AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS et al v. PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.

Filing 204

LARGE ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT(S) to Public Resource's Second Motion for Summary Judgment by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC. 202 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC., 203 SEALED MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE DOCUMENT UNDER SEAL filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC. (This document is SEALED and only available to authorized persons.) filed by PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.. (Attachments: # 1 Public Resources Statement of Disputed Facts, # 2 Public Resources Evidentiary Objections, # 3 Public Resources Request for Judicial Notice, # 4 Declaration Carl Malamud, # 5 Declaration Matthew Becker, # 6 Consolidated Index of Exhibits, # 7 Exhibit 1, # 8 Exhibit 2, # 9 Exhibit 3, # 10 Exhibit 4, # 11 Exhibit 5, # 12 Exhibit 6, # 13 Exhibit 7, # 14 Exhibit 8, # 15 Exhibit 9, # 16 Exhibit 10, # 17 Exhibit 11, # 18 Exhibit 12, # 19 Exhibit 13, # 20 Exhibit 14, # 21 Exhibit 15, # 22 Exhibit 16, # 23 Exhibit 17, # 24 Exhibit 18, # 25 Exhibit 19, # 26 Exhibit 20, # 27 Exhibit 21, # 28 Exhibit 22, # 29 Exhibit 23, # 30 Exhibit 24, # 31 Exhibit 25, # 32 Exhibit 26, # 33 Exhibit 27, # 34 Exhibit 28, # 35 Exhibit 29, # 36 Exhibit 30, # 37 Exhibit 31, # 38 Exhibit 32, # 39 Exhibit 33, # 40 Exhibit 34, # 41 Exhibit 35, # 42 Exhibit 36, # 43 Exhibit 37, # 44 Exhibit 38, # 45 Exhibit 39, # 46 Exhibit 40, # 47 Exhibit 41, # 48 Exhibit 42, # 49 Exhibit 43, # 50 Exhibit 44, # 51 Exhibit 45, # 52 Exhibit 46, # 53 Exhibit 47, # 54 Exhibit 48, # 55 Exhibit 49, # 56 Exhibit 50, # 57 Exhibit 51, # 58 Exhibit 52, # 59 Exhibit 53, # 60 Exhibit 54, # 61 Exhibit 55, # 62 Exhibit 56, # 63 Exhibit 57, # 64 Exhibit 58, # 65 Exhibit 59, # 66 Exhibit 60, # 67 Exhibit 61, # 68 Exhibit 62, # 69 Exhibit 63, # 70 Exhibit 64, # 71 Exhibit 65, # 72 Exhibit 66, # 73 Exhibit 67, # 74 Exhibit 68, # 75 Exhibit 69, # 76 Exhibit 70, # 77 Exhibit 71, # 78 Exhibit 72, # 79 Exhibit 73, # 80 Exhibit 74, # 81 Exhibit 75, # 82 Exhibit 76, # 83 Exhibit 77, # 84 Exhibit 78, # 85 Exhibit 79, # 86 Exhibit 80, # 87 Exhibit 81, # 88 Exhibit 82, # 89 Exhibit 83, # 90 Exhibit 84, # 91 Exhibit 85, # 92 Exhibit 86, # 93 Exhibit 87, # 94 Exhibit 88, # 95 Exhibit 89, # 96 Exhibit 90, # 97 Exhibit 91, # 98 Exhibit 92, # 99 Exhibit 93, # 100 Exhibit 94, # 101 Exhibit 95, # 102 Exhibit 96, # 103 Exhibit 97, # 104 Certificate of Service)(Bridges, Andrew)

EXHIBIT 1

https://nyti.ms/29dNNpn

ARCHIVES

|

1993

Turning the Desktop PC Into a Talk Radio Medium
By JOHN MARKOFF

MARCH 4, 1993

About the Archive
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online
publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not
alter, edit or update them.
Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems. Please
send reports of such problems to [e-mail].

Talk radio is coming to desktop computers.
Within a few weeks, a Virginia-based entrepreneur plans to begin
broadcasting a weekly 30-minute radio talk show on Internet, the global
computer network that links together more than 10 million scientists, academics,
engineers and high-tech industry executives.
Listening to such a program via computer instead of a radio might seem
merely a digital curiosity. But many computer scientists and telecommunications
experts believe it signals the first step in a transformation in which national and
even global computer networks will fiercely compete with -- or even replace -traditional television and radio networks that broadcast over the air or transmit
by cable. Listen Now, Listen Later
Many desktop computers, including some of the less expensive models found
in the home, now have speakers and software that permit sound effects. When the
new program, to be called "Internet Talk Radio," makes its debut, Internet users
will be able to obtain it as a file of computer data, just as they might "download"
from the network a research report, data about a scientific experiment or any of
thousands of other data files.

Listeners with sufficiently sophisticated gear can listen to the program as it is
transmitted or choose to store the data in their computers and play it later.
Listeners with less sophisticated equipment can hear it only after the data have
been received and stored. Either way, the program will be divided into segments,
so those Internet users who wish can select only parts of the program listed in a
menu -- taking the book reviews, for instance, while passing up the week's news.
"We're not all going to start listening to radio on our computers yet," said
Paul Saffo, a computer industry analyst at the Institute for the Future, Menlo
Park, Calif. "But this is pregnant with possibilities. It's proof that the era of mass
media is past." For the 'Real Time' Crowd
Initially, the new digital radio program will be targeted at the programmers and
technically minded researchers who spend their days sitting in front of advanced
computers writing or manipulating software and who have the high-speed
connections to Internet that permit listening to the program in "real time" as it is
received, while continuing to do other tasks on the machine.
But the new multimedia technology is viewed as gradually having a much
broader audience as computer networks evolve from primarily a means of
carrying business or scientific data into a new digital medium that will
increasingly compete with conventional media like television, radio and
newspapers.
There are no technical reasons why a video version of a program could not be
carried on Internet, except that some portions of the network do not currently
have sufficient carrying capacity. Those limitations are likely to disappear,
however, as more of the network links are upgraded to fiber- optic circuits under
efforts like Vice President Al Gore's "data superhighway."
"It's a brilliant idea," said Nicholas Negroponte, director of the Media
Laboratory, a computer research center at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. "All of these guys -- newspapers, radio or television -- are really in
the same business. We've always thought video or audio or data are different
businesses. But today, when you radiate bits, those bits don't have to have a
specific medium attached to them."
Blending the power of the computer with conventional radio or television
could create an intriguing new media that will give viewers or listeners more
control over what they receive while allowing them to interact with the media in a
manner not now possible. Conceiveably, any Internet user could create his own

audio or video program and and make it available on the network, just as the
creator of Internet Talk Radio plans. 'Random Access Radio'
The program is the brainchild of Carl Malamud, a 33-year-old economist and
writer in Alexandria, Va., who helped pioneer a computer network for the board
of governors of the Federal Reserve Board. Mr. Malamud is the author of a
number of technical books on computer networks.
Attempting to capture the "feel" of popular radio programs such as National
Public Radio's "All Things Considered," Mr. Malamud said he believed that he
could successfully aim a commercially financed show at engineers and technically
minded computer-network users by filling a gap left by the trade newspapers.
"I call this random access radio," he said. "Our listeners can start, stop,
rewind, or otherwise control the operation of the radio station."
Mr. Malamud said the program already had three commercial sponsors: Sun
Microsystems Inc., the computer work station manufacturer; O'Reilly &
Associates, a technical book publisher, and Computer Literacy, a Silicon Valley
bookstore chain.
The program will be aviable to network users in the United States, Europe
and Japan.
Each weekly half-hour program, which will be taped and transmitted later,
will be built around an interview with a person widely known in the computer
network field -- or, as Mr. Malamud said he was dubbing the section, the "Geek of
the Week." He said the main feature would be accompanied by a number of
smaller segments that would include computer network news, gossip, book
reviews and even restaurant reviews sent in by users of the computer network.
"My view is that desktop broadcasting is an easy thing to do," he said. A
Presidential Feed
"Internet Talk Radio" is based on a series of emerging technologies being
used experimentally by many Internet users. They have been recently
experimenting with digital video conferencing, telephone calls and even music
broadcasting over the computer network.
For example, during President Clinton's visit last week to the Silicon Valley
computer maker Silicon Graphics Inc., a digitized version of the video feed of the
event to the news media was simultaneously transmitted to employees so they
could watch from their computer work stations. The same digital data stream was
also accessible to Internet users with hardware sufficient to receive it.

The data file comprising the entire half-hour program will require 15 million
bytes of computer storage space, the equivalent of about 15 good-sized novels.
Such a file, while a mere morsel for a powerful work station, would occupy a
significant portion of most home computers' storage capacity. Getting Started
Listening to the program as it is being transmitted requires a computer
network capable of supporting a stream of data of 64,000 bits a second -- a rate
that is higher than conventional personal-computer modems but well within the
reach of standard office computer networks, which can send data at speeds of up
to 10 million bits a second. A less sophisticated computer with a modem that
receives data at 2,400 bits a second would require almost 14 hours to receive the
entire program. But more sophisticated and lower-cost technology expected to be
on the market soon would make such broadcasts available on home computers.
"Internet Talk Radio" will be transmitted in an audio format that has become
a standard in the world of high-powered work stations. For personal computers,
assuming they are equipped to handle sound, various adapter products on the
market would allow the program to be heard.
Mr. Malamud said that his files would initially contain only audio, but there
is no limitation against adding additional computer instructions to expand the
power of the digital audio.
"I'm looking at equipment that lets me put signals that would do things like
allow you to move to the beginning of the next question or the next time the
speaker changes," he said. "Another possibility is to run multiple sound tracks for
translations or annotations of an interview."
Mr. Negroponte said the rapid growth of the Internet was largely being
ignored by the big players in publishing and broadcasting. Internet has expanded
so quickly that even network officials cannot say with precision how many users
there are. The best estimates indicate a global audience of more than 10 million
computer users routinely exchange information and read electronic mail using
the network.
"The big players are asleep at the wheel," Mr. Negroponte said. "This
network is growing 15 percent each month. It's not just hackers anymore."
A version of this article appears in print on March 4, 1993, on Page A00001 of the National
edition with the headline: Turning the Desktop PC Into a Talk Radio Medium.

© 2019 The New York Times Company