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ideals

maintain

to

recognized

intelligence
ants

the planters

their

internalized

mises

were made

attempts

fashion

systematic

Sav

negro

in

ever

murdering me
of

capable

masters

Jack

or

any

committing

act.re
Planters
by

making

their

often
it

relatively

labor

they

harder
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limits

at

slaveholder
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he

Southern

realized

to

fixes

s8zi 402
Brown Slave

of William

perform

to

force

amount

Feb

1836

like

decided

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7z

work

has

labor

soldiers

how much

to

long

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since

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slave
of

of

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IX

obey

slaves

obedience

strict

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render

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American

Farmer

II

Events

in

i6

the Life

the

to

the slaves

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sufficient

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March

stave

observed

every
as

of

appearance

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for

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masters
that

easy

were going

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the

most masters

desires

were adept

maintained

DeBows
South

Life

Green

Review

Carolina

Ba-sog

William

Green

1863

Springfield

Nanative

of

13

577

XXIX

Sept

s86o

362

Manigauh

quoted

in

Taylor

Exhibit 20 - 29

Exhibit 20 - 30

Figures

51 51

53 54

Sugar

Plantation

Exhibit 20 - 31

The Slave Community

280

master instead of extorting more work
unprofitable
It

was

unmanageable

limited

voluntarily
ard of

labor

is

to

impossible

that

to
his

output

without

plantation

restricting

cotton

z86o

picked

slaves

in

Mississippi

pounds of cotton

daily

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clearly

in

slaves
the

Mississippi
of

on

this

delta

appears

In

picked

normal

pickers

150

planta

performed

an average

Many

effort

many

on

race

average.60

an

in

to

be

to

slaves

speed

still

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re

of

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planters

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ad

interest

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gave

the motive

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them Do not

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inattentive

hence

diligent

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from the rules

selectively

Alabama

of

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and

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learn

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group

point

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of

had

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careful

in

patience

self

of

therefore

great
notice

small omissions of duty.62

many
The personal
did

Rarely

s9

Negro

Whitsnore

its

Slavery

of

at

South

the

Thirty

Montpelier

Barrow

El Destino

Historical

VII

American

6a

DeEows Review XVIII

Farmer

DeBows Review

slave

of

VII

were strained

this

Sept

the

Mississippi

Plantation

of

Southern

History

May

Kathryn

Plantations

June

338
728

Exhibit 20 - 32

220

Charles

Igas

Abbey
ed Documents
Middle Florids
x8a8-i868

s8

master

1849

of

Jan 1929 179-223
VII Jan 53 z8a6

6r

and

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Years

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435-46

Chemonie

and

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coincide

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Davis

between master

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this

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and

130

pounds of cotton

too

slaves

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twice

the

between

he

in

themselves.61

slaveholder

make

too

to

fourteen

1830

cotton

infractions

rules
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of

prizes

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effect

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avenge
Between
1825

by planters

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amount

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Whitmores

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by

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fused

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323

planters

up

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however

tion

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Charles

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slaves

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per

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him

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of

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plantation

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work

their

low

so

allowance

every

because

primarily

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only

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vexation

598-

Relating
Florida

65
ci

ears

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Figures

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Rice

Plantation

age
any
eed
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otice

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isailes

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Exhibit 20 - 33

282

The Slave Community

used

physical

cated

than

ordinate

force

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on

relations

simple
In

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at

make

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and
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personal

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between

all

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slave

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plantation

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not

self-esteem

their

ritu

Second

same obsequious
behavior
was not demanded
of ordinary
5L
and those in positions
of trust Sir Charles Lyell observed
that
the

latter

of

group

by the whites

whites

did

For

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mas there was

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to

go

affectionate

the slaves
of

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quently

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much

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ter

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is

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to

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on

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class

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buildings

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am

mas

his

of

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fear

to

work

carpenters

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send

to

his general

of

off

the

charac

quarrelsomeness

hum

afraid

of
result

Lamars

John

fre

by enlarging

interest

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not

that

This per

driver

as

the planters

5774

am

reported

begin

only

in

that

ignorance

disobedience

white

in his

Charles

black

and

to

could

have

trust

him

of

slave

off

the

where

work
there

fears

personality

vols

64

of

quite

make

Lyell

intelligent

an

gave

identify

clear

absolute

63

slaves

construct

Southern

point

Charles

importance would

his

intemperance

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slave

with

of

Christ

the reserve

of whites

group

Sir

an eye servant If
soon and cheap
but

no one he

one

to

typical

plantation

Master

were watched

they

was

told

times

all

at

during

he could

obedience

self-complacency

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Memorials
Lyell

Second

Exhibit 20 - 34

of

he had

the facade

off the strongest
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variability

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19

of

by

America

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tive

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ior

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slave

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alities

Exhibit 20 - 35