State of Texas et al v. United States of America et al

Filing 64

REPLY in Support of 5 Opposed MOTION for Preliminary Injunction, filed by Phil Bryant, Paul R. LePage, Patrick L. McCrory, C.L. "Butch" Otter, Bill Schuette, State of Louisiana, State of Alabama, State of Arizona, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Kansas, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of North Dakota, State of Ohio, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Texas, State of Utah, State of West Virginia, State of Wisconsin. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Ex 1, # 2 Exhibit Ex. 2, # 3 Exhibit Ex. 3, # 4 Exhibit Ex. 4, # 5 Exhibit Ex. 5, # 6 Exhibit Ex. 6, # 7 Exhibit Ex. 7, # 8 Exhibit Ex. 8, # 9 Exhibit Ex. 9.a, # 10 Exhibit Ex. 9.b, # 11 Exhibit Ex. 10.a, # 12 Exhibit Ex. 10.b, # 13 Exhibit Ex. 10.c, # 14 Exhibit Ex. 10.d, # 15 Exhibit Ex. 10.e, # 16 Exhibit Ex. 10.f, # 17 Exhibit Ex. 10.g, # 18 Exhibit Ex. 10.h, # 19 Exhibit Ex. 10.i, # 20 Exhibit Ex. 10.j, # 21 Exhibit Ex. 10.k, # 22 Exhibit Ex. 10.l, # 23 Exhibit Ex. 10.m, # 24 Exhibit Ex. 10.n, # 25 Exhibit Ex. 10.0, # 26 Exhibit Ex. 10.p, # 27 Exhibit Ex. 10.q, # 28 Exhibit Ex. 10.r, # 29 Exhibit Ex. 10.s, # 30 Exhibit Ex. 11, # 31 Exhibit Ex. 12, # 32 Exhibit Ex. 13, # 33 Exhibit Ex. 14, # 34 Exhibit Ex. 15, # 35 Exhibit Ex. 16, # 36 Exhibit Ex. 17, # 37 Exhibit Ex. 18, # 38 Exhibit Ex. 19, # 39 Exhibit Ex. 20, # 40 Exhibit Ex. 21, # 41 Exhibit Ex. 22, # 42 Exhibit Ex. 23, # 43 Exhibit Ex. 24, # 44 Exhibit Ex. 25, # 45 Exhibit Ex. 26, # 46 Exhibit Ex. 27, # 47 Exhibit Ex. 28, # 48 Exhibit Ex. 29, # 49 Exhibit Ex. 30, # 50 Exhibit Ex. 31, # 51 Exhibit Ex. 32, # 52 Exhibit Ex. 33, # 53 Exhibit Ex. 34, # 54 Exhibit Ex. 35)(Oldham, Andrew)

EXHIBIT 14

App. 0749

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
BROWNSVILLE DIVISION

STATE OF TEXAS, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al.,
Defendants

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-00254

DECLARATION OF KARL ESCHBACH, Ph.D.
My name is Karl Eschbach, and I am over the age of 18 and fully competent in
all respects to make this declaration. I have personal knowledge and expertise of the
matters herein stated.
I.

Qualifications
1.

I am a demographer, with a Ph.D. from the department of sociology at

Harvard University (1992), and a post-doctoral traineeship in demography
sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at
the University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology (1993-1995). I am
Professor and Director of Population Research at the University of Texas Medical
Branch in Galveston, Texas.
2.

My research specializations are in the areas of racial and ethnic

demography and health disparities, with a particular focus on Hispanic and the
American Indian populations. I have published peer-reviewed research articles on
illegal migration and on health and healthcare use among immigrants. I have
1

App. 0750

served as the elected Chair of the Caucus of Refugee and Immigrant Health in
association with the American Public Health Association, and have served by
appointment of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs on the Department of Veterans
Affairs Health Services Research and Development Scientific Merit Review Board,
with a principal assignment to evaluate proposals pertaining to population
disparities in health care use and outcomes. I was appointed by Governor Rick Perry
to serve as the State Demographer of Texas, and held this position from 2008 to
2010. As the State Demographer, I had a statutory responsibility to advise the
legislative and executive branches of the Government of Texas on the implications
of demographic trends on State service demands. As part of these duties, I reviewed
current information about the volume of unauthorized migration to the state of
Texas.
Attached to this declaration are true and correct copies of the following

3.
documents:
•

Appendix 1 includes my curriculum vitae and lists my publications in the last
ten years.

•

Appendix 2 sets forth the cases in which I have testified in deposition or at trial
during the last four years.

II.

Scope of Inquiry
4.

I have been retained in this case by the Office of the Attorney General

of Texas to analyze the following three issues: (1) whether the 2012 Deferred Action
for Childhood Arrival (DACA) program caused an increase in the unauthorized

2

App. 0751

immigrant population, and whether the 2012 Deferred Action for Parental
Accountability (DAPA) program likely would cause a concomitant increase in the
unauthorized immigrant population; (2) the method for counting the unauthorized
immigrant population and the number of unauthorized immigrants that reside in
Texas; and (3) whether unauthorized immigrants receive a disproportionate amount
of uncompensated healthcare.
III.
5.

Summary of Opinions
Based on my education, qualifications, experience, and knowledge of the

relevant scientific literature, the following findings are offered as my expert scientific
opinion.
a. It is my opinion that DAPA will discernibly and significantly increase
unauthorized immigration to the United States in two ways. First, policies
like DACA and DAPA will have a positive effect on increasing the size of
the unauthorized population. These policies, which offer deferred action
status and work authorization to eligible unauthorized individuals,
encourage those eligible to stay in the United States and incentivizes other
ineligible unauthorized immigrants to remain in the United States with the
hope that they will be the beneficiaries of a future adjustment of status. As
a result, the number of unauthorized immigrants will increase in the
United States by making self-deportation a less attractive option. Second,
the DAPA program will likely make it more attractive for unauthorized
immigrants to migrate to the United States. Given that the DAPA program

3

App. 0752

is the second time the government has offered deferred action status to a
class of unauthorized immigrants and has provided them work
authorizations, individuals may be encouraged that if they enter the United
States illegally, the government will grant them the same benefits in a
future program.

It is therefore reasonable to conclude that with the

implementation of the DAPA program, other things equal, we will see
similar patterns of increased migration of unauthorized immigrants just as
was present post-DACA.
b. It is my opinion that the low rates of private market health insurance
coverage for unauthorized immigrants residing in the United States, as
well as their exclusion from coverage from most public programs and from
market exchanges under the Affordable Care Act result in disproportionate
use of uncompensated care, resulting in a substantial burden on states and
sub-state jurisdictions with heavy representation of unauthorized
immigrant populations.
The basis for each of these findings is explained in more detail below.
IV.

Counting the Unauthorized Immigrant Population
6.

Following the implementation of the Immigration Reform and Control

Act (IRCA), trends in resident unauthorized populations have been studied using a
residual methodology to infer the size and characteristics of the unauthorized

4

App. 0753

population by subtracting the known legally present immigrant population from the
total immigrant population estimated from United States Census Bureau surveys.1
7.

This methodology has gained wide acceptance among demographers and

immigration scholars. Concordant estimates of the resident unauthorized population
have been regularly produced using this methodology by the statistics office of the
Department of Homeland Security,2 and by the Pew Hispanic Center, a non-profit
research institute.3 A retrospective annual time series for the period from 1990 to
2010 was published as peer-reviewed research.4
8.

Table 1 below shows that the estimates of the size of the unauthorized

population produced in these three implementations of the residual methodology are
highly concordant.

Robert Warren & Jeffrey S. Passel, A Count of the Uncountable: Estimates of
Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 United States Census, 24 DEMOGRAPHY 375
(1987); Frank D. Bean et al., The Quantification of Migration Between Mexico and the United
States, in 1 MIGRATION BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES: BINATIONAL STUDY 1-89
(Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs & U.S. Comm’n on Immigration Reform, 1998).
2 Bryan Baker & Nancy Rytina, Dep’t of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration
Stat., Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States:
January 2012 (2013).
3 Jeffrey S. Passel & D’Vera Cohn, Pew Research Ctr. Hispanic Trends Project,
Unauthorized Immigrant Totals Rise in 7 States, Fall in 14 (Nov. 18, 2014).
4 Robert Warren & John Robert Warren, Unauthorized Immigration to the United
States: Annual Estimates and Components of Change, by State, 1990 to 2010, 47 INT’L
MIGRATION REV. 296 (2013).
1

5

App. 0754

Table 1: Estimated Unauthorized Immigrant Resident Population using the
Residual Method, 3 Sources, for Selected Years
Pew
Hispanic
Center
United States
na
8.600
12.200
11.400
11.200
11.300

Department of
Homeland Security

Year
1990
2000
2007*
2010
2012
2013

Na
8.460
11.780
11.590
11.430
Na

Warren & Warren
3.500
8.600
11.981
11.725
Na
Na

Texas
1990
na
na
0.440
2000
1.090
1.050
1.127
2007*
1.680
1.550
1.616
2010
1.770
1.650
1.608
2012
1.830
1.650
Na
Sources: Baker & Rytina, supra note 2; Warren & Warren, supra note 4; Passel & Cohn,
supra note 3.
*2007 is the peak year to date for the unauthorized population of the United States in all
three estimate series, with subsequent declines attributable to the effects of the recession in
the U.S. economy on labor demand.

9.

The size of the 2010 resident unauthorized population in the United

States was between 11.4 and 11.7 million in each estimated series. The size of the
estimated unauthorized resident population in Texas was between 1.6 and nearly 1.8
million. While the estimates vary because of the use of different data series and
slightly different assumptions about detailed components of the estimate, these
results are highly consistent as to the current size of the population and have been
widely accepted in peer-reviewed demographic literature.

6

App. 0755

V.

The Influence of DACA and DAPA on Unauthorized Immigrant
Migration Patterns
10.

To consider the effect of DACA and DAPA, it is important to draw on a

conceptual understanding of how these policies are likely to affect the behavior of
unauthorized immigrants. Unauthorized migration is a process that occurs over time
rather than a fixed event. Potential unauthorized migrants face an initial decision
about whether to make an unauthorized entry. Subsequently, migrants must make
continuous decisions about whether to remain in the United States or return to their
country of origin, and if the latter, whether to return to the United States. These
decisions also influence, and are influenced by, decisions about whether to form a
family, where that family will locate, and the development of job-specific skills.5
11.

The most important factors influencing these choices are likely to be

based on relative wages and job opportunities in the United States and in the country
of origin.6

Immigration policies, including the level of border and workplace

enforcement, also represent one factor that influences an individual’s decision
whether to migrate or not to migrate to the United States.7

Douglas S. Massey & Kristin E. Espinosa, What’s Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A
Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis, 102 AM. J. SOC. 939 (1997).
6 Gordon H. Hanson, Illegal Migration from Mexico to the United States, 44 J. ECON.
LITERATURE 869 (2006); Gordon H. Hanson & Antonio Spilimbergo, Illegal Immigration,
Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico
Border, 89 AM. ECON. REV. 1337 (1999).
7 Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes et al., How Do Tougher Immigration Measures Affect
Unauthorized Immigrants?, 50 DEMOGRAPHY 1067 (2013); Pia M. Orrenius & Madeline
Zavodny, Do Amnesty Programs Reduce Undocumented Immigration? Evidence from IRCA,
40 DEMOGRAPHY 437 (2003); Hanson & Spilimbergo, supra note 6.
5

7

App. 0756

12.

The dynamism of the unauthorized immigrant population is reflected in

the following table:
Table 2: Estimates of the Total Unauthorized Immigrant Population of the United
States and Annual Components of Population Change: 1990-2010

Year
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990

Unauthorized
Immigrants,
Jan. 1
(1)
11,725
11,899
12,009
11,981
11,714
11,317
10,978
10,692
10,259
9,620
8,600
7,827
7,210
6,763
6,291
5,720
5,253
4,925
4,587
4,135
3,500

Annual Net
Change
(2) = (3) – (4)

Entered
the
Population
(3)

Left the
Population
(4) =∑ (5 to 8)

(174)
(110)
27
267
397
339
286
434
638
1,020
773
616
448
472
571
467
327
339
452
635

384
439
558
749
873
813
779
906
1,146
1,389
1,132
954
759
756
822
700
557
559
649
816

558
549
531
482
476
474
493
473
508
369
358
338
311
284
251
233
229
220
197
181

Method of Leaving the Population
Adjusted
to
Lawful
Removed
Emigrated
Status
by DHS
Died
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
243
252
258
256
250
247
244
237
223
198
198
182
170
161
150
138
130
124
116
103

104
100
94
64
79
84
120
115
176
73
60
61
54
55
42
38
45
43
35
38

165
150
133
117
103
100
88
81
71
65
65
65
59
41
36
35
34
34
29
25

Source: Warren & Warren, supra note 4.

13.

This table shows that the unauthorized immigrant population reflects

not only new arrivals but also four ways in which people leave the population: (i)
emigration or voluntary self-deportation; (ii) adjustment to lawful status; (iii)
removal; and (iv) mortality.
14.

DACA and DAPA represent important policy choices that operate by

deferring enforcement action in ways that increase eligibility to work and allow
individuals to remain in the United States without fear of immediate deportation.
8

App. 0757

46
46
46
45
44
42
41
40
37
33
35
30
28
26
24
22
20
19
17
15

The DACA program, which was initiated by President Obama in June 2012, allows
certain unauthorized immigrants who entered the country before their sixteenth
birthday to receive work authorization and exemption from deportation. At the
initiation of this program, the Pew Research Center estimated that up to 1.7 million
people might be eligible for the DACA deferred action status.8 It is my understanding
that as of December 19, 2014, USCIS has granted DACA status to about 636,000
individuals.
15.

In November 2014, President Obama announced the DAPA program,

purportedly aimed at reducing unauthorized immigration at the border. Among the
initiatives included in the executive action, the new policy would allow parents of
United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who have been present in the
country since January 1, 2010 to request deferred action and employment
authorization for three years, in the new DAPA program. DHS has estimated that
the new deferred action program could extend to approximately 4 million individuals
nationwide.9
16.

DACA and DAPA will impact decisions on whether to remain or come to

the United States with respect to three groups: (i) unauthorized immigrants directly
eligible for the programs; (ii) potential migrants; and (iii) other unauthorized

Jeffrey S. Passel & Mark Hugo Lopez, Pew Research Ctr. Hispanic Trends Project,
Up to 1.7 Million Unauthorized Immigrant Youth May Benefit from New Deportation Rules
(Aug. 14, 2012).
9 Memorandum Opinion for the Secretary of Homeland Security, from Karl R.
Thompson, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, The
Department of Homeland Security’s Authority to Prioritize Removal of Certain Aliens
Unlawfully Present in the United States and to Defer Removal of Others at 30 (Nov. 19, 2014).
8

9

App. 0758

immigrants already present in the United States. As to each of these categories,
DACA and DAPA change the calculation of benefits associated with coming to, or
remaining in, the United States.
17.

For those individuals directly covered by DACA and DAPA, the policies

increase the size of the unauthorized population insofar as they defer the deportation
of unauthorized immigrants who meet certain eligibility criteria and who would
otherwise have been identified by the Department of Homeland Security and subject
to deportation within the time period specified in the programs.10

A second

unambiguous effect is that the programs will reduce the incentive to self-deport based
on the provision of work authorization and the removal of fear of deportation.
18.

DACA and DAPA may also influence the decisions of potential migrants

and other unauthorized immigrants already present in the United States.
Specifically, these individuals may be encouraged by these programs to immigrate
without authorization or to remain in the United States because of a potential ability
to receive an adjustment despite a failure to qualify for its provisions, or in
anticipation that the programmatic relaxing of enforcement will be further extended
in the future to them or their family members.

Recent estimates by Warren and Warren suggest an annual removal rate for the
resident unauthorized immigrant population in the range of 1 percent and an estimated
emigration rate in the range of 2 to 3 percent. Applying these rates to the population offered
deferred action pursuant to DACA and DAPA provides a crude estimate of an increase in the
stock of resident unauthorized immigrants of 3 percent of the enrollees in the program for
each year of their participation. The actual number of reduced deportations/deferrals may
vary if the emigration/deportation rate in the program eligible population is different from
the overall number, or if eligible unauthorized immigrants choose to emigrate voluntarily
despite their benefits under DACA and DAPA. See Warren & Warren, supra note 4.
10

10

App. 0759

19.

In short, the effect of DACA and DAPA is to incentivize residents of

other countries to come to the United States. The policies also encourage individuals
who are already present in the United States to remain with the hope that they would
have a future adjustment of status.

Based on my education, qualifications,

experience, and knowledge of the relevant scientific literature, it is my expert opinion
there will be a positive effect on the size of the unauthorized immigrant population
in Texas and elsewhere in the United States based on DACA and DAPA.
VI.

The Failure of Immigration Policies to Reduce Unauthorized
Immigrant Flows Into the United States
20.

In considering the effects of DACA and the potential effects of DAPA, we

can turn to the literature regarding the largest status adjustment policy in United
States history. IRCA was enacted on November 6, 1986, and at that time, was a
major policy change in United States immigration law. One of the main provisions
of the Act was a legalization program that granted amnesty to unauthorized
immigrants who could prove they had resided in the United States continuously since
January 1, 1982.

As a result of IRCA, approximately 3 million unauthorized

immigrants were granted legal permanent resident status.
21.

The original promise of IRCA was that the amnesty, together with

increased enforcement and provisions for employer sanctions, would reduce the
impacts of unauthorized migration by the combination of these components. The logic
of the policy is that the adjustment in status of a substantial portion of the resident
unauthorized population would provide a practical accommodation to the presence of
a large resident unauthorized immigrant population that occupied an important role
11

App. 0760

in the labor markets of areas where the population was concentrated, while enhanced
enforcement would reduce future growth of the population.11
22.

In the 25 years after IRCA was implemented, there has not been a

significant decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants entering the United
States. Instead, the unauthorized population has surged to 11.7 million individuals
since its implementation. Further, Warren and Warren’s estimates imply a growth
of 8.5 million between 1990 and 2007, nearly 3 times the legalized population at the
time IRCA was passed.12
23.

Evaluations of the impact of IRCA have concluded that the program

failed to accomplish its goals.13 The resident unauthorized immigrant population was
initially reduced through adjustments in status but subsequently returned to its
previous trajectory of growth, as reflected in Table 1. Many analysts concluded that
the principal restructuring that occurred in response to IRCA was longer sojourns or
permanent shifts of residence in the United States by persons who would have
otherwise have spent larger portions of time in their country of origin.14 This flow of
unauthorized entrants across the border was responsive to many influences,

Jeffrey S. Passel et al., Undocumented Migration Since IRCA: An Overall
Assessment, in UNDOCUMENTED MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES: IRCA AND THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE 1980S 251-264 (Frank D. Bean et al. eds., 1990).
12 See Warren & Warren, supra note 4.
13 Katharine M. Donato et al., Stemming the Tide? Assessing the Deterrent Effects of
the Immigration Reform and Control Act, 29 DEMOGRAPHY 139 (1992); Orrenius & Zavodny,
supra note 7.
14 Belinda I. Reyes et al., Pub. Policy Institute of Cal., Holding the Line? The Effect of
the Recent Border Build-Up on Unauthorized Immigration (2002).
11

12

App. 0761

including primarily perceptions of relative employment opportunities and wage
rates.15
24.

One source of data used to evaluate trends in unauthorized immigration

flows is the time series of apprehensions of persons attempting entry without
authorization. The interpretation of trends in apprehension data is not
straightforward.16

For example, an increase in apprehensions may reflect an

increased volume of attempted unauthorized entry, or it may reflect a change in the
effectiveness of border enforcement or in the efficiency of smuggling operations in
transporting unauthorized immigrants past border surveillance without detection.
Apprehension and prompt removal of persons who attempt entry may inflate
apprehension counts relative to the volume of persons who successfully enter the
United States illegally if unauthorized immigrants make repeated attempts to enter
until they are successful.

Analysts have identified some of these confounding

influences on trend data on immigrations, and find it useful to identify trends in
migration flows, with allowance for confounders.17
25.

The number of unaccompanied children (UAC) apprehensions has

increased in the past six years and has surged in the last two years. At the time
DACA was initiated, the yearly total for border apprehensions of UAC in FY 2012

Hanson, supra note 6; Hanson & Spilimbergo, supra note 6.
Thomas J. Espenshade, Using INS Border Apprehension Data to Measure the Flow
of Undocumented Migrants Crossing the U.S.-Mexico Frontier, 29 INT’L MIGRATION REV. 545
(1995).
17 Hanson & Spilimbergo, supra note 6; Bean et al., supra note 1.
15

16

13

App. 0762

App. 0763

entry post-DACA leads, at minimum, to the conclusion that there is no evidence that
DACA policy has contributed to a decrease in unauthorized immigration. One of the
stated purposes of the policy has been to redirect the enforcement activities of the
Department of Homeland Security to higher priority activities. But just the reverse
has occurred. While DACA has not been shown to be the principal cause of the surge,
it is reasonable to hypothesize that it has contributed to a climate of expectations
among persons contemplating an unauthorized entry that status adjustments may
be available to resident unauthorized children.
27.

A conservative summary of the status adjustment provisions of IRCA

and DACA is that there is no theoretical basis or empirical evidence that such an
adjustment contributes to a reduction of future unauthorized entry or population
growth except for the bookkeeping adjustment of reclassifying some unauthorized
entrants and residents as authorized. It seems virtually certain that the work
authorization and deferral of deportation would have a direct effect of decreasing
voluntary return and deportation, with the effect of increasing the size of the resident
unauthorized population in Texas and the United States.
28.

There is also reasonable theoretical ground for believing that both the

demonstration effect to future potential unauthorized entrants of repeated post hoc
status adjustments, as well as the expansion of an authorized resident population
that may anchor future unauthorized immigration, would have the expected effect of
increasing subsequent growth of the unauthorized population. The empirical record

15

App. 0764

is that status adjustment programs have preceded increases rather than decreases of
stocks and flows of unauthorized immigration.
VII.

29.

Unauthorized Immigrants Receive a Disproportionate Amount of
Uncompensated Healthcare
There is substantial evidence that unauthorized immigrants have few

opportunities for sponsored health care throughout the United States. Rates of
private market insurance are low among unauthorized populations. A recent study
combining information from the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program
Participation and American Community Survey estimated that 71% of unauthorized
immigrant adults lacked any form of health insurance,18 a finding that is concordant
with more direct survey estimates for regional and local sub-populations.19
30.

Unauthorized immigrants do not use healthcare at high rates.

Unauthorized immigrants appear to have lower rates of morbidity than U.S. native
populations. This is a common finding for immigrant populations because migration
is frequently health-selective—that is, people with better health are more likely to
join immigration streams. It is also likely that poorer access to care means that
unauthorized immigrants are more likely to have undiagnosed conditions, and hence
fail to present for treatment.20

Randy Capps et al., Migration Policy Inst., A Demographic, Socioeconomic, and
Health Coverage Profile of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States (May 2013).
19 Dana P. Goldman et al., Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants, 24
HEALTH AFF. 1640 (2005).
20 Silvia Helena Barcellos et al., Undiagnosed Disease, Especially Diabetes, Casts
Doubt on Some of the Reported Health “Advantage” of Recent Mexican Immigrants, 31
HEALTH AFF. 2727 (2012); Wassim Tarraf et al., Emergency Department Service Use Among
Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Groups in the United States, 16 J. IMMIGRANT & MINORITY
HEALTH 595 (2014).
18

16

App. 0765

31.

When they do get sick, immigrants are less likely to seek medical care

than other populations because of lower rates of health insurance coverage and other
barriers to care.21 The one exception to this pattern of lower health care use is that
unauthorized immigrants use a higher volume of services than most other
populations for labor and delivery.22
32.

When

they

do

use

healthcare,

unauthorized

immigrants

disproportionally use uncompensated care. Using an application of the residual
method described above to create estimates of unauthorized immigrant populations
to data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, Professor Stimpson and
colleagues estimated that between 2000 and 2009, unauthorized immigrants were
more than twice as likely as U.S. natives to use uncompensated care, and had higher
rates of use of uncompensated care than all other immigrant status groups.23

Marc L. Berk & Claudia L. Schur, The Effect of Fear on Access to Care Among
Undocumented Immigrants, 3 J. IMMIGRANT HEALTH 151 (2001); Marc L. Berk et al., Health
Care Use Among Undocumented Latino Immigrants, 19 HEALTH AFF. 51 (2000); Kathryn
Derose et al., Immigrants and Health Care: Sources of Vulnerability, 26 HEALTH AFF. 1258
(2007).
22 Berk et al., supra note 20; C. Annette DuBard & Mark W. Massing, Trends in
Emergency Medicaid Expenditures for Recent and Undocumented Immigrants, 297 J. AM.
MED. ASS’N 1085 (2007).
23 Jim P. Stimpson et al., Unauthorized Immigrants Spend Less Than Other
Immigrants and US Natives on Health Care, 32 HEALTH AFF. 1313 (2013); Jim P. Stimpson
et al., ED Visits and Spending by Unauthorized Immigrants Compared With Legal
Immigrants and US Natives, 32 AM J. EMERGENCY MED. 679 (2014).
21

17

App. 0766

Table 3: Health Care Spending by Nativity And Legal Status Of
Respondents To The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000-09
Status
_______________________________________________________________
Unauthorized
Legal
Naturalized
Immigrant
resident
citizen
US native

PERCENT OF POPULATION HAVING:
Any health care expenses 60
Any uncompensated care 5.9

72
4.7

83
2.3

87
2.8

EXPENDITURES
Average annual (millions
of 2009 $)
15,370
Percent of US expenditures 1.4

28,473
2.5

52,621
4.7

1,028,229
91.4

Source: Stimpson et al., Unauthorized Immigrants Spend Less, supra note 23 (Ex.
1).
33.

Health care providers in states, including Texas, that have a

disproportionate

burden

of

resident

unauthorized

populations,

disproportionate burden of providing uncompensated care.

have

a

Estimates from the

residual method presented in Table 1 above are that the unauthorized immigrant
population in Texas is between 1.65 and 1.83 million as of 2012. The Texas Health
and Human Services Commission (HHSC) has estimated that the State’s public
hospital district facilities incurred approximately $596.8 million in uncompensated
care for unauthorized immigrants in FY 2006 and $716.8 million in FY 2008.24
34.

These unauthorized immigrants disproportionally reside in a few

jurisdictions, including the Harris County Health District and Dallas County Health
District.

As a result, these jurisdictions have a disproportionate burden of

Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Report to the United States Congress on
Services and Benefits Provided to Undocumented Immigrants at 4-10 (2008) (“HHSC 2008
Report”); Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Report on Services and Benefits Provided to
Undocumented Immigrants at 6-12 (2010) (“HHSC 2010 Report”)
24

18

App. 0767

uncompensated care.

For example, out of the estimated $596.8 million in

uncompensated care provided to unauthorized immigrants by public hospital
facilities in FY 2006, approximately $215.4 million was incurred at Harris County
facilities and $134.7 million was incurred at Dallas County facilities.25 Out of the
estimated $716.8 million in uncompensated care provided to unauthorized
immigrants by public hospital facilities in FY 2008, approximately $239.7 million was
incurred at Harris County facilities and $175.5 million was incurred at Dallas County
facilities.26
35.

Unauthorized immigrants residing in Texas also receive healthcare

services and benefits from several public programs through the State’s HHSC. For
example, unauthorized immigrants are eligible for Texas Emergency Medicaid, which
provides Medicaid coverage limited to emergency medical conditions, generally
defined to mean conditions that, in the absence of immediate medical attention, could
reasonably be expected to place the patient’s health in serious jeopardy or cause
serious impairment or dysfunction to the patient’s bodily functions or organs.27
According to reports compiled by HHSC, the total estimated cost to the State for the
provision of Emergency Medicaid services to unauthorized immigrants residing in
Texas was approximately $80 million in FY 2007, $62 million in FY 2009, and $71
million in FY 2011.28

HHSC 2008 Report, supra note 24, at 6-10.
HHSC 2010 Report, supra note 24, at 8-12.
27 Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Texas Works Handbook (2014) (glossary),
available at http://www.dads.state.tx.us/handbooks/TexasWorks/glossary/index.htm#emc.
28 HHSC 2008 Report, supra note 24, at 3; HHSC 2010 Report, supra note 24, at 4;
Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Report on Texas Health and Human Services
25

26

19

App. 0768

36.

Unauthorized immigrants also may be entitled to receive Texas

Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Perinatal Coverage, which provides
prenatal care for the unborn children of women whose income is up to 200% federal
poverty level and who do not qualify for Medicaid. This coverage includes prenatal
visits, labor with delivery, and upon the birth of the child, any regular checkups,
vaccines, and medicines ordered by the doctor.29 HHSC estimates that the total cost
to Texas for CHIP Perinatal Coverage to unauthorized immigrants residing in the
State was $33 million in FY 2009 and $35 million in FY 2011.30
37.

In addition, the State’s Family Violence Program (FVP) contracts with

non-profit agencies to provide essential services to family violence victims, including
unauthorized immigrants. The FVP’s services include temporary 24-hour shelter,
counseling, assistance in obtaining medical care, and emergency transportation.31
HHSC estimates that the total cost to the State for the provision of direct FVP
services to unauthorized immigrants residing in Texas was $1.2 million in FY 2007,
$1.3 million in FY 2009, and $1.3 million in FY 2011.32
38.

All of the facts and information contained within this declaration are

within my personal knowledge and are true and correct to the best of my knowledge.

Commission Services and Benefits Provided to Undocumented Immigrants at 6 (2013)
(“HHSC 2013 Report”).
29 Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, CHIP Perinatal (2014), available at
http://chipmedicaid.org/en/CHIP-Perinatal.
30 HHSC 2010 Report, supra note 24, at 5; HHSC 2013 Report, supra note 28, at 8.
31 Tex. Health & Human Servs. Comm’n, Family Violence Program (2014), available
at http://www.hhsc.state.tx.us/help/family-violence.shtml.
32 HHSC 2008 Report, supra note 24, at 4; HHSC 2010 Report, supra note 24, at 4;
HHSC 2013 Report, supra note 28, at 7.

20

App. 0769

App. 0770

Appendix 1 to
Declaration of Karl Eschbach, Ph. D.

App. 0771

Date: 12/2014
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: Karl Eschbach
PRESENT POSITION AND ADDRESS:
Professor and Director of Population Research,
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics
University of Texas Medical Branch
301 University Blvd.
Galveston, TX 77555-0177
[e-mail]
[phone] Office
[phone] Mobile

EDUCATION:
2001-2002
1993-1995
1988-1992
1985-1988
June 1984

NIA Fellow, Health of Older Minorities, UTMB Sealy Center on Aging
NICHD post-doctoral fellowship, Center for Demography and Ecology,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Ph.D. in Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
M.A. in Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
B.A. summa cum laude in Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,

PA

PROFESSIONAL AND TEACHING EXPERIENCE:
20102007-2010
2007-2010
2003-2007

1998
1995–2004
1995
1992-1993

Professor (with tenure) Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics;
Associate Director, Institute for Demographic and Socioeconomic Research, University of Texas
at San Antonio (Interim Director, 2007-8)
Associate Professor to Professor, Department of Demography, University of Texas at San
Antonio
Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics &
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine and
Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
Visiting Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Rice University
Assistant to Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Houston
Lecturer, Dept. of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Lecturer, Committee on Social Studies; Research Fellow, Malcolm Wiener Center for
Social Policy, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

HONORS
University of Pennsylvania, B.A. awarded summa cum laude; Benjamin Franklin National Scholar, 1984
Research Associate, Center for Immigration Research, University of Houston, 1996-2004
Member, Executive Board, Texas Economic and Demographics Association, Houston Chapter, 2000-2006
Senior Fellow, Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, October
2009-.
Chair, Caucus on Immigrant and Refugee Health, American Public Health Association, 2004-2006 ;
Program Co-Chair 2002-2004.

App. 0772

Senior Research Associate, University of Houston, Center for Public Policy, September 2007Dean’s Award for Research Excellence, University of Texas at San Antonio, College of Public Policy,
September 2008.
Adjunct Associate Professor, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Preventive
Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. September
2007-August 2009.
Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Texas at Houston, School of Public Health, San Antonio
Regional Campus, Spring 2009-August 2009.
Texas State Demographer, 2008-2010 (Appointed by Governor of Texas)
Fellow, Center to Eliminate Health Disparities, University of Texas Medical Branch
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES:
Area of research
Applied Demography
Demography of racial and ethnic populations
Racial and ethnic disparities
Social Epidemiology
Official Statistics
Current Grant/Contract support
Comparative Effectiveness Research on Cancer in Texas (CERCIT) Goodwin (PI)08/01/10-07/31/15
Cancer Prevention Research Institute for Texas
$2,000,000
The overall goal of CERCIT is to create a statewide resource for outcomes and comparative effectiveness
research in cancer for Texas. To accomplish this goal, we will 1) link data from the Texas Cancer Registry
to Medicare, Medicaid and private insurance data for residents of Texas, making these data available to
investigators throughout the state; 2) use the data sets to examine the entire trajectory of cancer care in
Texas; and 3) train the next generation of cancer outcomes and comparative effectiveness investigators
in Texas
1R03!G046409-01 Graham JE (PI)
9/30/2013-6/30/2014
.06 Cal Mnths
Archiving Four New Datasets from the Longitudinal Hispanic EPESE Study Graham (PI)
The goal of this grant is to create and share a public archive of data collected in the recent waves of data
collection for the Hispanic EPESE project,
R01 AG10939 (Kyriakos Markides, PI).
.024 Cal Mnths
Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly.
National Institute on Aging.
The goal of the Hispanic EPESE is to follow a cohort of community dwelling older Mexican Americans as
they age, collecting information about physical function, mortality, morbidity, social and economic
resources for purpose of description and investigation of the interrelationship of these variables in aging
in this population.
Role: Co-investigator

2

App. 0773

Completed Grant/Contract Support
1R01 CA134275 Goodwin, J (PI)
07/17/2008 – 06/30/2013
1.20 cal mths
NIH
$250,000
Understanding Mechanisms of Ethnic Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening
This study involves conducting explanatory analyses with 100% Medicare claims data to develop
methods to measure the performance of individual primary care physicians in providing screening for
colorectal cancer (CRC) for patients. Of particular interest is how individual physicians' performance
contributes to racial disparities in screening use.

PL106310 Sec. 1004 C. Kosinetz, M Forman (PIs)
9/26/2008 - 9/25/2011 .60 cal mths
NICHD, NIEHS, CDC, EPA
$3,262,527
Title of Project Harris County Hospital University National Children's Study
Project Goal To to examine the effects of environmental influences on the health and development of
more than 100,000 children across the US, from before birth until age 21.

P50-CA105631 Goodwin (PI)
09/01/03-08/31/10
7.20 cal mths
NIH-NCI
UTMB Center for Population Health and Health Disparities
The overall theme of the UTMB Center for Population Health and Health Disparities is to understand the
mechanisms responsible for lower cancer incidence, lower prevalence of other diseases, and lower
mortality associated with the increasing percent of Hispanics in the neighborhood.
Methodist Healthcare Ministries.
Children’s Medicaid Eligibility and Utilization for Texas Counties 3/2008 - 2/2009 $105,000
Role: Principal Investigator
Texas Workforce Commission
Allocation Factors for Local Workforce Development Areas 3/1/2008 - 2/1/2009 $31,729
Role: Principal Investigator
Texas Legislative Council
Interagency Cooperation Contract
Role: Principal Investigator

9/1/2007 - 8/31/2008

$277,849

Texas Department of Transportation.
Estimated Impact of the 2010 Census on the PTN Funding Formula. 9/2008 - 2/2010 $134,623
Role: Principal Investigator
Texas Department of Transportation.
Impacts of current and future demographic trends on transportation planning in Texas
9/2007-8/2008
Role Principal Investigator

3

App. 0774

Methodist Healthcare Ministries
Projections of Obesity and Diabetes Prevalence for Counties in Texas.
Role: Principal investigator (Assumed from grant to Steve H. Murdock)

8/2007-2/2008

R21 AT002849 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
CAM Use in Hispanics 75+ Years Old in US & Mexico (Jose Loera, MD, PI) 3/2005-2/2007
Role: Co-investigator
Grant # 4368. Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, Austin, Texas.
Psychological distress among Mexican-origin populations in the United States.
2002-2003
Role: Principal investigator.
United States. Department of the Interior. Minerals Management Service.
The Impact of Outer Continental Shelf Activity on Selected Communities and Institutions on the Gulf
Coast. (John Petterson, PI)
1999-2001
Role: Co-investigator
Trull Foundation, Palacios Texas.
Migrant Death at the US - Mexico Border (Nestor Rodríguez, PI)
Role: Co-investigator

1995-1997

TEACHING
Courses Taught
Aging
Health Promotion
Introductory Sociology
Political Sociology
Population/demographic techniques
Racial and ethnic relations
Research methods
Social Epidemiology
Urban sociology
Great Syndromes (Course facilitator, M.D. curriculum, 2nd Year Problem-Based-Learning Class)
Doctoral Committees
Robert Burns (1999-2000) University of Houston, Political Science
Hilary Fried, (2000-2001) University of Houston, Psychology
Gregg Murray (2002-3) University of Houston, Political Science

4

App. 0775

Kushang Patel (2002-4) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health
Rosa Davíla (2003-7) University of Texas-Houston, School of Public Health
J. Fred Thomas (2004-7) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health (Chair)
Frank Lemus (2004-7) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health
Bret Howrey (2006-9) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health
Mary Bollinger (2008-10) UTSA, Demography and Organization Studies
ThuyQyunh Do (2011-2013) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health
Alyssa Shell (2012-2013) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health
Lawrence Panas (2011-2013) UTMB, Preventive Medicine & Community Health (Chair)
Nitha Mathew (2013-2014) UTMB, School of Nursing
Professional Service
State of Texas representative to US. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program, Federal-State
Cooperative on Estimates/Projection, 2007-2010
Member, State of Texas, Homeland Security Council, 2007-2010
Texas Education Reform Foundation, Commitment to Excellence Steering Committee, 2009
Member, San Antonio/Bexar County 2010 Census Complete Count Committee
Member, City of San Antonio Vision 2050 Airport Master Plan Technical Advisory Committee

University Service
University of Houston
Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department. of Sociology, 2000-2
Member-at-large, Curriculum Committee, College of Social Science, 1998-2000
Member, Curriculum Committee, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 2001-2
Member, Undergraduate Committee, Department of Sociology, 1996-7, 1999-2001, 2002-3
Member, Graduate Committee, Department of Sociology, 1995-6, 1997-9
University of Texas Medical Branch
Director, Health of Older Minorities Post-Doctoral Training Program (JS Goodwin PI) 2003-7
Post-doctoral Advisory Committee, Graduate School of Behavioral Sciences, 2013Admissions Committee, School of Medicine, 2013Graduate Policy Committee, Preventive Medicine & Community Health, 2012University of Texas at San Antonio
Member, Graduate Council 2007-9
Member, College of Public Policy, Faculty Review Advisory Committee 2007-8
Graduate Advisor of Record, Department of Demography and Organization Studies, 2008-2010
Co-chair, Health Disparities Task Force, 2008-2010

MEMBERSHIP IN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES/PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
American Economic Association

5

App. 0776

American Public Health Association
Gerontological Society of America
Population Association of America
Population Reference Bureau
JOURNAL/GRANT REVIEWER:
Editorial Board
Sociological Inquiry, 1993-1997
Journal of Aging and Health, 2006-2008
Journal of Applied Gerontology, 2007-2010
Journal Reviewer for
American Indian Culture and Research Journal, American Journal of Epidemiology, American Journal of
Public Health, American Sociological Review, Cancer, Demography, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Journals of
Gerontology: Social Sciences, Social Forces, Social Science & Medicine, Social Science Quarterly, Social
Science Research
Grant Reviewer for
Guest member, NIH study section on Social Psychology, Personality, and Interpersonal Processes (June
2005)
Member, Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Services Research and Development Service, Scientific
Merit Review Board (Guest, 2005-2006; Regular member, June, 2006-June, 2010).

PUBLICATIONS
Peer-reviewed journals
1.
2.
3.

4.

Eschbach K. Changing Identification among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Demography.
1993; 30:635-652.
Eschbach K. The enduring and vanishing American Indian: American Indian population growth
and intermarriage in 1990. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 1995; 18(1):89-108.
Waters M, Eschbach K. Immigration and Ethnic and Racial Inequality in the United States. Annual
Review of Sociology. 1995; 21:419-446. Reprinted in:
a. Mobasher, M. and Sadri, M. eds. Migration, Globalization and Ethnic Relations: An
Interdisciplinary Approach. Prentice Hall; 2004.
b. Cross, M. ed. The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. Volume 1. Edward Elgar; 2001.
c. Yetman, N. ed. Majority and Minority: The Dynamics of Race and Ethnicity in American
Life. Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon; 1998.
Eschbach K, Gómez C. Choosing Hispanic Identity: Ethnic Identity Switching Among Respondents
to High School and Beyond. Social Science Quarterly. 1998; 79(1):74-90.

6

App. 0777

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

11.
12.
13.

14.

15.
16.
17.

18.

19.
20.

21.

Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodriguez NP, Zakos A. Houston Heights Cityscapes. 1998; 4(2):245-259.
Eschbach K, Supple K, Snipp CM. Changes in Racial Identification and the Educational Attainment
of American Indians, 1970-1990. Demography. 1998; 35(1):35-43.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodriguez NP, Hernández-León R, Bailey S. Death at the Border.
International Migration Review. 1999; 33(2):430-440.
Eschbach K, Applbaum K. Who Goes To Powwows? Evidence from the Survey Of American
Indians and Alaska Natives. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 2000; 24(2):65-83.
Curtis RL, Leung P, Sullivan E, Eschbach K, Stinson M. Outcomes of child sexual contacts:
Patterns of incarceration from a national sample. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2001; 25:719-736.
a. Eschbach K, Curtis RL, Leung P. Explorations of types of pre-pubertal touching and later
incarcerations: A Research Note in Response to Ryan. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2002;
26:5-10.
Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS, Goodwin JS. Neighbourhood composition and depressive
symptoms among older Mexican Americans. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
2003; 57:987–992.
Patel KV, Eschbach K, Rudkin LL, Peek MK, Markides KS. Neighborhood Context and Self-rated
Health in Older Mexican Americans. Annals of Epidemiology. 2003; 13(9):620-628.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Deaths during Undocumented Migration: Trends and
Policy Implications in the New Era of Homeland Security. In Defense of the Alien. 2004; 26:37-52.
Patel KV, Eschbach K, Ray LA, Markides KS. Evaluation of Mortality Data for Older Mexican
Americans: Implications for the Hispanic Paradox. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;
159(7):707-715.
a. Patel KV, Eschbach K, Ray LA, Markides KS. Re: Evaluation of mortality data for older
Mexican Americans: implications for the Hispanic paradox. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 2004; 160(10):1030-1031.
Eschbach K, Ostir GV, Patel KV, Markides KS, Goodwin JS. Neighborhood Context and Mortality
among Older Mexican Americans: Is There A Barrio Advantage? American Journal of Public
Health. 2004; 94(10):1807-1812.
Eschbach K, Mahnken JD, Goodwin JS. Neighborhood Composition and Incidence of Cancer
among Hispanics in the United States. Cancer. 2005; 103(5):1036-1044.
Bratter JL, Eschbach K. Race/Ethnic Differences in Nonspecific Psychological Distress: Evidence
from the National Health Interview Survey. Social Science Quarterly. 2005; 86(3):620-644.
Markides KS, Eschbach K. Aging, Migration and Mortality: Current Status of Research on the
Hispanic Paradox. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Social Sciences and Psychological Sciences.
2005; 60B; Special Issue II:68-75.
Reyes-Ortiz CA, Camacho ME, Eschbach K, Markides KS. El contexto de la familia y el vecindario
en la salud de los ancianos del estudio EPESE hispano [Family and neighborhood context in the
health of older adults in the Hispanic EPESE]. Colombia Médica. 2006; 37(2, Supl 1):45-49.
Bratter JL, Eschbach K. `What about the couple?’ Interracial marriage and psychological distress.
Social Science Research. 2006; 35(4):1025-1047.
Eschbach K, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS. Ascertainment of Hispanic Ethnicity on California Death
Certificates: Implications for the Explanation of the Hispanic Mortality Advantage. American
Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96(12):2209-2215.
Stimpson JP, Eschbach K, Peek MK. Effect of Immigrant Status on Risk of Depressive Symptoms
Associated with Spouse’s Chronic Conditions. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2007;
9(1):29-34.

7

App. 0778

22.

23.
24.

25.

26.
27.

28.

29.

30.

31.
32.

33.

34.

35.

36.
37.

Al Snih S, Ottenbacher KJ, Markides KS, Kuo YF, Eschbach K, Goodwin JS. The Effect of Obesity on
Disability vs Mortality in Older Americans. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(8):774-780.
a. The Effect of Obesity on Disability vs Mortality in Older American: The Potential
Implication of Testosterone – Reply. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(22):2528.
Stimpson JP, Ju H, Raji M, Eschbach K Neighborhood Deprivation and Health Risk Behaviors in
NHANES III. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2007; 31(2):215-222.
Stimpson JP, Nash A, Ju H, Eschbach K. Neighborhood Deprivation Is Associated with Lower
Levels of Serum Carotenoids among Adults Participating in the Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2007; 107(11):18951902,
Eschbach K, Stimpson JP, Kuo YF, Goodwin, JS. Mortality of Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Hispanics
Adults at Younger Ages: A Reexamination of Recent Patterns. American Journal of Public Health.
2007; 97(7):1297-1304.
El-Serag HB, Lau M, Eschbach K, Davila J, Goodwin JS. Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
in Hispanics in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(18):1983-1989.
Artinian, NT, Warnecke RB, Kelly KM, Weiner J, Lurie N, Flack JM, Mattei J., Eschbach K, Long JA,
Furumoto-Dawson A, Hankin JR, DeGraffinreid, C. Advancing the Science of Health Disparities
Research. Ethnicity & Disease. 2007; 17(3):427-433.
Tovar JJ, Angel RJ, Eschbach K, Espino DV, Markides KS. Hispanic Established Populations for the
Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly: Selected Longitudinal Findings. Aging Health. 2007;
3(3):325-331.
Malloy MH, Eschbach K. Association of Poverty with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in
Metropolitan Counties of the United States in the Years 1990 and 2000. Southern Medical
Journal. 2007; 100(11):1107-1113.
Riall TS, Eschbach K, Townsend CM, Nealon WH, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Trends and Disparities
in Regionalization of Pancreatic Resection. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2007;
11(10):1242-1251.
Hagan JM, Eschbach K, Rodríguez NP. U.S. Deportation Policy, Family Separation, and Circular
Migration. International Migration Review. 2008; 42(1):64-88.
Montez JK, Eschbach K. Country of Birth and Language Are Uniquely Associated with Intakes of
Fat, Fiber, and Fruits and Vegetables among Mexican-American Women in the United States.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008; 108(3):473-480.
Al Snih S, Kaushik V, Eschbach K, Markides KS. Ethnic differences in physical performance in
older Americans: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (19881994). Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2008; 20(2):139-144.
Wu ZH, Eschbach K, Grady JJ. Contextual Influences on Polydrug use Among Young, Low-Income
Women: Effects of Neighborhood and Personal Networks. The American Journal on Addictions.
2008; 17(2):135-144.
Reyes-Ortiz, CA, Eschbach K, Dong Z, Goodwin JS. Cancer Disparities: Neighborhood Composition
and Cancer among Hispanics: Tumor Stage and Size at Time of Diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiology,
Biomarkers and Prevention. 2008;17(11):2931-6.
Salinas JJ, Eschbach K, Markides KS. The prevalence of hypertension in older Mexicans and
Mexican Americans. Ethnicity and Disease 2008;18(3):294-298.
Arias, E, Schauman, WS, Eschbach, K, Sorlie, PD, Backlund, E. The Validity of Race and Hispanic
Origin Reporting on Death Certificates in the United States. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2,
Number 148, October 2008.

8

App. 0779

38.

39.

40.

41.
42.

43.
44.
45.

46.

47.
48.

49.

50.

51.
52.

53.

Lackan N, Eschbach K, Stimpson JP, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Ethnic differences in in-hospital
place of death among older adults in California: effects of individual and contextual
characteristics and medical resource supply. Medical Care. 2009;47(2):138-145.
Nguyen-Oghalai TU, Ottenbacher KJ, Kuo YF, Wu ZH, Grecula M, Eschbach K, Goodwin JS.
Disparities in utilization of outpatient rehabilitative care following hip fracture hospitalization
with respect to race and ethnicity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
2009;90(4):560-563
Reyes Ortiz CA, Ju H, Inniss A, Eschbach K, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS. Acculturation and serum
nutrients thought to be involved with cancer prevention among Hispanic men. Cancer Control.
2009;16(2):169-75.
Reyes-Ortiz CA, Ju H, Eschbach K, Kuo Y-F, Goodwin JS. Neighborhood ethnic composition and
diet among Mexican Americans. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(12):2293-301
Lemus FC, Tan A, Eschbach K, Freeman DH, Freeman JL Goodwin JS. Correlates of Bacterial
Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Elders, Texas Border. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health.
In press, 2009; Epub ahead of print, March 18.
Cline M, Sparks C, Eschbach K. Understanding carpool use among Hispanics in Texas.
Transportation Research Record. 2009; 2118-06, 39-46.
Stimpson JP, Wilson F, Eschbach K. Trends in Healthcare Expenditures for Immigrants in the
United States. Health Affairs. 2010;29(3):544-50.
Arias E, Eschbach K, Schauman WS, Backlund EL. Is the Hispanic mortality advantage a data
artifact? Hispanic origin classification on US death certificates. American Journal of Public
Health. 2010;100(4supplement):S171-S177
Peek MK, Goodwin JS, Sheffield KM, Salinas J, Eschbach K Cutchin M. Allostatic load among nonHispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics: Effects of race, ethnicity, nativity, and
acculturation. American Journal of Public Health. 2010;100(5):940-946.
Howrey B, Goodwin JS, Eschbach K, Freeman JL. Lower stroke mortality among Hispanics: an
exploration of potential methodological confounders. Medical Care 2010;48:534-9.
Gerst K, Miranda PY, Eschbach K, Sheffield KM, Peek MK, Markides KS. Protective
neighborhoods: neighborhood proportion of Mexican Americans and depressive symptoms in
very old Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(2):353-8.
Cutchin MP, Eschbach K, Mair CA, Ju H, Goodwin JS. The socio-spatial neighborhood estimation
method: An approach to operationalizing the neighborhood concept.. Health Place.
2011;17(5):1113-21.
Begley C, Deshmukh A, Eschbach K, Fouladi N, Liu QJ, Reynolds T. Health Insurance Coverage in
the Houston-Galveston Area under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Texas
Medicine, 2012; 108(11):e1.
De Leon CF, Eschbach K, Markides KS. Population trends and late-life disability in Hispanics from
the Midwest. J Aging Health. 2012; 23(7):1166-88.
Panas, LJ., Siordia, C, Angel, R, Eschbach, K, Markides, KS. Physical Performance and Short-Term
Mortality in Very Old Mexican Americans. Experimental Aging Research. 2013, 39(5):481-92.
PMID: 24151912.
Eberth, JM, Eschbach K., Morris JS., Nguyen HT, Hossain MM, Elting LS. Geographic disparities in
mammography capacity in the South: a longitudinal assessment of supply and demand. Health
Services Research. 2014;49(1):171-85. PMID:23829179.

9

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54.

55.
56.

57.

58.

Shell, AM, Peek MK, Eschbach K. Neighborhood Hispanic composition and depressive symptoms
among Mexican-descent residents of Texas City, Texas. Social Science & Medicine. 2013; 99:5663. PMID 24355471.
Reistetter TA, Marmarkar AM, Graham JE, Eschbach K, Kuo YF, Granger CV, Freeman J,
Ottenbacher KJ. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(1):29-38. PMID:23921200.
Berger-Cardoso, J., Hamilton E., Rodriguez NP, Eschbach K, Hagan J. Deporting Fathers:
Involuntary Transnational Families and Intent to Re-migrate among Salvadoran Deportees.
International Migration Review. In Press
Stroope S, Martinez B, Peek MK, Eschbach K, Markides KS. Neighborhood Ethnic Composition
and Problem Drinking among Older Mexican American Men: Results from the Hispanic
Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, Journal of Immigrant and
Minority Health, In Press.
Resistetter TA, Karmarkar AM, Graham JE, Eschbach K, Kuo YF, Granger CV, Freeman J,
Ottenbacher KJ. Regional variation in Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehab.
2014;95(1):29-38. PMCID:PMC4006274.

Abstracts
1.

2.

3.
4.

Reyes-Ortiz CA, Carrascal E, Montano JI, Eschbach, K. The incidence of cutaneous and
noncutaneous melanoma in young and old people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2003; 51:S58.
Reyes-Ortiz CA, Goodwin JS, Freeman JL, Eschbach K. Low income is associated with late stage,
presence of ulceration, and higher size of melanoma at diagnosis in older people. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society. 2005; 53(4);S197-198.
Otiniano ME, Ray L, Du X, Eschbach K, Markides, K. Migration and diabetes control in adult
Mexican men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006; 54(4):S124.
Reyes-Ortiz CA, Kuo Y, Eschbach K, Goodwin, JS. Cutaneous melanoma distribution, stage at
diagnosis and survival in young and older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
2007; 55(4):S126.

Book Chapters/ Monographs
1.

2.
3.

Mikelsons M, Eschbach K. Housing Problems and Needs of Native Hawaiians. U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research. HUD-1573-PDR;
1996. Mandated by U.S. Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs.
The Resurgent Indian: Review Essay. American Studies 39(3):175-182; 1998.
Eschbach K, Dworkin AG.. “Minorities.” Pp. 172-199 in Norman A. Dolch and Linda
Deutschmann, eds. Social Problems: A Case Study Approach. General Hall, Inc. 2001
a. Second Edition: Eschbach, K and Dworkin, AG. “Minorities.” Pp. 145-164 in Norman A.
Dolch, Linda Deutschmann, and Helen K. Wise eds. Social Problems: A Case Study
Approach, Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007.
b. Third Edition: Eschbach, K and Dworkin, AG. “Minorities.” In Norman A. Dolch, Helen K.
Wise, Edward Clayton Polson, and Nelley ReeWells Lewis eds. Social Problems: A Case
Study Approach, Third Edition. Kendall-Hunt, 2011.

10

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4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Eschbach K. Migration and Spatial Distribution of American Indians in the Twentieth Century. Pp.
75-93 in John Taylor and Martin Bell, eds. Population Mobility and Indigenous Peoples in
Australasia and North America. Routledge, 2004.
Markides KS, Eschbach K, Ray LA, Peek MK. Census Disability Rates Among Older People by
Race/Ethnicity and Type of Hispanic Origin. Pp 26-39 in Jacqueline L. Angel and Keith E.
Whitfield, eds. The Health of Aging Hispanics: The Mexican-origin Population. Springer
Publishing Co., 2007.
Eschbach K, Al-Snih S, Markides KS, Goodwin JL. Disability and Active Life Expectancy of Older
U.S.- and Foreign-Born Mexican Americans. Pp. 40-49 in Jacqueline L. Angel and Keith E.
Whitfield, eds. The Health of Aging Hispanics: The Mexican-origin Population. Springer
Publishing Co., 2007.
Eschbach K. Longevity. In K.S. Markides, ed., Encyclopedia of Health and Aging. Thousand Oaks,
CA.: Sage Publications, April 2007.
Lemus, FC,Eschbach K. Hospitalization, In S. Loue and M. Sajatovic, eds. Encyclopedia of
Immigrant Health, Springer: New York. 2012: pp. 846-851.
Eschbach K People Matter. Healthy Communities Indicator Report, Center for Houston’s Future,
2013.
Eschbach K, Rivas-Rodriguez M. Preface: Navigating Bureaucratic Imprecision in the Search for
an Accurate Count of Latino/a Military Service in World War II. In M. Rivas-Rodriguez & A.B.V
Olguin eds. Latina/s and World War II. University of Texas Press: Austin, Texas. 2014.

Working papers, other publications
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

Eschbach K. Shifting Boundaries: Regional Patterns of Identification and Re-identification as
American Indians. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, Department of Sociology, Cambridge,
MA 02138; Nov. 1992.
Jorgensen M., Eschbach K. Kili Radio: The Voice of the Lakota Nation. Harvard Project on
American Indian Economic Development. Case Studies in Tribal Management, No. 3. 1991.
Eschbach K.1989-1990. Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, Working
Papers on Tribal Social Organization:
a. #7 Oglala Sioux of the Pine Ridge Reservation and the Rosebud Sioux (1989)
b. #8 Yakima Indian Nation (1990)
c. #9 Southern California Indians (1990)
d. # 10 Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation (1990)
Eschbach K., Supple K. “Employment, Household Structure and the Health Insurance Coverage of
the American Indian Population.” Invited paper for National Academy of Sciences, National
Research Council; 1995.
Bailey S, Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP.The human costs of border enforcement: Migrant
death at the Texas-Mexico border. Migration World 1996; 24(4):16-20.
Eschbach, Karl. Problems in the Census Enumeration of the Chamorros in the United States. For
Robert Underwood, Delegate for Guam, U.S. House of Representatives; 1995.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodriguez NP. Causes and trends in migrant death along the border,
1985-2001. University of Houston, Working Paper Series #14.

11

App. 0782

Book Reviews
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.
7.

The Micro-Macro Link.Ed. J.C. Alexander et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1987) in
Qualitative Sociology 12(4):427-428; 1989.
Micro-Sociological Theory. Ed. H.J. Helle and S.N. Eisenstadt. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications,
1987) in Qualitative Sociology 12(4):425-427; 1989.
Social Order and Political Change. Constitutional Governments among the Cherokee, the
Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Creek. Duane Champagne (Stanford: Stanford U. Press. 1992)
in Contemporary Sociology 22(6):821-822; 1993.
The Political Economy of North American Indians. Moore, John H., ed. (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1993.) In American Indian Quarterly; 1994.
Community, Culture and Economic Development. The Social Roots of Local Action. Meredith
Ramsey. (Albany: State University of New York Press. 1996) in Contemporary Sociology
26(4):476-7; 1997.
Ethnicity Counts. William Petersen.(New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1997) In Social Forces
77:1630-1632; 1999.
American Indian Population Recovery in the Twentieth Century. Nancy Shoemaker.
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999.)In American Indian Culture and Research
Journal; 2003.

Presentations at Conferences/Universities
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

Eschbach K. Migration and Changing Identification Among American Indians. Annual meetings of
the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, PA, August, 1992.
Eschbach K. Native American Ethnic Reorganization. Annual meetings of the Eastern Sociological
Society, Boston, MA, Spring 1993.
Eschbach K, Gómez C. “Choosing Latino Identity: Ethnic Identity Switching Among Respondents
to High School and Beyond.” Annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Miami,
FL, August 1993.
Supple K, Snipp CM, Eschbach K, Household Structure and Economic Well-Being: American
Indians, Blacks and Whites, 1970-1990. Annual meetings of the American Sociological
Association, 1995.
Eschbach K, Supple K, Snipp CM, Changes in Racial Identification and Changes in the Educational
Attainment of American Indians.” Annual meetings of the Population Association of America,
1995.
Eschbach K, Supple K. Employment, Household Structure and the Health Insurance Coverage of
American Indians. Workshop on American Indian Demography, National Research Council,
Committee on Population, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, 1995.
Eschbach K, Gomez C. Choosing Hispanic Identity. Texas A & M University, sociology colloquium,
1996.
Eschbach, Karl, Jacqueline Hagan, Nestor Rodriguez. Death at the Border. Annual meetings of
the Southern Demographic Association, Memphis, TN, 1996.
Eschbach K, Mikelsons M. Housing Problems and Needs of Native Hawaiians. University of
Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics, 1996.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodriguez NP. The Houston Heights: Coexisting Communities. U.S.

12

App. 0783

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

18.
19.

20.
21.
22.

23.
24.

25.
26.

27.

28.
29.

Department of Housing and Urban Development Working Group meeting on “Sustaining Diverse
Urban Communities,” Loyola University of Chicago, 1996.
Eschbach K. The Indigenous Peoples of America’s Pacific Territories. Presented at the annual
meetings of the American Sociological Association, 1997.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. University of California, Berkeley.
Chicano Policy Project, 1998.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. Stanford University. Department of
Sociology, 1998.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. University of Illinois. Department of Sociology Urbana,
1998.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. University of Texas, El Paso. Border
Rights Coalition Conference, 1998.
Eschbach K. Migration and ethnic inequality in Houston, 1980-1997. Annual meetings of the
Southwestern Social Science Association, 2000.
Eschbach K. Invited commentary on C. Matthew Snipp, ‘American Indians’. Symposium on
Historical Statistics of the United States—Millenial Edition. Annual Meetings of the Social
Science History Association, Fort Worth, 2000.
Eschbach K. Racial Identification of the Children of Intermarried Couples under the Choose-One
Rule. Annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, 2001.
Mencken FC, Eschbach K. Oil and Gas Boom & Bust Cycles in the Gulf of Mexico Region and the
Impact on Local Government Finances. Annual meetings of the Rural Sociological Society,
Albuquerque, NM, August 2001.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. American Public Health Association,
Caucus on Refugee and Immigrant Health, Invited Session. Annual Meetings, Atlanta, GA, 2001.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
Department of Anthropology, November 2001.
Patel KV, Eschbach K, Rudkin, LL, Peek MK, Markides KS. Neighborhood context and self-rated
health in older Mexican Americans. Annual meetings of the Population Association of America,
Atlanta, GA, 2002.
Eschbach K. Spatial Assimilation and the Health of older Mexican Americans. Annual meetings of
the Population Association of America, Atlanta, GA, 2002.
Eschbach K. “Changes in the spatial distribution of poverty and ethnic populations in the
Houston Metropolitan area, 1990 -2000. Texas Economics and Demographics Association,
Houston, TX, 2003.
Eschbach K, Hagan JM, Rodríguez NP. Death at the Border. Center for Immigration Studies, 26th
Annual National Legal Conference on immigrant and refugee policy, Washington, DC, 2003.
Bratter J, Eschbach K. Between Acculturation, Segregation and Assimilation: Examining the
association between Racial Contact and Psychological Distress.” Annual meetings of the
Population Association of America, Minneapolis, MN, 2003.
Eschbach K. American Indian population growth at the start of the 21st Century. Harvard
University, Committee on Ethnic Studies. On Our Own Ground. Mapping Indigeneity in the
Academy, Boston, September 2004.
Eschbach K. American Indian population growth at the start of the 21st Century. University of
Texas-Austin, Population Research Center Colloquium, October, 2004.
Eschbach K. Errors in ascertainment of Hispanic ethnicity on the California death certificate. Ad
hoc meeting on Hispanic mortality issues, University of Maryland, May 2005. (Eschbach K,

13

App. 0784

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

Kestenbaum B, Meeting organizers).
Cutchin M, Eschbach K. Neighborhood definitions, Texas City, Texas. Annual Grantees Meeting
of the Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities, Santa Monica, CA, 2006.
Markides KS, Eschbach K. Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the
Elderly. Free University of Amsterdam, May 2007.
Eschbach K. Hispanic Neighborhoods and Health. Annual Grantees Meeting of the Centers for
Population Health and Health Disparities, Boston, 2007.
Eschbach K. Hispanic mortality in Texas. University of North Texas Health Science Center Grand
Rounds. Fort Worth, TX, February 29, 2008.
Eschbach K. Health Disparities in a Changing Texas. University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Health Promotion Research Institute, September 2008.
Is neighborhood ethnic concentration associated with lower mortality among Mexican
Americans? An investigation using geocoded state vital statistics data.
•
National Center for Health Statistics, Data Analysis Group, January 2011.
•
University of Texas Pan American, February 2011.

Invited Lectures and Testimony
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Housing problems and needs of Native Hawaiians.” Staff Briefing, U.S. Senate Select Committee
on Indian Affairs, 1996.
A demographer’s perspective on health care in Houston in the twenty-first century. Houston
International Community Health Summit, Texas Medical Center, 1998.
Death at the Border. U.S. Border Patrol safety conference, Nogales, Arizona. 1998.
Business Applications of the American Community Survey. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Capitol Hill
Fair, Washington D.C. December, 2001.
Hispanic health and health care issues in Texas and the United States. Citizen’s Health Care
Working Group. Invited testimony, Houston, TX, July 26, 2005.
Current population trends in Texas. UT School of Law CLE Symposium, Austin, TX, November 8,
2007.
Demographic trends in post-secondary enrollment. National Association of State Treasurers, San
Antonio, TX, December 3, 2007.
Prospectus for a Native American Housing Needs Assessment. National American Indian Housing
Council Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, December 5, 2007.
Population change in Texas. To and from 2000. Texas Monthly Editorial Board Retreat, Austin,
TX. January 14, 2008.
Current trends in population change in Texas. Primary Prevention Planning Committee, Austin,
TX, January 28, 2008.
Current trends in population change in Texas. TEDA/Houston Workshop. Houston, TX, February
21, 2008.
Population trends impacting education in Northeast Texas. Regional VIII Education Service
Center. Mt. Pleasant, TX, April 1, 2008.
Current population trends in San Antonio and Central Texas. Rotary of San Antonio, San Antonio,
TX, April 5, 2008.
Healthcare workforce needs in Texas. Texas Physician Workforce Stakeholder Forum. Texas
Medical Association. Austin, TX. April 8, 2008.

14

App. 0785

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.

22.

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

28.
29.

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

Impacts of illegal immigration on Texas and the Texas economy. Dallas Friday Group, April 11,
2008.
Current research on health and healthcare issues of Hispanic population in Texas. San Antonio
Association of Hispanic Journalists. San Antonio, TX, April 12, 2008.
Current trends of population change in Texas. Texas Association of Urban Counties, Rockwall,
TX. April 24, 2008.
Texas State Data Center Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, May 7, 2008.
Invited testimony on current trends in population change in Texas affecting workforce renewal.
House Select Committee on Higher and Public Education Finance, Representative Dan Branch,
Chair, San Antonio, TX, May 13, 2008
Staff briefing, Texas State Senate District 19, Senator Carlos Uresti. San Antonio, TX May 22,
2008.
Invited testimony on physician workforce needs in the border region of Texas for Senate
Committee on International Relations and Trade and Health and Human Services, Senator Eddie
Lucio, Jr. Chair, Austin TX, May 28, 2008.
Current population trends affecting workforce renewal and adult education. National Coalition
for Literacy, Dollar General Literacy Foundation, Texas Learns and Literacy Texas Conference.
Houston, TX, May 29, 2008.
Current population trends in Texas affecting transportation needs. Future of Infrastructure
Investment in Texas Forum, Austin, TX, June 2, 2008.
Current population trends in Texas. University of Texas at San Antonio Superintendent’s
Conference, San Antonio, TX, June 10, 2008.
Texas Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. A perspective on an aging society. Texas Pension
Review Board, Public Pension Seminar, Austin, TX June 23, 2008.
Current population trends in Texas. Texas Department of Insurance, Property Casualty Division,
Austin, TX, June 25, 2008.
Invited testimony on population trends affecting healthcare work force needs in Texas. Invited
testimony to joint House committees on International and Border Affairs, Public Health, and
Appropriations, Representatives Tracy King. Dianne White Delisi, Ryan Guillen, Chairs. Austin,
TX, June 30, 2008.
Current population trends in Texas and physician workforce renewal. Texas Health Care Policy
Council, Partnership Subcommittee. Austin, TX, July 18, 2008.
Invited testimony on population trends affecting non-metropolitan Texas. Senate Committee on
International Relations and Trade, Senator Eddie Lucio, Jr., Chair, Austin, TX, Austin TX, August
13, 2008.
Trends in population affecting the renewal of the Texas workforce, Texas Workforce Investment
Council. Austin, TX, September 5, 2008
Current trends in population change in Texas and San Antonio. Master’s Leadership Forum,
October 1, 2008.
Current trends in population change in Texas and the Capitol Region. Georgetown Rotary,
October 3, 2008.
Invited testimony on indigent health care. Texas House Committee on Public Health, Jodie
Laubenberg, Chair. October 13, 2008
Current trends in population change in Southeast Texas. Leadership Southeast Texas. Orange,
TX, October 23, 2008.
Population change and workforce renewal in the Texas Panhandle Region. Amarillo, TX, October

15

App. 0786

36.

37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.

31, 2008.
Population Change and Health and Healthcare Needs in Texas. San Antonio Hispanic Chamber of
Commerce. Third Annual Healthcare Summit and Wellness Expo. San Antonio, TX, Henry B.
Gonzalez Convention Center, November 13, 2008.
Population Change in Deep East Texas. Deep East Texas Council of Governments, Monthly
Meeting of Elected Officials, Livingston, TX, November 18, 2008.
Projections of Obesity in State of Texas. Texas Health Institute Obesity Forum. Capitol
Auditorium, Austin, TX, December 2, 2008.
Silver-Haired Legislature, Long-Term Care Forum, Austin, TX, December 8, 2008.
Population Change in Texas and the Alamo Area Council of Governments Region. Alamo Area
Council of Governments, San Antonio, TX, December 10, 2008.
Current trends of Population Change in Texas. Texas Association of State Systems for Computing
and Communications, Annual Meeting. December 11, 2008.
Projections of Diabetes Prevalence in Texas. Texas Health and Bioscience Institute, Capital
Extension Conference Center, Austin, TX December 11, 2008.
Current Trends of Population Change in Texas. 54th Annual Vital Statistics Conference, Austin,
TX, December 12, 2008.
Texas Children, Retrospect and Prospect. Texas Education Reform Foundation. Austin, TX,
January 8, 2009.
Current trends of population change in Texas and the NORTEX Region. Burkburnett Chamber of
Commerce, Burkburnett, Texas. January 24, 2009.
Population change in Texas in Troubling Times. Eagle Pass Chamber of Commerce, Eagle Pass,
TX. Feb. 6, 2009.
Health Care Needs of Undocumented Migrants in Texas, Mexican American Legislative
Leadership Foundation. Austin, Texas, February 11, 2009.
Invited testimony on Demographic Trends in Texas Bearing on State Policy. Texas House of
Representatives, Committee on Appropriations (Representative Pitts, Chair.), February 16, 2009.
Frenship Independent School District, Amarillo, TX, February 23, 2009
Invited testimony. Texas House of Representatives, Committee on Public Health (Rep. Kolkhorst,
Chair), February 24, 2009.
Invited testimony. Texas House of Representatives, Committee on Pensions, Investments, and
Public Services (Rep. Truitt, Chair), Austin, TX February 25, 2009
Invited testimony. Texas House of Representatives, Committee on Higher Education (Rep.
Branch, Chair), Austin, TX February 25, 2009
Invited testimony. Texas House of Representatives, Committee on County Affairs (Rep. Coleman,
Chair), Austin, TX February 26, 2009
Demographic trends in Texas in Troubling Times. Young Men’s Business League. Austin, TX,
March 11, 2009.
Demographic trends and inequality in the United States. St. Mary’s University, Presidential
Peace Commission. San Antonio, TX, March 24, 2009.
Population Trends in Texas in Troubling Times. Texas Farm Bureau Leadership Forum. Austin, TX,
March 24, 2009.
The Changing Demography of Texas Children: Current Trends and Future Challenges. Texas
Education Reform Foundation, Austin, TX, April 13, 2009.
Current Trends in Texas Population: Challenges for Health & Health Care. Texas Organization of
Rural and Community Hospitals, Dallas, TX, April 15, 2009.

16

App. 0787

59.
60.
61.
62.
63.

64.

Current Trends of Change in the Population of Texas and Region 3. Region 3 Education Service
Center, Annual School Board Conference,Victoria, TX. May 20, 2009
Current Demographic Trends and the Future of Texas. Austin Community College, Austin, TX
June 1, 2009.
Current Demographic Trends and the Future of Texas. Arlington Public Library, Arlington, TX,
July 7, 2009.
Current Demographic Trends and the Future of Texas. Masters Leadership Program, San
Antonio. October 6, 2010
Hispanics in the United States and Texas in an Era of Change: Current Patterns of Growth,
Diversity, Spatial Distribution, and Health Status.
a. UTMB Hispanic Center on Excellence, February 21, 2012.
b. UTMB School of Health Professions June 28, 2012.
Galveston City Population, Workforce and Housing, 1960-2010.
a. Gulf Coast Interfaith, Galveston, TX. September 2011.
b. Galveston County Mutual Assistance Partnership, January 2012.
c. Rotary of Galveston Island, Galveston, TX February 2012.
d. Family Service Centers of Galveston County. Dickinson, TX, March 2012.
e. Galveston Foundations Roundtable, December, 2013.

17

App. 0788

Appendix 2 to
Declaration of Karl Eschbach, Ph. D.

App. 0789

List of Karl Eschbach’s Depositions/Testimonies in the Past Four Years

State v. Leon Davis
Cause Nos. 13-01-00685-CR; 13-05-05517-CR
9th Judicial District Court, Montgomery County, Texas
Date of Testimony: May 21, 2014

1

App. 0790