State of Texas et al v. United States of America et al

Filing 64

REPLY in Support of 5 Opposed MOTION for Preliminary Injunction, filed by Phil Bryant, Paul R. LePage, Patrick L. McCrory, C.L. "Butch" Otter, Bill Schuette, State of Louisiana, State of Alabama, State of Arizona, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Kansas, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of North Dakota, State of Ohio, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Texas, State of Utah, State of West Virginia, State of Wisconsin. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Ex 1, # 2 Exhibit Ex. 2, # 3 Exhibit Ex. 3, # 4 Exhibit Ex. 4, # 5 Exhibit Ex. 5, # 6 Exhibit Ex. 6, # 7 Exhibit Ex. 7, # 8 Exhibit Ex. 8, # 9 Exhibit Ex. 9.a, # 10 Exhibit Ex. 9.b, # 11 Exhibit Ex. 10.a, # 12 Exhibit Ex. 10.b, # 13 Exhibit Ex. 10.c, # 14 Exhibit Ex. 10.d, # 15 Exhibit Ex. 10.e, # 16 Exhibit Ex. 10.f, # 17 Exhibit Ex. 10.g, # 18 Exhibit Ex. 10.h, # 19 Exhibit Ex. 10.i, # 20 Exhibit Ex. 10.j, # 21 Exhibit Ex. 10.k, # 22 Exhibit Ex. 10.l, # 23 Exhibit Ex. 10.m, # 24 Exhibit Ex. 10.n, # 25 Exhibit Ex. 10.0, # 26 Exhibit Ex. 10.p, # 27 Exhibit Ex. 10.q, # 28 Exhibit Ex. 10.r, # 29 Exhibit Ex. 10.s, # 30 Exhibit Ex. 11, # 31 Exhibit Ex. 12, # 32 Exhibit Ex. 13, # 33 Exhibit Ex. 14, # 34 Exhibit Ex. 15, # 35 Exhibit Ex. 16, # 36 Exhibit Ex. 17, # 37 Exhibit Ex. 18, # 38 Exhibit Ex. 19, # 39 Exhibit Ex. 20, # 40 Exhibit Ex. 21, # 41 Exhibit Ex. 22, # 42 Exhibit Ex. 23, # 43 Exhibit Ex. 24, # 44 Exhibit Ex. 25, # 45 Exhibit Ex. 26, # 46 Exhibit Ex. 27, # 47 Exhibit Ex. 28, # 48 Exhibit Ex. 29, # 49 Exhibit Ex. 30, # 50 Exhibit Ex. 31, # 51 Exhibit Ex. 32, # 52 Exhibit Ex. 33, # 53 Exhibit Ex. 34, # 54 Exhibit Ex. 35)(Oldham, Andrew)

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EXHIBIT 33 App. 1031 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS BROWNSVILLE DIVISION STATE OF TEXAS, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., Defendants ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Civil Action No. 1:14-cv-00254 DECLARATION OF FINIS WELCH, Ph.D. My name is Finis Welch, and I am over the age of 18 and fully competent in all respects to make this declaration. I have personal knowledge and expertise of the matters herein stated. Qualifications 1. I am Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics at Texas A&M University and Professor Emeritus of Economics at University of California, Los Angeles. I am president of Welch Consulting, a firm that provides expert services in economics and statistics to the legal community, as well as general consulting in economics and statistics. I also serve as chair of StataCorp LP. 2. I received training in statistics and economics at the University of Chicago, where I earned a Ph.D. in Economics in 1966. I have taught at several universities including Texas A&M University, the University of California, Los Angeles, the City University of New York, Yale University, Southern Methodist 1 App. 1032 University, and the University of Chicago. I have served on the research staff of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and of the Rand Corporation. At NBER I directed the Program on the Distribution of Income, and at Rand I founded and directed the Labor and Population Studies Program. I have also served on the board of a number of peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Labor Economics and The American Economic Review. I have also served on numerous panels and committees, including chairing the United States Commission on Civil Rights' Advisory Committee on the Status of Women and Minorities and serving as a labor economist on the National Research Council's Committee on Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration. 3. Among elected honorary positions, I am a Fellow of the Econometric Society, a member of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, a member of the National Academy of Education, a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists and a member of the National Academy of Social Insurance. My research is published in a number of leading, peer-reviewed professional economics journals as well as conference volumes. I am past Vice President of the American Economics Association and past President of the Society of Labor Economists. 4. I have been qualified as an expert in statistics and in economics in both Federal and State courts and have testified on numerous occasions in Federal and State courts. 5. Attached to this declaration are true and correct copies of the following documents: 2 App. 1033  Appendix 1 includes my curriculum vitae and lists my publications in the last ten years.  Appendix 2 sets forth the cases in which I have testified in deposition or at trial during the last four years. Scope of Inquiry 6. I have been retained in this case by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas to examine the potential economic impact on the labor market of the interaction between the Department of Homeland Security Memorandum dated November 20, 2014 (“DHS Memorandum”)1 and the employer mandate provisions in the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). 7. My billing rate for this matter is $500 per hour. Background on Affordable Care Act and the DHS Memorandum 8. It is my understanding that the DHS Memorandum will expand the number of undocumented immigrants who will be eligible to receive an Employment Authorization Document (“EAD”) by an estimated 4 million individuals nationwide, but these individuals newly authorized to work will not be eligible for the premium subsidies provided by the ACA.2 The DHS Memorandum regards the exercise of “prosecutorial discretion” for certain undocumented immigrants. The subject of the DHS Memorandum, prepared by Jeh Charles Johnson, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, is “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children and with Respect to Certain Individuals Who are the Parents of U.S. Citizens or Permanent Residents.” 2 Memorandum Opinion for the Secretary of Homeland Security, from Karl R. Thompson, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, The Department of Homeland Security’s Authority to Prioritize Removal of Certain Aliens Unlawfully Present 1 3 App. 1034 9. The Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation in March 2012 estimated the impact of the ACA on nonelderly workers and their families who were projected to receive employment-based coverage in 2016 in the absence of the ACA. The resulting estimates are that 64 million of these individuals will be eligible for subsidies in the exchanges under the ACA.3 10. Beginning with the 2015 plan year, the ACA mandates that employers with 100 or more full-time employees offer health insurance that provides “minimum value” and is “affordable” to their full-time employees. Starting with the 2016 plan year, this mandate expands to employers with 50 or more full-time employees.4 11. To my knowledge, “minimum value” requires that health insurance pay at least 60% of the cost of covered services for employees and their children up to age 26. The ACA does not require the employer to pay the entire cost of this coverage, but the mandate to be “affordable” requires the cost to the employee for this coverage be no more than 9.5% of the employee’s income.5 12. An employer offering coverage that does not provide “minimum value” or is not “affordable” will owe a penalty under the ACA if any of its employees in the United States and to Defer Removal of Others at 30 (Nov. 19, 2014); 45 C.F.R. § 152.2(8). 3 Congressional Budget Office, CBO and JCT’s Estimates of the Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Number of People Obtaining Employment-Based Health Insurance at 12-14 (Mar. 2012), available at http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/03-15ACA_and_Insurance_2.pdf. 4 Cigna, Employer Mandate Fact Sheet at 1 (Dec. 2014), available at http://www.cigna.com/assets/docs/about-cigna/informed-on-reform/employer-mandate-factsheet.pdf. 5 Cigna, Employer Mandate Fact Sheet, supra, at 1-2. 4 App. 1035 purchases coverage on the insurance exchange and receives a premium subsidy. It is my understanding that this penalty is the lesser of a) $2,000 per year per employee after the first 30 employees, or b) $3,000 per year per employee receiving a premium subsidy.6 13. Because this penalty is not a deductible expense for the employer from federal (and possibly state) income taxes,7 the before-tax penalty amount, which would be compared to the wage, is even larger.8 Interaction of DHS Memorandum and ACA on Labor Market 14. The interaction of the DHS Memorandum and the ACA will impact employment and wages in the labor market.9 15. Consider an employer facing this penalty that is considering hiring one of two prospective employees. These two employees are equally productive and are the same in all relevant aspects to this employer, except that applicant A is a U.S. citizen and applicant B has a new EAD issued pursuant to the DHS Memorandum. 16. Assume applicants A and B are relatively low skilled, so that the cost to the employee of the coverage offered by this employer exceeds 9.5% of the wage Edward A. Morse, Lifting the Fog: Navigating Penalties in the Affordable Care Act, 46 CREIGHTON L. REV. 207, 221-22 (2013); Cigna, Employer Mandate Fact Sheet, supra, at 1. For the $3,000 penalty to apply, the employer must have less than a minimum of 26.6% of its employees receiving a premium subsidy. This cutoff % rises with the number of employees—to 46.6% for an employer with 100 total employees and to a maximum of 66.6% (the cutoff % equals 2/3 – 20/# employees). 7 Morse, supra, at 223. 8 For an employer facing a 35% federal corporate income tax rate and the $3,000 penalty, the equivalent annual before-tax amount is at least $4,615.38. 9 As an example, for the employer in footnote 8, the penalty would increase the relative annual cost of employing a worker 30 hours per week at the federal minimum wage who receives a premium subsidy by more than 40%. 6 5 App. 1036 that would be offered to them. Also assume that this employer expects less than 25% of its employees to obtain a premium subsidy. 17. In this scenario, the employer would expect applicant A to be more expensive to employ than applicant B because of the interaction of the ACA penalties described above and the DHS Memorandum. There is an extra cost of $3,000 per year (plus the tax impact noted above) from hiring applicant A, if applicant A will receive a premium subsidy. In contrast, hiring applicant B entails no extra cost because applicant B is not eligible for a premium subsidy. 18. An employer subject to the ACA penalties described above that is operating to minimize its expected cost of operations will hire applicant B instead of applicant A. Applicant A, therefore, will take longer to find employment and the resulting employment is more likely to occur at a lower wage. 19. Depending on the employee cost of insurance, the incentive to hire applicant B can occur at a range of wage levels, as illustrated in the following two examples. Example 1 20. In addition to the above facts, suppose that applicants A and B would be paid the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. Assuming 30 hours per week (the definition of full time in the ACA), a monthly employee cost of $89.54 or greater ($7.25 x 130 hours x 9.5%) would make the employer-provided coverage not “affordable” and would make applicant A eligible for the premium subsidy and 6 App. 1037 potentially trigger the extra $3,000 per year cost (plus the tax impact) from hiring applicant A.10 There is no extra cost from hiring applicant B. 21. As a result, the employer will hire applicant B instead of applicant A if the employer is operating to minimize its expected cost of operations. Example 2 22. As an alternative, suppose that applicants A and B would be paid $30,000 per year (about twice the federal minimum wage for 40 hours per week).11 A monthly employee cost for employee and dependent coverage in excess of $237.50 (9.5% x $30,000/12) would not be “affordable” and would make applicant A eligible for the premium subsidy and potentially trigger the extra $3,000 per year cost (plus the tax impact) from hiring applicant A. Again, there is no extra cost from hiring applicant B. 23. Similar to the previous example, the employer in this example would be expected to hire applicant B instead of applicant A in an effort to minimize costs. Conclusion 24. The interaction of the DHS Memorandum and the mandate provisions of the ACA gives employers a financial incentive to hire an undocumented At 40 hours per week, the monthly employee cost would have to be no more than $119.38 to be “affordable.” 11 Using 35 hours per week instead of the ACA limit of 30 to define full-time, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that more than 26.4 million persons were employed full-time and full-year in 2013 with annual earnings below $30,000. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement at Table PINC-10, available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032014/perinc/pinc10_000.htm. 10 7 App. 1038 App. 1039 Appendix 1 App. 1040 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com Dr. Welch founded Welch Consulting and continues as its president. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago and has taught economics for an academic career that spanned 40 years. During that time he taught, in chronological order, at the University of Chicago, Southern Methodist University, Yale University, the City University of New York -- where he served as Executive Officer of the Ph.D. Program in Economics -- the University of California, Los EDUCATION Ph.D., Economics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 1966 B.S., Mathmatics and Agricultural Economics University of Houston Houston, Texas 1961 Angeles (UCLA) and Texas A&M University. Currently Dr. Welch is Professor Emertus of Economics, UCLA, and Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Economics, Texas A&M. He has published over 100 articles in professional journals, monographs and books. He has served on the editorial boards of several professional journals including the American Economic Review and the Journal of Labor Economics. Dr. Welch is a member of the National Academy of Social Insurance, a fellow of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, a fellow of the Econometric Society and a fellow of the Society of Labor Economists. He is past vice president of the American Economic Association and past vice president and president of the Society of Labor Economists. Dr. Welch received the Jacob Mincer Career Achievement Award from the international Society of Labor Economics. Dr. Welch began working in litigation in the early 1970s and has testified many times in Federal and State Courts as well as before Congressional Committees and regulatory bodies. AWARDS AND HONORARY POSITIONS Society of Labor Economists Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics, 2007. Presenter, Richard T. Ely Lecture, Plenary Session of the Meetings of the American Economic Association, 1999. Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1990. Fellow of the Econometric Society, 1980. Vice-President, American Economic Association, 2002. President, Society of Labor Economists, 2003-04. Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists, 2003. Member of the National Academy of Social Insurance, 1990. Member of the National Academy of Education, 1983. App. 1041 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Professor of Economics Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 1991-2003 Professor of Economics University of California Los Angeles, California 1973-1991 Director, Labor & Population Studies Program, RAND Corporation Santa Monica, California 1973-1978 Senior Economist, RAND Santa Monica, California 1973-1978 Professor and Executive Officer Ph.D. Program in Economics City University of New York 1971-1973 Research Associate National Bureau of Economic Research New York, New York 1970-1976 Faculty Fellow National Bureau of Economic Research New York, New York 1969-1970 Assistant and Associate Professor of Economics Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 1966-1970 Assistant Professor of Economics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 1964-66 COMMITTEES, ETC. Honors and Awards Committee, American Economic Association, Member 1996-97; Chair, 1997-99. Committee on Demographic and Economic Impacts of Immigration, National Research Council, 1995-96. Panel on the Future of Income Security and Health Care Financing for the Advisory Council on Social Security, 1991. Technical Panel of Experts for the Advisory Council on Social Security, 1989-90. Chairman, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Advisory Committee on the status of women and minorities, 1984-86. Grants Review Panel for Economics, National Science Foundation, 1980-81. Various Grant Review Panels, National Institute of Health, 1992-Present. Board of Directors of the Social Science Research Council, 1979-82. Chairman, American Enterprise Institute Advisory Committee on Minimum Wage Studies, 1978-81. Program Chairman, North American Meetings of the Econometric Society, 1978. Commission on Human Resources, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1974-77. CURRENT POSITIONS Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Economics, TAMU. Professor Emeritus of Economics, UCLA. President, Welch Consulting. Chairman, Unicon Research Corporation. Chairman, StataCorp LP. PUBLICATIONS Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by E. Hanushek and F. Welch. North Holland (2006). “Using Wages to Infer School Quality,” with Robert Speakman. In Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by E. Hanushek and F. Welch. North Holland (2006):813-864. “Has School Desegregation Improved Academic and Economic Outcomes for Blacks?” with Steven Rivkin. In Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by E. Hanushek and F. Welch. North Holland (2006):1019-1049. App. 1042 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Employment Quotas for Minorities.” Journal of Political Economy 84, no. 4 (August 1976):S105S139. Reprinted in The Economics of Affirmative Action, Vol. 176, The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics, edited by H. Holzer and D. Neumark. London. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. (2004):3-38. “Affirmative Action and Labor Markets,” with James P. Smith. Journal of Labor Economics 2, no. 2 (April 1984):269-301. Reprinted in The Economics of Affirmative Action, Vol. 176, The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics, edited by H. Holzer and D. Neumark. London. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. (2004):188-220. “Black Economic Progress After Myrdal,” with James P. Smith. Journal of Economic Literature 27, no.2 (June 1989):519-564. Reprinted in Labor Economics, edited by O. Ashenfelter and K. Hallock. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (1994):139-184. Reprinted in The Economics of Schooling and School Quality, Vol. 1: Labor Markets, Distribution, and Growth, edited by E. A. Hanushek. London: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. (2003). “Education in Production.” Journal of Political Economy 78, no. 1 (January 1970):35-59. Reprinted in Economic Demography, edited by T. P. Schultz. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (1998):21-45. Reprinted in The Economics of Schooling and School Quality, Vol. 1: Labor Markets, Distribution, edited by E. A. Hanushek. London: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. (2003). “The Structure of Wages,” with Kevin Murphy. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no.1 (February 1992):285-326. Reprinted in The Economics of Schooling and School Quality, Vol. 1: Labor Markets, Distribution, edited by E. A. Hanushek. London: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. (2003). “Catching Up: Wages of Black Men.” The American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (May 2003):320325. “The Obsolescence of Skill,” with Manuelita Ureta. In The Economics of Skills Obsolescence: Theoretical Innovations and Empirical Applications, edited by A. De Grip, J. Van Loo and K. Mayhew. Elsevier Science Ltd. (2002):51-81. “Inequality, Incentives, and Opportunity,” with Donald Deere. In Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter? edited by E. F. Paul, F. D. Miller, Jr. and J. Paul. Cambridge University Press (2002):84-109. Social Philosophy & Policy 19, no. 1 (Winter 2002):84-109. “Half Full or Half Empty? The Changing Economic Status of African Americans,” in Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, edited by A. Thernstrom and S. Thernstrom. Hoover Institution Press and Manhattan Institute (2002):181-200. “Industrial Change and the Demand for Skill,” with Kevin Murphy. In The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, edited by F. Welch. University of Chicago Press (2001):263-284. App. 1043 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, edited by F. Welch. University of Chicago Press (2001). “Wage Differentials in the 1990s: Is the Glass Half-full or Half-empty,” with Kevin Murphy. In The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality, edited by F. Welch. University of Chicago Press (2001):341-364. “Linear Synthesis of Skill Distributions.” Journal of Human Resources (Summer 1969):311-329. Reprinted in The International Library of Critical Writing in Economics 124, Vol. II, Income Distribution, edited by M. Sattinger. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (2001):3-19. “In Honor of Kevin M. Murphy: Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (Summer 2000):193-204. “Growth in Women’s Relative Wages and in Inequality Among Men: One Phenomenon or Two?” The American Economic Review 90, no. 2 (May 2000):444-449. “In Defense of Inequality.” The American Economic Review 89, no. 2 (May 1999):1-17. “Perspectives on the Social Security Crisis and Proposed Solutions,” with Kevin Murphy. The American Economic Review 88, no. 2 (May 1998):142-150. “Measuring Educational Attainment: The Old and The New Census and BLS Taxonomies,” with Manuelita Ureta. Economics of Education Review 17, no. 1 (1998):15-30. “Effects of Cohort Size on Earnings: The Baby Boom Babies’ Financial Bust.” Journal of Political Economy, 87, no. 5, pt. 2 (October 1979):S65-S97. Reprinted in The Economics of Ageing, edited by J. Creedy. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (1995):228-60. Reprinted in Economic Demography, edited by T. P. Schultz. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (1998):303-35. “Education in Production.” Journal of Political Economy, 78, no. 1 (January 1970):35-59. Reprinted in Economic Demography, edited by T. P. Schultz. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd (1998):21-45. “The Structure of Wages Revisited,” with Kevin Murphy. In Publications of the GAAC, Symposia, Vol. 5, edited by German-American Academic Council Foundation (1997). “Wages and Participation.” Journal of Labor Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1997):S77-S103. “Real Wage Growth and OASDI Trust Fund Solvency,” with Kevin Murphy. Unicon Research Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (1996). App. 1044 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Changes in the Structure of Wages,” with Brooks Pierce. In Improving America’s Schools: The Role of Incentives, edited by E. Hanushek and D. Jorgenson. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. (1996):53-74. “Examining the Evidence on Minimum Wages and Employment,” with Donald Deere and Kevin Murphy. In The Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment, edited by M. Kosters. AEI Press (1996):26-54. “Trends in Labor-Force Behavior of Older Americans,” with Franco Peracchi. Social Security Bulletin 58, no.4 (Winter 1995):133-138. “Labor Force Behavior of Older Men in the U.S.A. - An Analysis of Recent Trends,” with Franco Peracchi. Statistica 53, no. 3, (1995):407-427. “Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, A Review.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review 48, no. 4 (July 1995):842-849. “How Representative Are Matched Cross-Sections: Evidence From the Current Population Survey,” with Franco Peracchi. Journal of Econometrics 68, no.1, (July 1995):153-180. “Employment and the 1990/91 Minimum Wage Hike,” with Donald Deere and Kevin Murphy. The American Economic Review 85 no. 2, (May 1995):232-237. “Sense and Nonsense on the Minimum Wage,” with Donald Deere and Kevin Murphy. Regulation 18m, no. 1 (1995):47-56. “Trends in Labor Force Transition of Older Men and Women,” with Franco Peracchi. Journal of Labor Economics 12, no. 2 (April 1994):210-242. “Dimensions of Inequality in Labor Income,” with Brooks Pierce. In The Changing Distribution of Income in an Open U.S. Economy, edited by T. Cosimano and R. Sheehan. North-Holland Publishing Company (1994):145-179. “Inequality and Relative Wages,” with Kevin Murphy. The American Economic Review 83, no. 2 (May 1993):104-109. “Occupational Change and the Demand for Skill, 1940-1990,” with Kevin Murphy. The American Economic Review (May 1993):122-126. “Problems in Assessing Employment Discrimination,” with Robert S. Follett and Michael P. Ward. The American Economic Review (May 1993):73-78. App. 1045 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Industrial Change and the Rising Importance of Skill,” with Kevin Murphy. In Uneven Tides: Rising Inequality in the 1980s, edited by S. Danziger and P. Gottschalk. The Russell Sage Foundation Press (1993):101-132. “Real Wages 1963 - 1990,” with Kevin Murphy. Unicon Research Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (November 1992). “The Role of International Trade in Wage Differentials,” with Kevin Murphy. In Workers and Their Wages: Changing Patterns in the United States, edited by M. Kosters. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press (1991):39-69. “The Comparable Worth Pay Regression.” Unicon Research Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (August 1990). “Empirical Age-Earnings Profiles,” with Kevin Murphy. Journal of Labor Economics 8, no. 2 (April 1990):202-229. “The Employment of Black Men,” Journal of Labor Economics 8, no. 1, part 2 (January 1990): S26-S74. “Recent Trends in Real Wages: Evidence from Household Data,” with Kevin Murphy. Unicon Research Corporation (1989). “Affirmative Action and Discrimination.” In The Question of Discrimination, edited by S. Shulman and W. Darity, Jr. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press (1989):153-189. “Wage Premiums for College Graduates: Recent Growth and Possible Explanations,” with Kevin Murphy. Educational Researcher 18, no. 4 (May 1989):17-26. “The Panel Study of Income Dynamics After Fourteen Years: An Evaluation,” with S. Becketti, W. Gould, and L. Lillard. Journal of Labor Economics 6, no. 4 (October 1988):472-492. “Cohort Size and Earnings in the United States,” with Kevin Murphy and Mark Plant. In Economics of Changing Age Distributions in Developed Countries, edited by R. Lee, W.B. Arthur, and G. Rodgers. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1988):39-58. “Racial Discrimination: A Human Capital Perspective,” with James P. Smith. In Three Worlds of Labor Economics, edited by G. Mangum and P. Philips. Armonk, N. Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. (1988). “Implementing Comparable Worth: Conceptual Issues and Impacts,” with John Raisian and Michael P. Ward. In Three Worlds of Labor Economics, edited by G. Mangum and P. Philips. Armonk, N. Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. (1988):39-57. App. 1046 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) New Evidence on School Desegregation, with Audrey Light. Prepared for the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Clearinghouse Publication 92. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, (December 1987). “A Reconsideration of the Impact of School Desegregation Programs on Public School Enrollment of White Students, 1968-1976.” Sociology of Education 60 (October 1987):215-221. “Race and Poverty: A Forty-Year Record,” with James P. Smith. The American Economic Review 77, no. 2 (May 1987):152-158. “The Postservice Earnings of Military Retirees: Evidence from the U.S. Air Force,” with George J. Borjas. Research in Labor Economics 8, no. A (1986):57-83. “The Postservice Earnings of Military Retirees,” with George J. Borjas. In Army Manpower Economics, edited by C.L. Gilroy, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986:295-319. “Efficient Labor Contracts with Employment Risk,” with Robert H. Topel. RAND Journal of Economics 17, no. 4 (Winter 1986):490-507. “What Do We Really Know About Wages: The Importance of Non-reporting and Census Imputation,” with James P. Smith and Lee Lillard. Journal of Political Economy 94, no. 3, pt. 1 (June 1986):489506. “Pay Equity and Comparable Worth,” with John Raisian and Michael P. Ward. Contemporary Policy Issues 4, no. 2 (April 1986):5-20. “Closing the Gap: Forty Years of Economic Progress for Blacks,” with James P. Smith. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Labor, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, #R-3330-DOL (February 1986). “The Labor Market Experiences of Young Men,” with George J. Borjas and Richard Sousa. Unicon Research Corporation, Santa Monica, CA (May 1985). “Affirmative Action in Employment: An Overview and Assessment of Effects.” In Selected Affirmative Action Topics in Employment and Business Set-Asides. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1 (1985). “Comparable Worth: Issues, Evidence and Impact,” with John Raisian and Michael P. Ward. Welch Associates, Santa Monica, CA (March 1985). “Measuring the Impact of Education on Productivity,” with Mark Plant. In Education and Economic Productivity, edited by E. Dean. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1984:163-193. App. 1047 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Testing for Discrimination in Employment Practices,” with Robert Follett. In Law and Contemporary Problems 46, no. 4 edited by D. W. Peterson. Durham: Duke University Press (Autumn 1983): 171-184. “Earnings of Hispanic Men: The Role of English Language Proficiency,” with Walter McManus and William Gould. Journal of Labor Economics 1, no. 2 (April 1983):101-130. “Some Determinants of the Level and Racial Composition of Teenage Employment,” with Nabeel A. Alsalam and Alene Quester. In The Economics of Legal Minimum Wages, edited by S. Rottenberg. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute (1981):124-154. “Affirmative Action and Its Enforcement.” The American Economic Review 71, no. 2 (May 1981): 127-133. “No Time to Be Young: Economic Prospects for Large Cohorts in the United States,” with James P. Smith. Population and Development Review 7, no. 1 (March 1981):71-83. “Unemployment Insurance: Survey and Extensions,” with Robert R. Topel. Economica 47, no. 187 (August 1980):351-379. “The Quality of Education and Cohort Variations in Black-White Earnings Differentials: Reply.” The American Economic Review 70, no. 1 (March 1980):192-195. “Race Differences in Earnings: A Survey and New Evidence,” with James P. Smith. In Current Issues In Urban Economics, edited by P. Mieskowski and M. Straszheim. Johns Hopkins University Press (1979). “On Sex Preferences and Family Size,” with Yoram Ben-Porath. In Research in Population Economics, 2, edited by J. Simon and J. deVanzo. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press (September 1979):387-400. “The Rising Impact of Minimum Wages.” Regulation, (November/December 1978):28-37. “Inequality: Race Difference in the Distribution of Earnings,” with James P. Smith. The International Economic Review 20, no. 2 (June 1979):515-526. “The Overeducated American?” with James P. Smith. In review of The Overeducated American, by R. Freeman. New York: Academic Press (1976):49-83. “Farm Income and Its Taxation: Evidence of Gross Inequalities,” with Robert Evenson. In Full Employment On A Small Planet. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press (1978). App. 1048 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “The Labor Supply Response of Farmers.” In Welfare in Rural Areas: The North Carolina-Iowa Income Maintenance Experiment, edited by J. Palmer and J. Pechman. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute (1978):77-104. “The Role of Investments in Human Capital in Reducing Constraints in Agricultural Production.” In Distortions in Agricultural Incentives, edited by T.W. Schultz. University of Indiana Press (1978). Minimum Wages: Issues and Evidence. Washington, D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute (November/December 1978). “Local Labor Markets and Cyclic Components in Demand for College Trained Manpower,” with James P. Smith. Annales de l’Insee 30-31 (March 1978):599-629. “Effects of Minimum Wages on the Level and Age Composition of Youth Employment,” with James Cunningham. The Review of Economics and Statistics 60, no. 4 (February 1978):140-145. “Black-White Male Earnings and Employment: 1960-1970,” with James P. Smith. In The Distribution of Economic Well Being: Studies in Income and Wealth 41, edited by F.T. Juster. Cambridge, Mass: The National Bureau of Economic Research (1977):233-299. “What Have We Learned from Empirical Studies of Unemployment Insurance?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30, no. 4 (July 1977):451-461. “Black-White Male Wage Ratios, 1960-1970,” with James P. Smith. The American Economic Review 67, no. 3 (June 1977):323-338. “The Census Occupational Taxonomy: How Much Information Does It Contain?” with Iva Maclennan. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, #R-1849-HEW (September 1976). “Do Sex Preferences Really Matter?” with Yoram Ben-Porath. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 1976):285-307. “The Labor Market Implications of an Economy-Wide Affirmative Action Program,” with George E. Johnson. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 29, no. 4 (July 1976):508-522. “Human Capital Theory: Education, Discrimination, and Life Cycles.” The American Economic Review 65, no. 2 (May 1975):63-73. “Labor Supply and Labor Demand Over Business and Life Cycles.” Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Winter Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association (1974). “Education and Racial Discrimination.” In Discrimination in Labor Markets, edited by O. Ashenfelter and A. Rees. Princeton University Press (1974):43-81. App. 1049 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Minimum Wage Legislation in the United States.” Economic Inquiry 12, no. 3(September 1974): 285-318. “Black-White Differences in the Return to Schooling.” The American Economic Review 63, no. 5 (December 1973):893-907. “Sex of Children: Prior Uncertainty and Subsequent Fertility Behavior.” RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, #R-1510-RF (August 1974). “Relationships Between Income and Schooling.” Journal of Research in Education 2 (Spring 1974):179-201. “Comment on Benefits of Women’s Education within Marriage,” by Lee Benham. Journal of Political Economy 82, no. 2 (March/April 1974):S72-S75. “The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Changes in Aggregate Employment,” with Marvin Kosters. The American Economic Review 62, no. 3 (June 1972):323-332. “The Effects of Minimum Wages by Race, Sex and Age,” with Marvin Kosters. In Racial Discrimination in Economic Life, edited by A. Pascal. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books (1972): 103-118. “Chance, Child Traits and the Choice of Family Size,” with Yoram Ben-Porath. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, #R-1117-NIH/RF (1972). “A Note on the Estimation of Labor Supply Effects and Income Redistribution Policy,” with Sherwin Rosen. Journal of Human Resources 7, no. 1 (Winter 1972):104-110. “Formal Education and the Distributional Effects of Agricultural Research and Extension.” In Resource Allocation in Agricultural Research, edited by W.L. Fishel. University of Minnesota Press (1971):183-194. “Labor Market Discrimination: An Interpretation of Income Differences in the Rural South.” Journal of Political Economy 75, no. 3 (June 1967):225-240. “The NBER Approach to Human Resource Problems.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 51st Annual Report 9-20 (September 1971). “Discrimination in the Markets for Farm Capital?” with Robert Tinney. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 53, no. 3 (August 1971):401-410. “Labor Supply and Income Redistribution,” with Sherwin Rosen. The Review of Economics and Statistics 53, no. 3 (August 1971):278-282. App. 1050 Finis R. Welch, Ph.D. WELCH CONSULTING 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Ste 700 Bryan, TX 77802 979.846.0303 FWelch@welchcon.com PUBLICATIONS (continued) “Some Aspects of Structural Change and the Distributional Effects of Technical Change and Farm Programs.” In Burdens and Benefits of Rural Development, edited by E.O. Heady. Iowa State University Center for Agriculture and Economic Development, Iowa State University Press (1970):161-193. “Supply Control with Marketable Quotas: The Cost of Uncertainty.” Journal of Farm Economics 49, no. 3 (August 1967):584-596. “Measurement of the Quality of Schooling.” The American Economic Review 56, no. 2 (May 1966):379-392. “Schooling Versus Education.” Proceedings, South-Western Conference on Agricultural Policy and Economic Development (February 1965). ABOUT WELCH CONSULTING Welch Consulting has more than 30 years experience assisting clients of every size in matters involving employment issues and complex business litigation across a broad spectrum of industries and public sector entities. Our track record in producing rigorous analyses meeting the highest standards of accuracy, clarity and punctuality makes Welch Consulting a consistent choice for industry leading companies and the nation’s preeminent law firms. Welch Consulting has offices in Los Angeles, Texas and Washington DC. For more information about our professionals and services visit us online at www.welchcon.com App. 1051 Appendix 2 App. 1052 List of Finis Welch’s Depositions and Testimonies in the Past Four Years Ewell E. Parker, Jr. v. Outdoor Channel Holdings, Inc., et al. Deposition: 11/13/12 Case No. 2-11CV-159-J In the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, Amarillo Division Page 1 App. 1053

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